Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-26
Abstract: Psychological and brain science study human behavior and the human brain by study volunteers who participate these studies. Given the mind and behavior of participants influenced by their own biological and social factors, the generalizability of findings in these fields largely depends on the representativeness of samples. However, the representativeness of samples in psychological and brain science has long been criticized as WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). In recent years, several meta-researches have surveyed the representativeness of samples in published studies across different subfields, but the overall understanding of sample representativeness in psychological and brain science is lacking. In this review, we analyze these meta-researches to provide a more comprehensive perspective on the current state of sample representativeness in the field.
Two major issues were found in these meta-researches. First, much important sample information was never reported in the published studies. Most psychological and brain science studies reported participants’ gender, age, and country, while participants’ race/ethnicity, education level, and socioeconomic status were less commonly reported. Other important demographic variables, such as rural/urban, were reported completely ignored. And from a temporal perspective, the reporting of these demographic variables has increased only slightly in recent years compared to the past. The current situation of neglect in reporting demographic information has not fundamentally changed.
Second, based on the reported information, the current sample in the field is far from being representative of the world population: most participants are young, highly educated Caucasian females in Western countries; middle-aged and older, less educated, disadvantaged people in and outside Western countries are less likely to be studied. In terms of countries, African, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries appear fewer in psychological and brain science research.
These two issues may be due to the following reasons: convenience sampling as the main sampling method; Western researchers dominating the research of psychology and brain science, with most of the editors-in-chief, editorial board members, and authors coming from Europe and America; traditionally, psychology and brain science under-valued the effect of culture and various demographic factors; the assumption that findings from Western participants can be generalized to all human beings. Addressing the issue of sample representativeness in psychological and brain sciences requires a concerted effort by researchers, academic societies, journals, and funding agencies: Researchers should collect and report detailed demographic information about participants, state the limitations of generalizability, and use sampling methods that can increase representativeness whenever possible (e.g., probability sampling); academic societies should raise the awareness of the representativeness issues by organizing more academic symposium or workshops on this topic; journals should increase the representativeness of editorial board members and encourage more rigorous research with samples from underrepresented groups or studies that examine the generalizability of important findings; funding agencies can encourage researchers to pay more attention to study groups from underrepresented countries, and provide financial support for studying hard-to-research population. Improving sample representativeness will enhance the application of psychological and brain science knowledge to real-life setting and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-03-25
Abstract: Objective: To explore the relationship between personal characteristics and the possibility of receiving PUA in the context of Chinese culture, compile a personal special quality table and the basic characteristic scale of PUA relations suitable for people who are susceptible to PUA in the context of Chinese culture, and test their credibility and validity. Methods: The initial questionnaire is formed by combining literature retrieval, theoretical model construction and questionnaire survey; 1,188 adults were selected as the subjects in the PUA Personal Quality Table, and 1,188 adults who had experienced or were experiencing intimate relationships in the PUA Relationship Performance Characteristic Table were selected as the subjects. The trial questionnaire carried out project analysis and exploratory factor analysis; both questionnaires carried out verification factor analysis and credibility test. Results: The scale is vulnerable to PUA personal special quality table contains 4 dimensions, a total of 20 items. The fitting index of the factor structure model is good, RMSEA=0.060, CFI=0.937, IFI=0.937, TLI=0.924, SRMR=0.04 2; The performance characteristic scale of the two PUA relationship contains 6 dimensions, with a total of 29 items. RMSEA=0.053, CFI=0.925, TLI=0.919, GFI=0.913, SRMR=0.059. The internal consistency between the total scale of scale 1 and each dimension is between 0.779-0.909, and the internal consistency between the total scale of scale II and each dimension is between 0.897-0.970. Conclusion: The credibility and validity of the PUA personal special quality scale and the PUA relationship performance characteristic scale are good, and can be used as one of the measurement tools for the study of personal characteristics and the possibility of PUA in the context of Chinese culture.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-03-25
Abstract: Achievement goal orientation is an important factor influencing students’ academic performance. Numerous studies have explored the apparent connection between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. However, controversy remains regarding the magnitude of the correlation, as well as the mediating and moderating mechanisms between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. Therefore, the present study conducted a meta-analysis to obtain reliable estimates of effect sizes, the mediating effect of self-efficacy and student engagement, as well as a range of moderating effects. A total of 67 empirical research and 206 effect sizes were included through literature retrieval. The results indicated that: (1) Mastery-approach and performance-approach goals were significantly and positively correlated with academic achievement, while mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals were significantly and negatively correlated with academic achievement; each indicator was robustly and weakly dependent on academic achievement. (2) The relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic achievement was influenced by age stage and measurement tools, but not by gender ratio or achievement type. (3) Self-efficacy and student engagement played significant mediating roles in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance; however, the mediating effect of student engagement was only significant for students in the middle school group and not the university school group.
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-03-25
Abstract: Previous meta-analytic studies have mostly examined the effects of family parenting styles on single variables in the structure of positive adolescent development, and no study has examined the effects of family parenting styles on the holistic conceptualization of positive adolescent development. Based on the positive adolescent development perspective, the present study included a series of meta-analyses (206 papers, 1822 independent effect sizes, and a total number of subjects up to 109,968) with a sample of Chinese adolescents, including three variables: academic achievement, self-esteem, and resilience. The results showed that different types of family parenting styles had a significant correlation with the three core indices of positive adolescent development, positive family parenting styles were moderately and positively correlated with positive adolescent development, and negative family parenting styles were weakly and negatively correlated with positive adolescent development, and the moderating effects of female sex ratio and education stage were significant. The above results have important reference significance for comprehensively and profoundly understanding the development resource value of family parenting style under the Chinese cultural background, and further promoting the positive development of adolescents.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-24
Abstract: Mnemonic discrimination (MD) refers to the ability to accurately distinguish similar memory experiences, which relies on a neural computing mechanism known as pattern separation. Currently, mnemonic similarity task (MST) is commonly employed to measure and study MD. The elderly tend to exhibit a noticeable decline in MD. This decline is proved to be associated with damage to the structural and functional integrity of the medial temporal lobe, which occurs during the aging process. Some researchers have also suggested that the aging of the neocortex can influence MD. Given its reliance on the medial temporal lobe, MD can reflect abnormal brain structural damage and functional decline in the early stages of cognitive impairment. Thus, MST has significant potential in early identification of cognitive impairment. To further explore the causes of the decline in MD, future studies should employ more advanced imaging techniques to separately investigate the effects of aging in the dentate gyrus and CA3 subregion on MD. It is also critical to explore the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in MD, with a particular focus on neocortical regions like the prefrontal cortex. Large-scale prospective cohorts should also be established to validate the effectiveness of MST in early identification of cognitive impairment.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-03-24
Abstract: Time is the most important intangible resource in organizations. Team temporal leadership, as a key factor in improving the efficiency of organizational time utilization, has received significant research attention in recent years. However, there is still controversy surrounding the concept and connotation of team temporal leadership, and there is a particular lack of exploration regarding its mechanisms on team and individual effectiveness. Therefore, this study will undertake a series of research centered on the core concept of “time”. It will involve clarifying the concept of team temporal leadership, developing a scale in the Chinese context, and investigating the multi-level mechanisms through which team temporal leadership influences team and individual effectiveness. This research not only makes a significant contribution to the theoretical development of team temporal leadership but also holds important practical implications for time management within teams and organizations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2024-03-23
Abstract: In recent years, researchers have recognized the impact of Zhong-yong Thinking Style on mental health. However, it is not clear how Zhong-yong thinking style affects mental health through internal psychological mechanisms. Previous studies found that individuals with a better ability to coordinate agency (a motivation representing self-interest) and communion (a motivation representing altruism) tend to have a higher level of moral centrality. Moral centrality reflects the balance of internal motivation system, which can reduce the conflict between agency and communion, helping individuals reach a state that the opposing motivations support and energies each other. Moral centrality may play a potential mediating role in the impact of Zhong-yong thinking style on mental health. Although there are relatively mature methods for measuring individual moral centrality, it involves the complex task of coding values in personal strivings, making the measurement of moral centrality particularly complicated and labor-intensive. However, with the development of large language models(LLM) like ChatGPT, they have demonstrated excellent contextual comprehension skills and offered new possibilities for text analysis and coding work. Accordingly, this study intends to apply large language models to the coding work of psychological research, reduce the time and labor cost required in the process of measuring individual moral centrality, and explore how Zhong-yong thinking style affects individual mental health through moral centrality. Study 1 involves training GPT-3.5 Turbo to recognize values contained in personal strivings (achievement / power / universalism / benevolence) using differentiated prompts and evaluating its accuracy, precision, and recall rates, in order to obtain a model that meets the requirements for application. Study 2 applies above GPT-3.5 Turbo models in the process of measuring moral centrality, exploring how moral centrality mediates the impact of Zhong-yong thinking style on depression and anxiety. The findings are as follows: (1) The GPT-3.5 Turbo demonstrated an accuracy rate of not less than 0.80 in recognizing values of power, achievement, universlaism, and benevolence, showing the potential application of ChatGPT in psychological research; (2) Moral centrality played a mediating role in the impact of Zhong-yong thinking style on depression/anxiety. Specifically, individuals with a higher level of Zhong-yong thinking style could better integrate agency and communion, enhancing their moral centrality, and thereby reducing levels of depression/anxiety. In summary, this study utilized large language models to break through the technical limitations of traditional psychological research, exploring the mechanisms through which Zhong-yong thinking style affects mental health and verifying the mediating role of moral centrality. On the one hand, it proves the application potential of large language models in the field of psychological research. On the other hand, it deepens our understanding of the mechanisms through which Zhong-yong thinking style influence mental health, enriching the theoretical foundation of this field. It suggests that policymakers could use the advantages of Zhongyong thinking culture, advocating for values that emphasize individual development while also focusing on collective well-being, helping people improve moral centrality, thereby mitigating the negative impact of economic inequality on mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2024-03-23
Abstract: In recent years, researchers have increasingly recognized the impact of unequal income distribution on individual mental health. However, it is not clear how it affects mental health through internal psychological mechanisms. As the macro environment in which individuals live, economy shape people’s different values and make individuals have different levels of motivation orientation. Previous studies have indicated that individuals with a better ability to coordinate agency and communion tend to have a relatively high level of moral centrality. Moral centrality reflects the balance of internal motivation system, which can reduce the conflict between agency and communion, helping individuals reach a state that the opposing motivations support and energies each other. Thus, individuals are not only able to efficiently realize their personal values but also more easily allow for the attainment of eudaimonic well-being, thereby reducing the risk of mental health problems. Therefore, moral centrality may play a potential mediating role in the impact of income distribution inequality on mental health. Overall, with income distribution inequality as independent variables, this study aims to explore the mechanisms through which it affects mental health, by examining how income distribution influences individual moral centrality and, in turn, affect mental health. Our research not only enriches the theoretical foundation of the mental health field, but also provides a theoretical basis for interventions, and helps to formulate targeted strategies to improve the psychological well-being of the public. With the help of social media big data and natural language processing technology, we use posts made by regional microblogs to extract word frequency features representing the group’s moral centrality and group’s mental health level through the psychosemantic lexicon, and use panel data analysis to examine how the inequality in income distribution affects the negative emotions and suicide risk of the regional group through moral centrality. The results confirm that moral centrality plays a mediating role in the effect of regional income distribution inequality on group negative emotions/suicide risk, and that regions with higher income distribution inequality tend to be accompanied by lower levels of group moral centrality, which in turn leads to an increase in negative emotions/suicide risk among groups in the region.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-03-19
Abstract: In recent years, the debates between monism and pluralism are one of the most active theoretical disagreements in the field of moral psychology. Moral monism claims that all moral phenomena on the surface and moral structures behind them can be explained by one factor, and the representative theories are stages theory of moral development and dyadic morality theory, etc. Moral pluralism holds that morality can’t be explained by a single factor, whereas has many heterogeneous moral dimensions and cultural sensitivity. The representative theories are triadic moral discourse theory, relational model theory and moral foundations theory, etc. Moreover, moral foundations theory and dyadic morality theory are the typical representatives of the debates between monism and pluralism. The two theories have engaged in a long and inconclusive dialogue on the harm, purity, modular claims, and moral foundations of politics. Future studies should further explore the monism and pluralism of morality from three specific aspects so as to maintain the vitality of theory in the field of moral psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-03-18
Abstract: To assist young people infected with COVID-19 restore and develop a balanced state of mental health after the pandemic, we have developed an online self-help psychological intervention robot that can complement existing mental health resources. First, we utilized prompting engineering techniques to build a chatbot skilled in Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) based on the large language model GPT-4. Then, we conducted pre-testing and formal experiments to verify the effectiveness of the chatbot. The results of the pre-testing indicated that the chatbot followed the core work steps of PST during interactions with users. The results of the formal experiment showed that the PST chatbot performed better than the ordinary chatbot in terms of problem identification and problem-solving dimensions, indicating that the PST chatbot can help users quickly locate the problems that trouble them and develop feasible problem-solving plans. However, there was no difference between the PST chatbot and the ordinary chatbot in terms of relationship quality, and no differences were found in the evaluation of the two chatbots based on gender and post-COVID symptoms. This suggests that the PST chatbot did not significantly improve the quality of human-machine relationships, but the general acceptability and wide applicability of chatbots still have certain advantages in practical applications. The research results support the possibility of using large language models in innovative implementations of psychological self-help interventions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-03-17
Abstract: HPV vaccination is an effective way to prevent and treat cervical cancer, but the vaccination situation in our country is not optimistic, and many young people hesitate to vaccinate HPV vaccine. Research has shown that information persuasion is an effective means to increase vaccination rates. This study will focus on the content of persuasion information and explore the relationship between influencing factors and individual personality characteristics. To this end, we recruited 284 subjects online to conduct a questionnaire survey and analyzed the data using ANOVA. The results show that there are significant differences in the persuasive effect of information containing different influencing factors. It is necessary to select more effective influencing factors to produce the persuasive effect of promoting vaccination, and the big five personality characteristics of individuals will have a significant impact on the persuasive effect of information. This study can provide scientific basis and guidance for the promotion of vaccination, and has important theoretical and practical value for promoting public health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-03-15
Abstract: The coexistence of physical pain and psychological pain, two common types of pain associated with depression, complicates the timely diagnosis of depression, alleviation of symptoms, and improvement of patients’ quality of life. In-depth research into the distinct clinical manifestations and neural mechanisms of these two types of pain is of great significance for the diagnosis of depression and treatment of patients with depression. A review of the literature reveals that, in terms of behavioral indicators, individuals with depression exhibit inconsistent sensitivity to different types of physical pain and characteristics, such as a low pain threshold, long duration, and intense suffering from psychological pain, compared to healthy subjects. With respect to neural mechanisms, the patterns of physical and psychological pain in patients with depression are similar to those of healthy subjects. In the future, researchers should concentrate on the features of these two types of comorbid pain in depression, clarify the influencing factors in pain processing in depression, compare the commonalities and differences between the processing
of physical and psychological pain in depression, and elucidate the functional neuroscientific changes associated with pain in depression, thus providing a basis for more accurate diagnosis and more effective treatment.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-03-13
Abstract: In the field of misinformation identification research, the motivated System 2 reasoning and classical reasoning accounts probe the influencing factors that shape individuals’ ability to identify misinformation from different perspectives, yet diverge in their interpretations of cognitive abilities’ roles. Building upon existing research, this study introduces factors such as emotions, information characteristics, individual stances, and their underlying motivations to further refine the hierarchical model of misinformation identification based on a signal detection theory. The objective is to enrich our comprehension of the multifaceted ways in which these diverse elements bear upon the process of misinformation identification. By differentiating the influence of various factors on both the discrimination sensitivity and the judgment criteria within the identification process, the model not only reconciles the contrasting perspectives on cognitive abilities posited by motivated System 2 reasoning and classical reasoning accounts but also furnishes a detailed and systematically organized analytical framework. This framework is instrumental in elucidating the intricate mechanisms that underpin the identification of misinformation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-13
Abstract: In an era of “litigation explosion”, Chinese judges are faced with the challenge of effectively handling the overwhelming and increasing volume of court cases. To address the dilemma of “too many cases but too few judges”, previous research on judicial practice has mainly focused on improving the efficiency of litigation procedure. However, one critical aspect that has been largely neglected is the underlying psychological response of judges to this challenge, which may play a pivotal role in the effectiveness and quality of judicial decision making. To address this gap, the current research adopted a person-centered perspective, aiming to uncover the role played by the prevalent feeling of time poverty, the feeling of not having enough time to accomplish all work-related task, among judges. We delved into the antecedents that triggered judges’ perception of time poverty, explored the consequences it had on judicial work, and unraveled the mechanisms through which time poverty influences the quality and efficiency of judicial decisions.
Based on the grounded theory method, we conducted in-depth interviews with judges recruited through a purposeful sampling method. Specifically, participants consisted of judges (N = 51) who came from various regions across North China, Central China, and Southeast China, and who worked for local People’s Courts at various levels (i.e., the primary, intermediate, and high People’s Court) with tenures ranging from one to thirty-six years, ensuring a diverse representation of perspectives and experiences. The current study constructed an integrated model that elucidated the antecedents and consequences of the perception of time poverty within the realm of the judiciary.
Findings revealed that (1) a mismatch between job demands, which was increased due to the numerous and detailed workloads and the burden of assessment requirements, and resources, which was decreased due to insufficient staffing, contributed to judges’ time poverty at work, and (2) the mismatch between job demands and resources urged the judges to speed up judicial decisions as well as to prolong their working hours, which in turn damaged the quality and effectiveness of judicial decisions.
By examining judges’ feelings of time poverty at work, the current study employed a person-centered perspective that complements the normative approach of extant legal science research and elucidated the mechanism that underlies the formation of judges’ time poverty and its judicial consequences. Findings of the current study provide theoretical insight into the challenge of case overload in China through a psychological perspective and offer practical implications for policymakers to overcome the challenge by prioritizing the feelings and needs of judges.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-13
Abstract: Abstract:Money source influences risk-taking behaviors. Although studies consistently indicated that individuals demonstrate a higher propensity to make risk investments when utilizing non-labor income as opposed to labor income, explanations as to why non-labor income leads to continuously blow money from non-labor sources into risky investments are scarce. The current study leverages a computational modeling approach to compare the differences in the dynamic risk investment process among individuals endowed with income from different sources (i.e., non-labor income vs labor income) to understand the shaping force of higher risk-taking propensity in individuals with non-labor income. A total of 103 participants were recruited and completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with an equal monetary endowment, either as a token for completion of survey questionnaires (representing labor income) or as a prize from a lucky draw game (representing non-labor income). We found that individuals endowed with non-labor income made more risky investments in the BART compared to those with labor income. With computational modeling, we further identified two key differences in the dynamic risk investment processes between individuals endowed with labor and those with non-labor income. Specifically, individuals endowed with non-labor income had a higher preset expectation for risk-taking and displayed desensitization towards losses during risk investments, in contrast to individuals with labor income. This study sheds light on the fundamental factors contributing to the increased tendency for risky investments with non-labor income, providing new insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying risk-taking behaviors.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-03-12
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate the Chinese Short Version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-CSV), addressing the need for culturally appropriate diagnostic tools for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the Chinese adult population.
Methods: Utilizing a combination of intergroup difference analysis, factor analysis, and network analysis, we identified core ADHD symptoms pertinent to the Chinese cultural context. The study involved two samples: a vocational and technical school sample (N=1144) and an internet sample (N=1654), comprising adults aged 16-25 years. Reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficacy of the ASRS-CSV were assessed through psychometric testing.
Results: The ASRS-CSV demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.9) and robust convergent validity (AVE > 0.7). The scale’s diagnostic cutoff points were optimized, revealing high sensitivity and specificity for ADHD screening. Cross-cultural analysis highlighted differences in core ADHD symptoms between Chinese and Western populations, underscoring the scale’s cultural sensitivity.
Conclusion: The ASRS-CSV is a reliable, valid, and efficient tool for screening ADHD in Chinese adults, reflecting the socio-cultural nuances of ADHD symptomatology. Its development marks a significant advancement in the field of psychiatry, offering a tailored approach for ADHD assessment in China and contributing to the global discourse on cross-cultural psychiatric diagnosis.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-10
Abstract: Currently, depression is increasingly prevalent among children and adolescents, thereby raising concerns about emotional dysregulation in this population. The pivotal role of emotional regulation ability in maintaining emotional stability and effectively managing one’s emotional state during adolescence is becoming more apparent. Understanding the dynamic nature of emotion regulation and its multi-stage processing is crucial for comprehensively elucidating the characteristics and causes of emotional dysregulation in depressed adolescents. To capture the dynamic nature of emotion regulation, the extended process model divides the emotion regulation process into three stages: identification stage, selection stage, and implementation stage, highlighting their mutual influence. Building upon this model, our study examines the characteristics of depressed adolescents across these three stages of emotion regulation, revealing deficiencies within each stage. Given the interconnectedness and continuity between these stages, future research can systematically investigate which specific impairments or disruptions in emotional dysregulation affect subsequent stages among depressed adolescents; to what extent they do so; and whether directive interventions can mitigate such effects. To achieve this goal more comprehensively, we propose employing the following methods: 1) integrating EEG technology with drift diffusion models to reconstruct the dynamic process of emotion regulation; 2) conducting a comprehensive investigation on individuals with varying degrees of depressive symptoms during adolescence; 3) focusing on dual aspects of abnormal emotional reactivity to explore intervention pathways and measures targeting emotional dysregulation in depressed adolescents.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-03-09
Abstract: The current research on the relationship between scarcity and generosity continues presenting contradictions. The theory of resource depletion suggests that scarcity of material resources limits the possibility of individuals engaging in generous behavior. An alternative hypothesis from the social context theory posits that individuals facing resource scarcity possess a more context-dependent cognitive style and are more reliant on others, thus being more attentive to others’ well-being and displaying greater generosity. To address this conflicting relationship, some studies have explored relevant discussions on the measurement standards of scarcity. However, a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of scarcity on generous behaviors is still lacking. To better address the aforementioned issues, this study intends to approach this from the perspective of self-construction and investigate the role of face consciousness between the two. We argue that face consciousness plays a moderating role in the relationship between scarcity and generous behaviors. Specifically, individuals with low face consciousness experienced a significant negative effect of scarcity on generous behavior. Conversely, for individuals with high face consciousness, the impact of scarcity on generous behavior was not significant. Furthermore, material scarcity prompts generous behavior through a lack of face motivation.
Three studies (comprising five sub-studies) were conducted to validate the hypotheses mentioned above. Study 1 (Study 1a and Study 1b) explored the influence of material scarcity on generous relational behavior. By manipulating individuals’ perception of scarcity, Study 1a utilized common life scenarios like “sharing a bill” and Study 1b focused on the scenario of choosing a restaurant for a meal, investigating the relationship between face consciousness, scarcity, and generous behavior. Building on Study 1, Study 2 (Study 2a, Study 2b) incorporated scenarios involving rule-compliance or charitable generous behavior, measured individuals’ scarcity mindsets, and manipulated the perceived importance of face to further investigate the relationships among these factors. Study 3 employed a questionnaire-based measure to investigate the roles of gaining face and giving face in the tendency toward scarcity and generous behavior.
The research findings of Study1 (Study1a and Study1b) revealed that to those who experience material scarcity, individuals with a high face consciousness showed no significant differences in the amount spent on “sharing a bill” and the choice of restaurant for a meal compared to individuals in the affluent group. The results of Study 2a showed that, regarding the proportion allocated to others, scarcity and importance of face showed a significant interaction. Simple effect analysis results demonstrated that, for individuals for whom face was not important, the proportion allocated to others in the scarcity group was significantly lower than that in the affluent group. However, for individuals for whom the face was important, the proportion allocated to others in the scarcity group showed no significant difference compared to that in the affluent group. Similar research results were obtained in the charitable donation scenario in Study 2b. The results of Study 3 (n = 299) indicated that individuals facing material resource scarcity did not engage in generous behaviors to gain face for themselves. However, they exhibited generosity in upholding their own face.
The results demonstrate a significant main effect of scarcity on generous behavior, indicating that scarcity has a significant negative predictive effect on generous behavior. However, based on one’s perception of the situation, the relationship between scarcity and generous behavior also changes with an individual’s self-construction. Based on previous research, this study proposes, from a psychological perspective, that being generous despite limited resources is more of a way for individuals to maintain their levels of self-esteem and social identity through generous actions, a manifestation of an individual’s defense mechanism. By studying the scarcity mindset of relatively impoverished individuals and conducting research related to prosocial behavior, it is possible to promote social harmony and scientifically manage relative poverty.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-03-08
Abstract: Creative thinking is the kind of thinking mode that generates novel and appropriate viewpoints or products. With the rise of embodied cognition theory, numerous researches of creative thinking from the perspective of embodied cognition have been reported. However, relevant researches in China are scarce. To promote the development of domestic research, we reviewed relevant researches from the aspects of perception of movement, visual sense, tactile sense and taste sense. Relevant embodied effects were explained from the perspectives of cognitive development theory proposed by Piaget, conceptual metaphor theory and evolutionary psychology. Future research should explore the embodied creativity from the aspects of bidirectional embodied effects, the cognitive neural mechanisms, experimental repeatability, multisensory channel integration, malevolent creativity, benevolent creativity, machine learning and so on.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-03-04
Abstract: Statistical power is one of the key indicators for assessing the robustness and replicability of research results. However, the standardization and completeness of calculating and reporting statistical power in event-related potential studies still need improvement. This paper aims to provide researchers with references for calculating and reporting statistical power during the design or preregistration of research protocols at various stages of event-related potential studies by summarizing the influencing factors, methods, and application examples of statistical power in such studies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review