分类： 心理学 >> 实验心理学 提交时间： 2024-03-13
摘要： Abstract：Individuals have been observed to show higher propensity to make risk investments using non-labor income compared to labor income, although the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, we proposed that non-labor income leads to a higher prior expectation of risky investment and a reduced sensitivity towards losses. To quantitatively test this hypothesis, we employed computational modeling. A total 103 participants were recruited and completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with an equal monetary endowment, either as a token for completion of survey questionnaires (labor income) or as a prize from a lucky draw game (non-labor income). We found that individuals endowed with non-labor income made more risky investments in the BART compared to those with labor income. To formally compare the differences in the dynamic risk investment process between individuals with different source of income, we built four candidate computational models (Bayesian Sequential Risk-taking Model, Target Model, Scaled Target Learning Model and Scaled Target Learning with Decay Model (STL-D)). Through computational modeling, we found that within STL-D, the optimal model, the non-labor income group preset a higher targeted number of pumps at the beginning, showed a lower learning rate towards loss trials where the balloon exploded, and had lower behavioral consistency. Our study suggests that the increased tendency for risky investments with non-labor income can be attributed to an increase in prior expectations on risk-taking and a diminished sensitivity towards loss. These findings provide potential intervention targets to mitigate irrational investments associated with non-labor income.
分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2023-08-15
摘要： Uncommon personal names have become increasingly popular in many countries and cultures over the past decades. However, little is known about the causes. We propose that the emphasis on uniqueness, manifested both as a cultural value at the macro level and as an individual need at the micro level, may account for the widely observed increase in unique-naming practices. We tested these hypotheses in China. Study 1 found that the increasing cultural emphasis on uniqueness (rather than on independence or competition), as a Granger cause, explained the increasing name uniqueness. Study 2 revealed that the increasing individual need for uniqueness (rather than narcissism or self-esteem) explained the higher preference for unique baby names among younger than older generations. Study 3 showed that, in actual naming practices, younger parents emphasized name uniqueness (rather than modernity, positivity, or other features) more than older cohorts. These findings convergently support our hypotheses, highlighting the importance of identifying specific mechanisms underlying psychological and behavioral changes, rather than assuming the rising individualism as a general explanation.
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2022-03-19
摘要： 目的：身体姿势表情刺激集为情绪研究提供了一套标准化的刺激材料，该刺激集在西方成人的一致性已经得到了验证，但是该刺激集在中国人群中的一致性尚不清楚。因此本研究从原始的254张图片中选取了快乐、悲伤、恐惧和愤怒各42张图片来验证该刺激集在中国人群中的适用性。 方法：31名中国大学生和41名中国学龄前儿童参加了这项研究。所有被试都被要求完成情绪识别和判断任务。 结果：结果表明，成人的评定一致性较高，而儿童的一致性处于中等水平。对于成人来说，悲伤最容易识别，其次是恐惧，愤怒和幸福最难识别。对于儿童来说，恐惧最容易识别，愤怒和悲伤次之，快乐最难识别。与此同时，成人对快乐和悲伤的准确率高于儿童。对于成人来说，他们更容易将积极的情绪与消极情绪混淆。他们倾向于将悲伤、恐惧和愤怒误认为是快乐。对于儿童来说，他们更容易将悲伤识别为恐惧和快乐。他们也容易将愤怒识别为恐惧。 局限：恐惧和愤怒情绪图片适用于5岁的儿童，而悲伤和快乐情绪，尤其是快乐情绪图片的适用性并不理想。在未来可以通过结合中国人的实际生活重新拍摄传达快乐和悲伤情绪的身体姿势图片，并且可以选择年龄更小的孩子探查改良后的图片适用性。 结论：这些结果表明，中国和西方成人对身体姿势表情刺激集的识别模式大致相同。但是，在相同的文化背景下，成人和儿童的识别模式差异很大，并且成人的识别准确率高于儿童。
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2021-02-25
摘要： The neural mechanism of orthographic-phonological integration was influenced by the temporal relationship of cross-modal stimuli. However, previous studies mainly investigated the neural mechanism of letter-speech sound integration in precise temporal synchrony or small temporal asynchrony conditions. In this study, character-speech sound integration was investigated in a relatively wide temporal window. Chinese characters were presented synchronously to the onset of speech sounds or before speech sound by 300 or 600 ms (referred as AV0, AV300 and AV600). ERP responses evoked by congruent condition (speech sounds were paired with congruent visual characters) and baseline condition (speech sounds were paired with Korean characters) were compared. Different electrophysiological markers were found in the temporal synchrony and temporal asynchrony conditions. In the AV0 condition, developing dyslexia (DD) and typically developing (TD) children showed similar congruency effect on P1, N170 and N300 components, demonstrating the influence of speech sound on visual character processing. In the AV300 condition, DD group showed left-lateralized congruency effect on N200, whereas TD children showed bilateral congruency effect on N200. Both groups showed bilateral congruency effect on N200 in the AV600 condition. We speculate that the insufficient character-speech sound integration exhibited by dyslexic children in the AV300 condition was probably caused by their slow visual processing speed. The results provide unique insight into the neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a wide temporal window and point out the necessity to investigate neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a relatively wide temporal window.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-06-30
摘要： Metacognition refers to the ability to introspect our cognitive ability, which plays an essential role in guiding and optimizing our activities. However, little is known about metacognitive capacity for highly practiced motor behaviors and its neural correlates. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the present study examined the brain substrates underlying individual differences in self-awareness of handwriting in adults, a highly practiced visuomotor skill. Results showed that adult writers generally overestimate their handwriting skill, which is more pronounced in males relative to females. The extent of overestimation of handwriting quality was positively correlated with grey matter volume in the left fusiform gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and right precuneus. Moreover, the activation of these regions in a handwriting task was not correlation with self-awareness of handwriting, confirming that the identified connection between brain structures and handwriting self-awareness is independent of task performances. The left fusiform gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus are thought to represent domain-specific brain mechanisms for handwriting self-awareness, while the right precuneus is likely to be a domain-general brain mechanism, suggesting that the ability of introspect practiced visuomotor skills relies on both domain-general and domain-specific brain systems. Together, this study is the first to reveal the neuroanatomical correlates of a highly practiced motor behavior, extending our understanding about the neural basis of human metacognition.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-06-17
摘要： This study aimed to examine the brain mechanisms underlying the distinctions between automatic and controlled handwriting. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while adult participants (n = 53) performed a copying task with varying speed control demands. Network analysis showed significant differences in functional connectivity within and between the frontoparietal network (FPN), the default mode network (DMN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the somatomotor network (SMN) and the visual network (VN) between automatic and speed-controlled handwriting irrespective of written materials, which are thought to reflect general executive control and task-relevant visuomotor operations. However, there were no differences in brain activation between automatic and controlled handwriting. These results suggest that reconfiguration of functional network architecture, rather than regional activation, underlies the dissociations between automatic and controlled handwriting. Our findings shed new light on the neural mechanisms of handwriting mastery and handwriting impairments in individuals with neurological disorders.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 分类： 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间： 2020-03-05
Chen, Li-Zhen
Yuan, Xinru
Zhang, Yuanchao
Zhang, Shu
Zou, Liye
Yang, Lin
Chang, Yu-Kai
Xia, Qixin
Wang, Yiqun
Wei, Gao-Xia
摘要： Objective: To investigate the effect of long-term Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) practice on practitioners’ brain functional specialization compare with the TCC novices. Methods: 22 TCC practitioners (52.4 ± 6.8 years; 7 males; educated years:12.18 ± 3.03 years) and 18 healthy controls (54.8 ± 6.8 years; 8 males; education years:11.78 ± 2.90 years) matched by age, sex, and education were enrolled. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and cognitive test to measure the differences in functional specialization and cognitive function. Functional specialization was evaluated by voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method. Results: Lower middle frontal gyrus (MFG) VMHC in TCC practitioners compared to controls. For TCC practitioners, the longer they practice, the lower their VMHC in precentral and precuneus. TCC practitioners showed better cognition performance. Limitations: Relatively small sample size. Conclusions: Changed VMHC indicated that TCC practice could enhance functional specialization in the middle frontal cortex of practitioners, which may be associated with higher-order cognitive ability.
点击量
待评议
点击量
下载量
评论
通过
