Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Language lateralization is one of the most obvious characteristics of brain functional lateralization. Previous neuroimaging studies identified numerous brain regions associated with language lateralization, such as the frontal and temporal lobes, the cingulate and fusiform gyrus, the supplementary motor area, and so on.This review synthesizes current published literature relevant to language lateralization, with an emphasis on handedness and functional connectivity. Our findings show that language lateralization is positively correlated with handedness and intra-hemisphere connectivity but is negatively correlated with inter-hemispheric connectivity. Moreover, the left- and right-handers exhibit different correlation profiles between language lateralization and functional connectivity. We discuss the relationship between language lateralization, handedness, and functional connectivity, and we propose areas for further research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In modern affluent societies, where palatable foods are readily available, resisting the food craving brought by tempting food clues and keeping restrained eating to maintain a healthy body weight has become one of the challenging propositions. In recent years, in order to identify the reasons for the success of dieting, domestic scholars have created a Chinese Food Image Database to investigate the neuro-cognitive mechanism of restrained eating, and examine the differences of brain mechanism between successful and unsuccessful restrained eaters. In particular, based on the neural correlates of food craving, researches on general food craving and spicy food craving with Chinese characteristics has been carried out. Exploring the neuro-cognitive mechanisms of restrained eating and food craving can not only promote the theoretical developments of eating behavior research, but also provide important support for health interventions such as obesity and eating disorders.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： When conducting the multivariate longitudinal studies, reciprocal relationship and latent trajectory are two of the focusing issues. The reciprocal relationship is often examined by a cross-lagged model that could build autoregressive influence and the multivariate influence between target variables, while the latent trajectory is usually defined by a latent growth model that explores the growth pattern simultaneously with individual difference. These two kinds of models are easily built under the SEM framework, at the same time could be flexibly combined by other research questions, such as the measurement error, the random factor, as well as the combination of the above issues. Such a combination yields a more complex model definition exploring the longitudinal relations, such as factor cross-lagged model, random-intercept cross-lagged model, trait-state-error model, autoregressive trajectory model, latent change score model, etc. In the study, we built a unified framework to analyze the above series of models according to the variance decomposition. First, the between-person difference was built by the latent trajectory often modeled as the latent growth. Second, the within-person difference was further decomposed as the within-person carry-over and the reciprocal relations between variables, which is the key question in the cross-lagged model series. Finally, the measurement error could be added to increase the measuring accuracy, where the trait-state-error model usually answers such a question. Since the research question of interest could be easily drawn from any above components, in summary, a “factor latent curve model with structured reciprocals” model was built as an extension and unified framework including all the components discussed above. We also used an empirical dataset to compare the above models. The data was driven from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten (ECLS-K) project. There were 21,049 participants selected from 6 waves of measures from kindergarten to Grade 8. Reading and mathematics abilities IRT scores were used calibrated on the same scale. We first decided on the shape of the growth trajectory, where a series of alternative models indicated that the piecewise growth model best fit the data. Followed, longitudinal models suggested in our unified framework were adopted, i.e., (random intercept) cross-lagged model, trait-state-error model, latent growth model, (latent variable) autoregressive latent trajectory model, as well as (factor) latent curve model with structured residuals/reciprocals. Results indicated that the trait-state-error model best described the data. It showed that after controlling for the between-person difference (the trait factor—reading and mathematics ability), individually carry-over effects were significantly influential typically for students in the early elementary years. The significant reciprocal effect between reading and mathematics was also obtained showing these two domains of subjects influenced one another. Finally, we summarized how the results could be interpreted and offered suggestions on model selection for the researchers.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Motivation is an important non-cognitive factor affecting students’ academic achievement. Despite motivation is generally considered conducive to learning, researchers have long recognized the necessity to differentiate various kinds of motivation in that not all of them are desirable. There is not much dispute on the benefits of intrinsic motivation on academic achievement. In contrast, extrinsic motivation which has been believed to be undesirable since the seventies, was considered more recently by some researchers to be positive and indispensable under certain circumstances. The present research postulated the "motivation continuum" to resolve the discrepancies from the two directions. In the first direction, the popular theories related to motivation were united under one grand theory. We used the motivation continuum based on the self-determination theory to connect different related theories, including, the interest theory, the goal theory, the expectancy-value theory, the self-worth theory, the reinforcement theory, the social cognitive theory. Each of these theories could help to explain one or more types of motivation on the continuum, from the intrinsic end to the extrinsic end. In the second direction, we summarized these theories and their applications by analyzing how the motivation structure influenced the outcomes. In brief, there are at least four main perspectives on the structure and effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are antagonistic to the unidimensional structure believers in that intrinsic motivation enhances performance while extrinsic motivation reduces it. To those believing in a multiple-dimensional structure, these two motivations are additive in that both can facilitate performance and work independently. Recently, more complex structures have been proposed to integrate both the unidimensional and multiple-dimensional hypotheses. The third perspective is a semi-radex structure with a general factor reflecting all types of motivations and specific factors representing various sub-domains. This semi-radex structure leads to a bi-factor model: it extracts it extracts an autonomy element added to the controlling end of the “self-determination factor” while still allows each sub-domain to have a unique influence. In the fourth perspective, the multiplicative model postulates that the two types of motivation work interdependently in an interactive way in that the effect of extrinsic motivation would vary with the level of intrinsic motivation, and vice versa. In the present research, we summarized the pros and cons of different theories in the motivation continuum model. We also reviewed different perspectives of various motivational structure hypotheses and their corresponding applications. The motivation continuum could be extended and applied to different situations such as in the different measures and perspectives of motivation, different outcomes and their nuanced effects, and different contexts. For context, we have specific interest in the Chinese culture and its related research findings. As the structure of motivation remains topics of great concern, in-depth analyses on the structure of the motivation continuum would facilitate researchers’ application of different theories in the appropriate context.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Conflict adaptation is an important phenomenon, as the interference effect on the current trials is reduced following incongruent versus congruent trials. Moreover, conflict adaptation effect (CAE) is thought to measure adaptive control on a trial-by-trial basis. There are two main theories explaining the mechanisms underlying CAE: conflict monitoring theory and adaptation by binding theory. However, both theories have not explicitly proposed a clear relationship between conflict strength and cognitive control adjustment. Previous studies have mostly focused on the type of conflict that triggers CAE, which reflected qualitative analysis. Hence, it remains unclear whether changes in the level of conflict of the same conflict type affect conflict adaptation. To address the above issue, the present study recruited 31 healthy participants with a mean age of 19.74 years to perform the variant of the letter flanker task without feature repetitions. Each stimulus was composed of “F/H/N/P” letter components and arranged in a way that a central target letter was flanked by symmetric arrays of two distracter letters. Experiment manipulated the level of conflict by parametrically varying the target-distracter compatibility. Flankers were 100% compatible with the central target for no-conflict condition (e.g., NNNNN), 50% for low-conflict condition (e.g., HNNNH), and 0% for high-conflict condition (e.g., HHNHH). Congruent stimuli were presented on 50% of trials with each incongruent condition occurring equally often on the remaining 50% of trials. Results showed that reaction times (RTs) increased with the number of incompatible flankers, suggesting a correlation with the level of conflict. Moreover, the interaction between previous trial congruency (no-conflict/low-conflict/high-conflict) and current trial congruency (no-conflict/low-conflict/high-conflict) was significant, which suggested that congruency of previous trials affected the interference effect of current trials. Follow-up analyses revealed that there were classic conflict adaptation phenomena between no-conflict and low-conflict, no-conflict and high-conflict, and low-conflict and high-conflict conditions. These results showed that conflict adaptation was also triggered by the level of conflict in addition to the occurrence of the conflict. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the conflict strength of previous trials was related to the cognitive control level of current trials, showing that larger conflict led to stronger cognitive control adjustment. In addition, the function of conflict-induced cognitive control may be realized by attentional focusing. In conclusion, the present study emphasizes that changes in the level of conflict could trigger conflict adaptation, which provides more direct support for attention adjustment mechanism of conflict monitoring theory. Combining existing researches, we infer that conflict monitoring is sensitive to the type and level of conflict, and adjusts the level of cognitive control to facilitate conflict resolution.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Reactive aggression has been widely concerned by researchers because of its serious impact on society, such as violent crimes. Existing neuroimaging studies using patients with high levels of aggression indicated a network of brain regions subserve reactive aggression, including amygdala, caudate nucleus, and orbitofrontal cortex. Furthermore, researchers believed that reduced prefrontal activity along with heightened subcortical activity in the context of provocative stimuli poses an increased risk for reactive aggression. However, evidence for this theory in healthy population is lacking, especially this independently of the experiment task.
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