Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Errors are inevitable in human decision-making and goal-directed behavior. However, errors can bring adverse consequences and are sometimes life-threatening (such as mistakes in high-risk operations). Effectively monitoring errors and optimizing behavior are thus critical to individual survival and development. The occurrence of errors is affected by people’s internal psychological state, when they make decisions and take actions in an uncertain state. Whether the uncertainty enhances error monitoring or not is an important scientific question. Currently, there are contradictory findings. Based on our previous work and theoretical analysis, this project proposes a new theoretical model (i.e., uncertainty-error processing integration mechanism model based on personality differences) to explain the contradictory results. Firstly, we propose that the effect of uncertainty on error processing depends on whether it enhances or weakens motivational level: When the uncertainty is highly relevant to the error processing task at hand (i.e., the error itself leads to uncertain consequence; a high relevant situation), the uncertain state may enhance error monitoring by heightening motivation. Conversely, when the uncertainty is not directly related to the consequence of the error (i.e., a low relevant situation), the uncertainty state cannot heighten or even weaken motivation and thus would not contribute to the enhancement of error monitoring. Secondly, uncertainty-related personality differences (e.g., intolerance of uncertainty) may be another important moderating mechanism, because difference in intolerance of uncertainty implies that individuals differ in their tolerance and error sensitivity to ambiguous situations, thus affecting their motivation levels and modulating error processing in uncertain states. In summary, the current project focuses on the binding situations of error consequence and uncertainty (i.e., high relevant situations) and mainly examines the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Specifically, Study 1 is designed to investigate the cognitive characteristics of error monitoring and post-error adjustment (e.g., error awareness, post-error slowing) in a variety of uncertain situations (e.g., reward/punishment), examining the moderating effect of intolerance of uncertainty with a series of behavioral experiments. Study 2 would explore the underlying electrophysiological representations (e.g., error-related negativity, ERN; error positivity, Pe), time-course, and neural oscillation mechanisms (e.g., parieto-occipital alpha-band oscillations) in EEG experiments. Together, this project is conceived to provide empirical evidence of uncertainty-related personality as a modulation mechanism in error processing under uncertain situations, and offer practical implications in promoting human environmental adaptation and goal achievement. We also acknowledge that this project has not yet been able to fully reveal the specific mechanisms by which motivation affects error processing. In future designs, it is necessary to combine personality with various cognitive factors (e.g., attention, working memory) and comprehensively explore their effects on error processing under uncertainty, and then further validate and enhance the current theoretical model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Implicit emotion regulation has become a hotspot of emotion regulation research recently. However, currently there is no standardized emotion regulation word system for researchers in the field of implicit emotion regulation. The purpose of this study is to establish a Chinese Emotion Regulation Word System (CERWS) by multi-dimensional ratings and analysis of emotional regulation words, and then to verify the effectiveness of the system by experiments.In Study 1, two hundred and twenty-six emotion regulation words (N = 226) were selected as preliminary materials by group discussion. Among them, 176 were judged as emotion regulation words that corresponded to five commonly used strategies (acceptance, distraction, venting, suppression and reappraisal) and 50 as neutral words. One hundred and twenty-eight participants (N = 128) rated the representativeness of words on five emotion regulation strategies. To ensure that the selected words are not mixed in strategic meanings, the words that exclusively represent one regulatory strategy or neutral meanings were selected into CERWS as emotion regulation words or neutral words, respectively. The words of CERWS were further rated by participants on the dimensions of valence, arousal, dominance, motivational tendency, familiarity and spelling complexity (N = 128). Thirty participants were randomly selected and retested one month later (N = 30). In Study 2, the emotion regulation effect of words in CERWS was further investigated. The regulatory effect of 5 strategies of CERWS on negative emotion was tested using a typical implicit emotion regulation paradigm (sentence unscrambling task). One hundred and ninety-six participants (N = 196) were involved in Study 2, who were divided into six groups (five implicit emotion regulation groups and one control group). Before viewing neutral and disgust pictures, the participants in implicit emotion regulation groups were required to complete the sentence unscrambling tasks to prime the emotion regulation strategy, while the participants in the control group were required to complete the sentence unscrambling task that was unrelated to emotion regulation. The CERWS was established in Study 1. One hundred and forty-nine emotion regulation words (N = 149) were selected into 6 groups (acceptance, distraction, venting, suppression, reappraisal and neutral) of CERWS. Comparing the attributes of emotion regulation words with those of neutral words, we found that five emotion regulation strategies had different affective connotation. For example, acceptance strategy was characterized by high pleasure, high dominance, high approach tendency and low arousal. In terms of gender differences, males were more pleasant with the words of distraction strategy, while females were more familiar with the words of acceptance strategy. The test-retest reliability was more than 0.7 after one month. The Cronbach’s α coefficients and Kendall’s coefficients of concordance of CERWS fit with relevant criteria. Moreover, results of Study 2 showed that implicit reappraisal and implicit suppression strategies decreased the emotional valence and arousal ratings significantly, and implicit distraction strategy decreased the emotional arousal ratings significantly.In conclusion, this study has established a standardized emotion regulation words system with good reliability. Moreover, this study has verified the regulatory effect of implicit reappraisal, suppression and distraction strategies on negative emotions, which provides a reference for the future use of the system.
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