Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The sense of agency refers to the experience of "I am the initiator of actions, controlling the external world". Temporal binding, which is related to the sense of agency, refers to the subjective compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary action and its action outcome. Previous studies have explored the effect of emotional valence on temporal binding by setting the predictability of emotional valence as the control variable. However, the effect of the predictability of emotional valence on temporal binding remains unknown. This study explored the effect of the predictability of emotional valence of action outcomes on temporal binding, based on the hypothesis that temporal binding is stronger when emotional valence is more predictable. This study used Libet’s clock paradigm to investigate the effect of the predictability of emotional valence of action outcomes on temporal binding. A 2 (predictability of emotional valence, within: predictable vs. unpredictable) × 2 (stimulus modality, between: auditory vs. visual) mixed design was employed. A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to one of two between-subject conditions, resulting in 30 in the auditory group and 30 in the visual group. There were two main phases of the study. During the baseline phase, the participants in the two groups were asked to either press the key at a freely chosen point from 2, 560ms to 5, 120ms or perceive the auditory/visual stimulus randomly from 2, 560ms to 5, 120ms after the trial start. Next, they were asked to estimate the position of the clock hand at the onset of either the key-press or the stimulus. During the operant phase, participants were also asked to press the key at a freely chosen point from 2, 560ms to 5, 120ms. The key-press would cause the auditory/visual emotional outcome (negative, neutral or positive) following a delay duration of 250ms. Next, they were asked to estimate the position of the clock hand at the onset of either the key-press or the emotional outcome. When the emotional valence was predictable, there would be a fixed emotional outcome to the key-press (negative, neutral or positive) in 80% of trials and the other remaining emotional outcome in 20% of trials. When the emotional valence was unpredictable, the key-press would result in one of the three emotional outcomes. The results showed that temporal binding was enhanced when the emotional valence was predictable. Furthermore, when emotional valence was predictable, the outcome binding was stronger in both the auditory and visual groups, whereas the action binding was stronger only in the visual group. In conclusion, the predictability of emotional valence is an important factor affecting temporal binding. The predictability of emotional valence can enhance outcome binding in both auditory and visual modalities, but can only enhance action binding in the visual modality. This may be due to the difference between action and outcome binding mechanisms or between the timing systems of auditory and visual stimuli. These results have an important implication for the interactive design of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) since temporal binding is the main index of the sense of agency.#predictability of emotional valence, temporal binding, stimulus modality, sense of agency, human- computer interaction, advanced driver assistance systems
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2022-05-19
Abstract：
The sense of agency refers to the experience of "I am the initiator of actions, controlling the external world". Temporal binding, which is related to the sense of agency, refers to the subjective compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary action and its action outcome. Previous studies have explored the effect of emotional valence on temporal binding by setting the predictability of emotional valence as the control variable. However, the effect of the predictability of emotional valence on temporal binding remains unknown. This study explored the effect of the predictability of emotional valence of action outcomes on temporal binding, based on the hypothesis that temporal binding is stronger when emotional valence is more predictable.
This study used Libet’s clock paradigm to investigate the effect of the predictability of emotional valence of action outcomes on temporal binding. A 2 (predictability of emotional valence, within: predictable vs. unpredictable) × 2 (stimulus modality, between: auditory vs. visual) mixed design was employed. A total of 60 participants were randomly assigned to one of two between-subject conditions, resulting in 30 in the auditory group and 30 in the visual group. There were two main phases of the study. During the baseline phase, the participants in the two groups were asked to either press the key at a freely chosen point from 2,560ms to 5,120ms or perceive the auditory/visual stimulus randomly from 2,560ms to 5,120ms after the trial start. Next, they were asked to estimate the position of the clock hand at the onset of either the key-press or the stimulus. During the operant phase, participants were also asked to press the key at a freely chosen point from 2,560ms to 5,120ms. The key-press would cause the auditory/visual emotional outcome (negative, neutral or positive) following a delay duration of 250ms. Next, they were asked to estimate the position of the clock hand at the onset of either the key-press or the emotional outcome. When the emotional valence was predictable, there would be a fixed emotional outcome to the key-press (negative, neutral or positive) in 80% of trials and the other remaining emotional outcome in 20% of trials. When the emotional valence was unpredictable, the key-press would result in one of the three emotional outcomes.
The results showed that temporal binding was enhanced when the emotional valence was predictable. Furthermore, when emotional valence was predictable, the outcome binding was stronger in both the auditory and visual groups, whereas the action binding was stronger only in the visual group.
In conclusion, the predictability of emotional valence is an important factor affecting temporal binding. The predictability of emotional valence can enhance outcome binding in both auditory and visual modalities, but can only enhance action binding in the visual modality. This may be due to the difference between action and outcome binding mechanisms or between the timing systems of auditory and visual stimuli. These results have an important implication for the interactive design of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) since temporal binding is the main index of the sense of agency.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-03-17
Abstract：
Task-evoked brain activity is the basic experimental paradigm for exploring the brain mechanisms of psychological processes. So far, the major techniques for detecting brain activity, such as brain activation and event-related potential, assume that there is no interaction or only a negligible interaction between evoked brain activity (EBA) and spontaneous brain activity (SBA). Therefore, the general linear model is usually used to explore the brain mechanisms of psychological processes. The absence of interaction between EBA and SBA, however, violates the fundamental principle of neuroplasticity. On the other hand, SBA is the main component of brain activity. It consumes 95 % of the brain’s total energy and is the major source of variations in both stimulus-dependent and stimulus-independent brain activities. Therefore, SBA is more important for psychological processes. These challenges warrant new ideas and techniques to uncover the brain mechanisms of psychological processes.
SBA and EBA interact with each other to ensure the stability and plasticity of brain functions. They are similar in the basic structure of functional networks, but different in spatiotemporally dynamic patterns. These findings raise the question: how do they play with each other to reconcile stable brain activity and ever changing environment? It has been found that SBA strongly influences EBA on multiple facets. On the contrary, EBA dramatically reduces functional connectivity and temporal variability, as well as the global pattern of functional organization of SBA. Furthermore, they impact on each other simultaneously. Therefore, the brain mechanisms of psychological processes cannot be effectively uncovered only by EBA or by static interaction between EBA and SBA. Instead, EBA and SBA have to be seen as an evolving entirety. This research orientation coincides with the opinion of enactive cognition (EC).
The EC is a new orientation of cognitive sciences following information processing and embodied cognition. According to predictive-processing theories of EC, brain activity is unified and active. It adjusts its own activity pattern by reducing the error between expectation and stimulus, adapting to the ever changing environment. A large number of empirical studies have shown that brain activity is a control-oriented process rather than merely representing the external world. In this sense, SBA is actually enactive brain activity. Enactive brain activity is supported by mathematical models such as the dynamical systems theory and Bayesian theory, and finally unified by the free-energy principle. The free-energy principle suggests that the brain, just like any organisms, is a self-organizing complex system. It adapts itself to the ever changing environment by minimizing errors (or free-energy) between prediction and real stimulation. The EC restores the biological and complex system properties of the brain, ushering in a new era of enactive brain activity.
The enactive brain activity causes a shift in the research paradigm, making investigations on the brain mechanisms of psychological processes more scientific and ethical. Instead of paying attention to low signal-to-noise ratio evoked brain signals and inter-trial stabilities, the new paradigm emphasizes the dynamic integration of task-state and resting-state brain activities, and develops new ways to track dynamic brain activities, constantly changing our understanding of the brain mechanisms of psychological processes. In addition, EC abandons “stimulating” and “evoked”, and values the initiative of brain activity. It will change the status of “participant” in psychological studies. These efforts make it more scientific and humanized in researches on the brain mechanisms of psychological processes.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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