Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-10
Abstract： Remote associates test (RAT) and its variant Compound RAT (CRAT) are the most commonly used experimental materials to reveal the neural mechanism of convergent thinking and insight, as well as to measure individual creative potential. Compared with CRAT, RAT is more suitable for cross-cultural research. However, at present, there is a lack of equivalent Chinese RAT materials. Based on the classical hierarchical theory of association and the association characteristics in Chinese context, 80 items of Chinese word RAT (CWRAT) were developed. In addition, gradient scoring models were employed to assess responses. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted on the 80 items using the associative way as the classification indicator. The aim was to explore the impact of the classification results on various indicators of the items, such as insight level. Validity test showed that CWRAT was significantly correlated with creative analogy, creative achievement and openness. Based on the statistical indicators from LCA, CWRAT was classified into three categories, and found that the C1 and C3, characterized by a high probability of symbolic/metaphorical ways, exhibited higher levels of insight compared to the C2, which was characterized by a high probability of feature-based ways. Additionally, the C2 showed higher pass rate compared to the C3 and lower reaction time. This measurement enriches the existing Chinese creativity measurement tools and provides new materials for cross-cultural comparison of creativity.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-04-26
Abstract： Humans are extremely social beings, and we attempt to repair our ruptured relationships when transgressions occur that damage interpersonal cooperation. The expression of guilt andremorse by the transgressor and the forgiveness by the victim are both vital to the repair process. To some extent, transgressors’ remorse is the most prominent elicitor of victims’ forgiveness. Previous studies have demonstrated that forgiveness emerges as early as 5 years old and that young children are capable of forgiving a remorseful transgressor even in the absence of anexplicit apology. Given the emphasis on relationship harmony among Chinese people in a collectivistic culture, parenting and socialization might help children understand peers’ remorse intentions and forgive them at a much earlier age. Furthermore, the high need for personal reputation and social image in peer interactions, which is called “face” (mianzi) by the Chinese, might lead to individuals’ forgiveness decisions being influenced by bystanders who witness or participate in group interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether 4- or 5-year- olds could have the capacity to infer an apology from displays of transgressors’ remorse in order to reveal the influence of remorse on forgiveness and further explore the activation effect of different types of bystanders among the association between remorse and forgiveness. Study 1 was a one-factor (expression of remorse: remorse vs. no remorse) within-subject design. Forty-nine children aged 4 to 5 years (27 girls) were investigated by a classic paradigmof remorse and forgiveness. The “tear picture” game was used to create conditions of expressingremorse and not expressing remorse. Then, children were asked ten questions designed to assess whether they understood the true intention of remorse. Finally, the resource distribution task was used to assess forgiveness behavior. In Study 2, a total of 139 4- to 5-year-old children (80 girls) were recruited to participate in a 2 (expressions of remorse: remorse vs. no remorse) × 4 (types of bystander: no bystander vs. teacher vs. good friend vs. stranger) mixed experimental design. The procedure used in Study 2 was identical to that used in Study 1. The results showed that: In Study 1, both 4-year-old children and 5-year-old children trulyunderstood the intention of the expression of remorse, and they were much more forgiving of a remorseful transgressor than of a transgressor who had not shown remorse. In Study 2, althoughchildren were still more forgiving of a remorseful transgressor than an unremorseful transgressor in the presence of bystanders, bystanders significantly increased the level of forgiveness showntoward unremorseful transgressor and reduced the level of forgiveness for remorseful transgressor. Specifically, for remorseful transgressor, child victims were more forgiving of a transgressor while in the presence of strangers than while in the presence of teachers or good friends; however, for unremorseful transgressor, child victims who were being observed by teachers or good friends showed more forgiveness behavior than did victims who were being observed by stranger bystanders. Furthermore, the results showed that young children were more likely to equallydistribute flowers to remorseful and unremorseful transgressor in the presence of bystanders, especially teachers or good friends. This study successfully revealed that young Chinese children could accurately understand the intention of transgressors’ remorse and thus be willing to perform forgiveness behavior at age 4, which is exactly 1 year earlier than their counterparts in the Western sample. More importantly, we also present a new theoretical hypothesis, namely, the “bystander-activation effect of social expectations”, to propose that the presence of bystanders activates individuals’ socially desirable behaviors, such as “requite injury with kindness” and “egalitarianism”, in the Chinese collectivist culture. Thus, it is easier to understand why bystander onlooking could increase the level of forgiveness for unremorseful transgressor and cause young victims to distribute flowers toremorseful and unremorseful transgressor equally. Furthermore, the greater the authoritative or intimate level of bystanders is, such as teachers or good friends, the stronger the activated social expectations are and the more socially desirable the engaged-in behaviors are. This study provides important enlightenment for understanding the association between remorse and forgiveness andfor rethinking the cross-cultural differences in children’s socialization.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labels provide two types of information about food, calorie amounts and the amount of physical activity required to burn off the calorie. PACE labels are considered as an effective strategy to tackle the increasingly serious obesity problem. This paper summarizes the evidence of PACE labels in promoting healthy behaviors, and shows that PACE labels can effectively reduce energy selected and consumed by consumers in both laboratory and field experiments, while increasing exercise intention and actual exercise behaviors. Further, the cognitive mechanism of PACE labels is integrated into a single model, which includes two pathways: PACE labels-mental simulation-emotion-behavior pathway and PACE labels-mental simulation-health goal-behavior pathway. The model is proposed in order to provide a theoretical reference for its theoretical development and practical application.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Aggressive behavior plays an important role in the social, emotional and psychological adjustment of children and adolescents. Children and adolescents with aggressive behavior are prone to violate social moral norms, and even commit crimes in serious cases. It is noted that peer victimization is an important predictor of aggressive behavior. Peer victimization refers to that individuals have experienced attacks by peers, such as physical and verbal victimization, attacks on property and social manipulation. Children and adolescents who have been victimized by peers will characterize the attacker as hostility, which will be generalized to the whole peer group, thus showing more aggressive behavior in future interpersonal communication. Several previous studies have examined the relationship between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. However, due to differences in research design and inconsistent results, there is still some uncertainty about the relationship between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, and the moderating effect on this relationship is not fully clear. Therefore, the present study employed a three-level meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize the results of original literatures to obtain reliable estimates of effect sizes and examined a range of moderators (sample, publication, study design, outcome, and assessment characteristics). Through the retrieval of articles published before October 2020, the current meta-analysis identified 40 studies, with 25,605 participants (range of mean age: 6 ~ 19 years) and 333 independent effect sizes. The funnel plot and Egger's test results suggested an absence of publication bias in current meta-analysis. Analysis revealed a significant positive association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents (r = 0.295, p < 0.001), implying that children and adolescents showed a higher level of aggressive behavior when they experienced higher level of peer victimization. In addition, the present study found a significant moderating effect of peer victimization variable. Compared with physical victimization (r = 0.219, p = 0.005), the association between relational victimization (r = 0.298, p = 0.005) and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was stronger. Moreover, the overall association was influenced by region. Aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was more strongly associated with peer victimization in Asia (r = 0.351, p = 0.006) than in South America (r = 0.149, p = 0.006). Study design was also a significant moderator. The association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was smaller in longitudinal (r = 0.234, p = 0.014) than in cross-sectional studies (r = 0.339, p = 0.014). Finally, the moderator analyses also showed that the informant of peer victimization was a significant moderator. The strength of the association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was significantly stronger when peer victimization was reported by teachers (r = 0.476, p = 0.023) than by peers (r = 0.290, p = 0.023). In addition, the present study found that the overall association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents did not differ in strength across gender, age, publication, variable and informant of aggressive behavior. Moreover, to eliminate the multicollinearity between moderators, the current study built a multivariate model by including all significant moderators that had been identified in the bivariate models. The result indicated that at least one of the regression coefficients of moderators significantly deviates from zero (F (12, 316) = 3.973, p < 0.001). In sum, the results of the current meta-analysis contribute to a better understanding of the association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. These results also provide a reference for future empirical studies on explaining aggressive behavior in children and adolescents.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Future thinking is an important process to psychologically simulate one’s perception of their future. It plays a crucial role in the recovery, persistence and recurrence of depression. Many studies have examined future thinking in depression and found that future thinking is disrupted in depression and is mainly manifested as weakened positive expectations and increased negative expectations for the future. However, the results of the existing studies have not been consistent, which may be due to the fact that ‘self’ in the future events have not been considered in previous research. In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate whether the abnormalities of future thinking in non-clinical depression can be modulated by the self in relation to the relevance of personal goals. For this purpose, the present study focused on comparing four different kinds of future events: future positive events either related or unrelated to personal goals, and future negative events either related or unrelated to personal goals. In Experiment 1, the future thinking task (FTT) was utilized; 23 non-clinical depressive subjects (whose BDI score was higher than or equal to 14) and 25 non-depressive subjects (whose BDI score was not higher than 4) were enrolled. The subjects were required to think about positive and negative future events that could happen to them in the next ten years, either related to or unrelated to their personal goals. After the FTT task, the subjects were asked to evaluate the likelihood that the events would occur to them in the future based on a 50-point Likert scale (1: not at all likely to occur, 50: extremely likely to occur). In Experiment 2, the likelihood estimation measure (LEM) paradigm was used, in which the four types of events were produced according to the interview with the participants before the formal experiment, and the subjects were instructed to evaluate the likelihood that the given events would occur to them in the future based on a 50-point Likert scale as in Experiment 1.Results of Experiment 1: The results of Experiment 1 showed that the depressive group imagined fewer positive events related to personal goals compared with the non-depressive group. In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the imagination of the other three types of events. Additionally, the depressive group (in contrast to the non-depressive group) considered that the positive events related to personal goals were less likely to happen to them, whereas negative events related to personal events were more likely to happen to them. This difference was restricted to events related to personal goals, as we did not observe a significant difference between the two groups in evaluating the likelihood of positive and negative events that were unrelated to personal goals. Results of Experiment 2: The results of Experiment 2 showed that the depressive group (in contrast to the non-depressive group) perceived the personal goal-related positive events to be less likely to occur to them. When assessing the likelihood of the negative events presented, the depression group (as opposed to the non-depression group) considered these events to be more likely to happen to them, whether the events were related to the personal goals or not.Taken together, the results of the current study demonstrated that (1) the abnormality in future thinking of positive events in non-clinical depressive individuals appears to be modulated by the relevance of the personal goals, and (2) the non-clinical depressive individuals showed an abnormal increased in future expectancy of negative events, regardless of whether personal goals were involved. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a deficit in the future thinking of positive events specifically related to personal goals in non-clinical depression. Our study thus shows that the relevance of personal goals is an important factor when investigating future thinking in depression.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-02-15
Abstract：
Physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) label provides two types of information about food, calorie amounts and the amount of physical activity required to burn off the calorie. PACE label is considered as an effective strategy to tackle the increasingly serious obesity problem. PACE labels can effectively reduce energy selected and consumed by consumers in both laboratory and field experiments, and at the same time increase individuals’ exercise intention and actual exercise behaviors. In summary, PACE labels can promote healthy behaviors. The cognitive mechanism of PACE labels is integrated into a single model, which includes two pathways: the PACE label-mental simulation-emotion-behavior pathway and the PACE label-mental simulation-health goal-behavior pathway. Future research can further explore the applicable groups and applicable conditions of the two pathways, the possible negative impact of the PACE label, and the integration of different dietary interventions to help consumers form sustainable healthy eating habits and exercise habits.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-11-06
Abstract： Aggressive behavior plays an important role in social, emotional and psychological adjustment of children and adolescents. It is noted that peer victimization is an important predictor of aggressive behavior. Although several previous studies have examined the relationship between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, the moderating effect on this relationship is not fully clear. Therefore, the present study employed a three-level meta-analysis to obtain reliable estimates of effect sizes and examined a range of moderators. Through the retrieval of articles published before October 2020, the current meta-analysis identified 40 studies, with 25605 participants and 333 independent effect sizes. Analysis revealed a significant positive association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents. In addition, the present study found a significant moderating effect of peer victimization variable. Compared with physical victimization, the association between relational victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was stronger. Moreover, the overall association was influenced by region. Aggressive behavior was more strongly associated with peer victimization in Asia than in South America. Study design was also a significant moderator. The association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was smaller in longitudinal than in cross-sectional studies. Finally, the moderator analyses also showed that the informant of peer victimization was a significant moderator. The strength of the association between peer victimization and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents was significantly stronger when peer victimization was reported by teachers than by peers. The results of the current meta-analysis indicated that people should pay attention to the influence of peer victimization in children and adolescents when preventing and controlling their aggressive behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-11-05
Abstract： Motor learning by analogy is based on the principle that a simple biomechanical metaphor that makes motor behaviour easier to understand by integrating the complex rule structure of motor skills. In the process of motor skill learning, performance in response to instructions presented as an analogy is more robust under pressure, distracting situations and high-complexity decision-making conditions. However, the effect of analogy learning is affected by an individual’s motor level, the instruction content and an individual’s cognitive factors. This review contends that previous studies may have exaggerated the effect of working memory in analogy learning and proposes the attention focus-reinvestment-working memory model of motor skill learning by analogy in which attention focus, reinvestment and working memory jointly affect the improved performance in analogy learning. Further research can be carried out to balance the number of instructions, change the method of instruction provision, standardize the compilation and evaluation of instructions, focus on the selection of exercise tasks and elucidate the neural mechanism of analogy learning. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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