Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Abstract: Automatic perspective taking refers to an individual tracking other people's opinions or being affected by others' perspectives, even when he or she is not explicitly required to adopt such perspectives. This phenomenon is revealed by the consistency effect, which suggests that a worsening perspective taking performance is triggered when others' perspectives and one's own perspective are different. There are two main views regarding automatic perspective taking: the implicit mentalizing view holds that automatic perspective taking is a domain-specific process that spontaneously selects and processes others' perspectives, and the submentalizing view proposes a domain-general process, such as reflective attentional orientation or the spatial coding of a location, that simulates the role of the mentalizing process in thesocial environment. The common tasks in automatic perspective taking include the dot perspective taking task, the "social" Simon effect, the ambiguous number task, and the anticipatory looking paradigm. The consistency effect found in each task can be explained by both the implicit mentalizing view and the submentalizing view. Among the abovementioned tasks, the dot perspective taking task is the most typical type of automatic perspective taking task due to its utilization of the least cognitive resources compared to other automatic perspective taking tasks. Most behavioural experiments involving the dot perspective taking task pay great attention to the implicit mentalizing factors (including the social relevance of cues, the visual attribution state of cues, and the acquisition of a social perspective), but the results of the same factors support different views. In addition, cognitive neuroscience studies mainly compare the distinct neural mechanisms of one's own perspective with those of others' perspectives, but the consistency effect from a single perspective is less explored.Therefore, the interpretation of automatic perspective taking is still debatable. The evidence of the two views in automatic perspective taking shows that one view is unable to completely negate the other one, so it is possible to synthesize the two views into a framework, i.e., the synergistic model of implicit mentalizingand submentalizing processes.The consistency effect in automatic perspective taking can be achieved in three ways:(1) after the presentation of a visual stimulus that is first perceptually processed, if only directional cues but no social cues are found, then the consistency effect will be triggered by a directional process;(2) if social cues are present but do not reach the threshold of social perception activation, then they are instead processed as directional cues, and thus, automatic perspective taking will be activated by the submentalizing process; and (3) if social cues are present and reach the threshold of social perception activation, then automatic perspective taking is activated by the implicit mentalizing process. If social cues are present and reach the threshold of social perceptual activation and directionality is enhanced, then the implicit mentalizing and submentalizing processes will be performed together. The processing threshold of activating social perception has not been clearly defined, so further evidence is required to determine this threshold and to establish the occurrence context of minimum automatic perspective taking. Previous studies adopting the dot perspective taking task have focused more on the implicit mentalizing factors with different task details, in contrast to the submentalizing factors, so it is difficult to directly compare the results. Second, the small sample sizes of the experiments may reduce the reproducibility of the results. In addition, special individuals, such as infants, groups with autism spectrum disorder, and deaf children, may have different developmental performance levels in terms of perspective taking. Therefore, manipulating the implicit mentalizing and submentalizing factors of special individuals, as well as utilizing eye-tracking and/or cognitive neuroscience technologies, can provide further evidence of the underlying mechanisms of automatic perspective taking.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Cognitive reappraisal plays an important role in regulating negative emotions. However, traditional cognitive reappraisal has some issues, such as a lower reconstruction degree and a lower emotion regulation effect. Considering these issues, we propose an effective emotion regulation strategy called creative cognitive reappraisal, which refers to a novel and unique interpretation that is highly creative and appropriate for current emotional stimuli. During the emotion regulation process, an individual suddenly experiences an "Aha!" moment when combining the interpretation with the stimulus situation. This study found a dramatic shift from negative to positive emotions and a long-lasting regulatory effect. According to imaging results, creative cognitive reappraisal was associated with the formation of a novel association in the hippocampus and positive emotional arousal in the amygdala. However, the guided reappraisal used in this work was more akin to an understanding of reappraisal interpretation than active emotion regulation, which has lower ecological validity. Furthermore, it is difficult to generate high creative reappraisal on one’s own, making the application of creative cognitive reappraisal challenging. Thus, the goal of this project is to teach participants how to learn the method of creative cognitive reappraisal and then transfer and apply this strategy to specific negative emotion regulation in daily life, i.e., to establish a "learn and then use" emotion regulation mode that can truly play the role of creative cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation. Furthermore, because teenagers have more serious mood problems but also have higher creativity, this project intends to apply a creative cognitive reappraisal strategy for emotion regulation to teenagers while also teaching them creative emotion regulation strategies to assist them in learning cognitive transformations and reconstructions. This method can teach teenagers how to use positive emotional regulation strategies to deal with negative life events while also preserving their creativity. The specific research contents are as follows: 1) exploring the transfer effect of creative cognitive reappraisal in negative emotion regulation of college students and adolescents; 2) investigating changes in brain activation and representation patterns before and after creative cognitive reappraisal transfer; and 3) examining the similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of creative cognitive reappraisal transfer between adolescents and adults. This project is an extension and expansion of the applicant's existing work, and it would establish a theoretical foundation for verifying and promoting creative cognitive reappraisal as a learnable, usable and efficient emotional regulation strategy.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2021-05-02
Abstract： Abstract: The phenomenon of automatic perspective taking has been confirmed by many studies, but the mechanism of this effect is still controversial. At present, there are two kinds of views: implicit mentalizing view holds that automatic perspective taking is due to the spontaneous selection of other's perspectives as domain-specific process; while submentalizing view proposes domain-general process, such as reflective attention orientation or spatial coding of location, which simulates the role of mentalizing in social environment. By analyzing the existing studies, we propose a collaborative model of mentalizing and submentalizing, which can perform cooperatively or independently. In the future, more rigorous research methods and advanced technology should be used to study the diverse subjects, to explore the mechanism on automatic perspective taking.
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