Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-10-31
Abstract： Prosocial behaviors have a significant impact on social cohesion. Previous behavioral studies found that prosocial behaviors can be influenced by conformity tendency, including altruistic behavior, trusting behavior, fairness, generosity and charity. People tend to imitate others’ behaviors and adopt the deeper goals and motives of group in social context. Previous neuroimaging studies found that prosocial conformity are related to brain regions involved in reward processing, such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Brain areas that were related to error processing also play a critical role in prosocial conformity. Prosocial conformity can be modulated by social value orientation, interpersonal trust and interpersonal sensitivity. Future studies can focus on the stability of prosocial conformity, prosocial conformity in children, individual differences, clinical research and cultural diversity.
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Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-30
Abstract： " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-10-29
Abstract：文章基于资源保存理论，采用体验抽样法收集了一家商业银行114名员工及其配偶的数据。结果表明，在个体内层面，员工正念通过员工情感联结策略的中介作用影响其配偶家庭满意度及第二天早上工作投入；在个体间层面的配偶家庭负面情感表达调节了员工正念与员工情感联结策略的关系及员工情感联结策略的中介作用，即配偶家庭负面情感表达水平越高，员工正念对员工情感联结策略的影响及员工情感联结策略的中介作用相对更弱。
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Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-10-28
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-10-28
Abstract： Surveys are commonly used in psychological and educational research. Insufficient effort response (IER), as one source of invalid response data, is somewhat prevalent due to the low-stakes nature of the majority of surveys, which often leads to statistically significantly biased estimates and invalid inferences. The current literature shows: (a) IER is commonly believed to be caused by some inner causes, (e.g., low motivation), showing as specific patterns, (e.g., random responding); (b) The most common methods to prevent IER include reducing task difficulty and increasing respondents’ motivation; (c) Current detection methods fall into three main categories, which are proactive approaches/ direct screening methods, response patterns analysis, and response time analysis. Recommendations for future research directions and practitioners are (a) deepening the investigation on IER mechanism and improving the preventing methods, (b) examining the effectiveness of IER identification methods’ applicability of cross-situation and developing new approaches, and (c) delving into the identification and treatment of partial IER.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-27
Abstract： Ample statistical learning (SL) studies have shown that individuals can perform word segmentation by tracking the likelihood of syllable co-occurrences in continuous speech. The classic “exposure-test” paradigm was widely used in this field, in which participants were first exposed to an artificial language and then tested in a forced choice task to assess learning effects. Recently, research has shown that participants’ linguistic background, including their phonological and lexical experience, may result in experience-dependent SL. After a systematic review, we also discuss the direction for future SL studies. Specifically, we suggest that for studies involving Mandarin native speakers, researchers should carefully examine the separate and combined effects of various linguistic experience in order to better understand statistical word segmentation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-10-27
Abstract： Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior (UPB) defines the unethical behaviors of the organization's employees to protect the organization's interests. UPB is difficult to be identified in the organization, but it may bring negative effects to the organization. Due to the pro-organizational and immoral nature, the research of UPB has attracted wide attention from all walks of life. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the origin and definition of UPB. It is also necessary to learn from the interpretation path of "unethical behavior" to theoretically summarize the progress. This progress is made in the research on the cause of UPB from the explanatory mechanisms of rational decision and intuitive judgment to form a theoretical model. On such a basis, future research directions are proposed: the study of Unethical Pro-leader Behavior (UPLB) and Unethical Pro-group Behavior (UPGB); the moderating effect of corporate ownership on UPB in China; and the impact of role stress on UPB.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-10-27
Abstract： In the research of psychology, education, and organizational behavior, researchers often encounter multilevel data with hierarchical structures (e.g., participants may cluster within communities, classes, or clinics). Ignoring the hierarchical structures of data may lead to a violation of the independence assumption of some models, resulting in biased parameter estimates. Therefore, researchers often need to conduct multilevel modeling to solve the statistical problems caused by non-independent observations. However, due to the limitation of objective conditions, in real studies, the sample sizes of level 1 and/or level 2 are often small in hierarchical data. Traditional frequentist-based maximum likelihood (ML) approach, which relies on large-sample theory, might lead to problems in parameter estimation and model convergence in multilevel modeling with small samples. In contrast, Bayesian approach is often more advantageous in small samples, but it is also more susceptible to the subjective specification of priors. To investigate the potentially detrimental effects of inaccurate prior information on Bayesian approaches and compare their performance to the traditional approaches, we conducted a series of simulations under the multilevel model framework with different dependent variable types (i.e., continuous normal, continuous non-normal, and binary dependent variables), sample sizes and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). In sum, the results revealed the devastating impacts of inaccurate prior information on Bayesian estimation, especially in the cases of larger ICC, smaller level 2 sample size, and smaller prior variance. When the dependent variable was non-normal or binary, these negative effects were more obvious. The present study investigated the impacts of inaccurate prior information on Bayesian estimation and provided advice on the specification of priors. We hope that it could contribute to strengthening the theoretical and practical understanding of prior specifications.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-26
Abstract： The perception of prosodic boundaries is critical to spoken language comprehension, and it has become a primary research topic among psychologists and psycholinguists in the past decade. Utterances are chunked into prosodic units of different strengths. The boundaries between prosodic units are mainly signaled by acoustic cues like pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. Previous cognitive, linguistic, developmental, and neuroimaging studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the processing of prosodic boundaries. We now know that listeners use a perceptual weighting strategy to process prosodic boundary cues, and there are specific brain mechanisms for prosodic boundary processing. The ability to processing prosodic boundaries steadily develops with age in young children and transfers to a second language, but it generally decreases with age in older adults. Future studies should expand the investigation of prosodic boundaries to more pragmatic genres and focus on revealing the cognitive mechanisms underlying prosodic boundary processing, the relationship between prosodic boundary and syntax processing, and the development of prosodic boundary perception in second language learners.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2020-10-26
Abstract： Game-based psychological assessment refers to the evaluation of a person's ability, personality and other psychological characteristics through games or gamified activities. It was primarily for the purpose of evaluating learning effects at early period and then developed into the evaluation of psychological characteristics. As a new technology, game-based assessment has advantages in terms of form, process and outcome. Currently, a paradigm based on evidence-centered design has been developed to design assessment tools and conduct empirical studies. This kind of paradigm is applied to assess individual cognitive and non-cognitive abilities. Future research may focus on task design, data mining, and application. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2020-10-26
Abstract： " How do people process and communicate spatial information with others in spatial dialogue is a widely studied issue in the domain of spatial cognition. The scholars have found that there is a common phenomenon in spatial dialogue that people who communicate with their partners in spatial dialogue will achieve alignment at different representational levels, such as spatial terms, spatial frames of reference, and viewing perspectives. The physical characteristics of the spatial scene and the collaboration between people will affect the degree of representation alignment. The physiological basis for realizing representational alignment is the consistency of the neural activities of the speakers and listeners. In the future, we can continue to explore the mechanism of representation alignment, such as the relationship between representational alignment and individual spatial preferences, and how partners’ characteristics affect the degree of this alignment.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-23
Abstract： Most languages of the world have a high proportion of morphologically complex words that are composed of two or more morphemes. When processing morphologically complex words, readers can choose to access the whole word meaning directly from the mental lexicon, or to use morphological rules to construct the word semantics. There is a general consensus that native speakers can access the whole word meaning by combing morphemes, however, despite increasing amount of second language research, the morphologically complex word processing mechanism for L2 learners is still in debate. Based on Complementary Learning Systems account and Episodic L2 Hypothesis, the processing mechanism of L2 morphologically complex words is proposed. Future research needs to explore the influences of morphological family size on the processing of L2 morphologically complex words, as well as reveal the neural mechanism underlying L2 morphologically complex words.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-23
Abstract： Behavioral oscillations are periodic changes of behavioral performance which result from rhythmic mental processes. Through behavioral methods that have high temporal resolutions, prior studies have provided a unique perspective to investigate the temporal dynamics of visual attention. Phenomena of behavioral oscillations were observed in many types of attentional tasks. There was much evidence supporting that attentional sampling showed periodic changes mainly at two different rhythms: α (8-13 Hz) band which reflects attentional suppression and θ (4-8 Hz) band which reflects attentional shift. These results help revealing the temporal dynamics of attention and provide a new approach for the controversy between serial- and parallel-search theories of attention. Some potential factors, including task difficulty and cue validity, were found to be able to influence the rhythmic characteristics of behavioral oscillations. Behavioral oscillations showed consistent rhythms with neural oscillations in some attentional tasks, suggesting that they might involve similar mental processes. To systematically reveal the temporal dynamics of attention, future studies are needed to investigate the specific patterns of behavioral oscillations under various attentional control processes, as well as in multimodal attentional tasks. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2020-10-22
Abstract： Protected values refer to a concept that people refuse to trade with any other value, especially with economic value. The evidence of cognitive neuroscience research in recent years shows reasons why people can act the behavior of sacrificing life for righteousness for protected values, such as defying interests or even giving up life. On the one hand, because protected values are characterized and constructed by an absolute rule of deontology, which makes people less to weigh the advantages and disadvantages; on the other hand, because protected values are closely related to the processes of self-identity and moral identity, and thus are subjectively endowed with the highest value. Further studies are needed to further clarify the neural mechanism of protected values, focus on its cultural differences, and carry out the corresponding practical research on intervention and correct guidance of protected values.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2020-10-22
Abstract： Musical pleasure is the most common psychological phenomenon in music activities. Here, recent work on the neural substrates of musical pleasure has been reviewed, and we conclude that the experience of musical pleasure is related to activities of the brain reward system and interactions between the nucleus accumbens and other cortical regions (e.g., the auditory cortex). Especially, the dopaminergic transmission plays a causal role in this experience. Furthermore, the induction of musical pleasure can be explained by reward prediction errors and the information-theoretic model from the perspective of expectation. Future studies should further examine the function of the nucleus accumbens and other cortical regions in the induction of musical pleasure and integrate different expectation theories. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-10-21
Abstract： Mediation and moderation analyses are commonly used methods for studying the relationship between an independent variable (X) and a dependent variable (Y) in conducting empirical research. To better understand the relationships among variables, there is an increasing demand for a more general theoretical framework that combines moderation and mediation analyses. Recently, statistical analysis of mediated moderation (meMO) effects has become a powerful tool for scientists to investigate complex processes. However, the traditional meMO model is formulated based on the homoscedasticity assumption, which is most likely to be violated when moderation effects exist. In addition, routinely reporting effect sizes has been recommended as the primary solution to the issue of overemphasis on significance testing. Appropriate effect sizes (ES) for measuring meMO effects are very important in reporting and interpreting inferential results. However, there does not exist an effective measure that allows us to answer the question regarding the extent to which a variable Z moderates the effect of X on Y via the mediator variable (M) in the meMO model. The article is organized as follows. First, the two-level moderated regression model proposed by Yuan, Cheng, & Maxwell (2014) was extended to a two-level mediated moderation (2meMO) model with single-level data, the statistical path diagram was structured according to the conceptual model and the equations. Second, several effect sizes were developed for the 2meMO effect by decomposing the total variance of the moderation effect. Third, to estimate the parameters of the 2meMO model and the ES measures of the meMO effects, we developed a Bayesian estimation method to estimate the parameters of the 2meMO model. Fourth, a Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the 2meMO model and the proposed ES measures against those with the meMO model. Finally, we illustrate the application of the new model and measures with a real data example. The simulation results indicate that the size of bias and MSE for parameter estimates are small under both meMO and 2meMO models whether the homoscedasticity assumption hold or not. The results of the coverage rate of the 95% CI for 〖dif〗_moME following 2meMO is comparable to those following meMO when the variance of moderation error is zero, which is the assumption the meMO model is based. However, when the moderation-error variance is nonzero, 2meMO yields more accurate estimates for 〖dif〗_meMO than meMO does, the advantages of 2meMO over meMO become more obvious as the moderation-error variance increases. The results of Type I error rate indicate that 2meMO controls Type I error rather well, and the rates are close to 0.05 or below 0.05 under all the conditions. However, the Type I error rates of meMO tend to be higher than 0.05 when the moderation-error variance is nonzero. The power rates following the meMO and 2meMO models are comparable for the medium or large sample size, or when there is a large difference in meMO effects. While the value of power following 2meMO is slightly lower than that following meMO at small sample size, this result is mostly due to the inflated Type I error rate of meMO, and larger sample sizes and the smaller moderation-error variances correspond to more accurate estimates of ϕ_meMO^((f)). The results also indicate that, when the homoscedasticity assumption of the meMO model is satisfied, the effect size estimates following the two models are about the same. However, when the moderation-error variance is not zero, the results following 2meMO are more accurate than those following meMO. In summary, the article developed a 2meMO model with single-level data and proposed several measures to evaluate the size of the meMO effect explained by moderator variables in total, directly, or indirectly. The performance of the 2meMO model is compared against that of the traditional meMO model via Monte Carlo simulations. Results indicate that, when the assumption of homoscedasticity holds, 2meMO yields comparable results with those under meMO. When the homoscedasticity assumption is violated, estimates under 2meMO are more accurate than those under meMO. More importantly, the measures of the size of the meMO effect proposed in this article can be used as a supplement to the test of meMO effects and will meet the needs for reporting ES in practice. Consequently, the 2meMO model is recommended for the analysis of mediated moderation, and the effect sizes (ESs) for the interpretation of the effect according to the questions of interest are better reported.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-19
Abstract： Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with mood-congruent processing biases towards negative information in working memory (WM), which is considered as the core manifest of cognitive vulnerability of MDD. This review provides an overview of the biased processing of emotional information of depression in three executive components of WM. Patients with MDD have difficulties in disengaging from negative information and present insufficient processing of positive materials during WM updating. MDD patients also exhibit impairments in suppressing irrelevant negative information and cannot effectively prevent the irrelevant negative information entering WM during inhibition. The findings of emotion-specific dysfunctions of shifting function in depression are inconsistent. Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies suggest that the biased processing in WM is associated with altered brain activations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Future research is needed to investigate the different contribution of each type of biased processing to depressive symptoms, the unity of the biased processing in three WM components, the impact of biased processing in different stages of MDD, and the induction effects of different emotional materials on biased processing. Moreover, unraveling the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the process of emotional materials in WM could help resolve the inconsistency of previous findings and benefit future development of cognitive bias modification interventions for biased processing in WM of depression.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-10-19
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-10-19
Abstract： This article systematically sorts out the influencing factors of the mental health problems of Chinese International students. We point out that the impacts of Confucian culture, language barrier, academic stress, social relations and discrimination on the mental health of Chinese International students. Moreover, we synthesize intervention techniques for mental health problems based on three aspects: social relations, cognitive and behavior, and Internet social media, which may inspire new and effective interventions for Chinese International students in the future. We hope that this integrated review can better inform international educators, cultural psychology researchers, psychological counselors and other relevant groups to gain a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the acculturation difficulties and mental issues faced by Chinese International students, which will ultimately facilitate the development of effective psychological interventions. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-10-19
Abstract： The number of Chinese International students who are currently studying abroad is huge. They are widely distributed worldwide and have many problems. Among those issues, mental health, cultural adaptation, and societal discrimination, etc. are particularly prominent ones. Drawing upon perspectives of cultural psychology, our current work seeks to sort out the psychological benefits and costs of International students from experiences of studying abroad. Past work shows that students with experiences studying abroad have higher cross-cultural competence, higher openness personality, and stronger sense of self-efficacy. However, experiences of studying abroad will also cause students to be more likely to have anxiety and depression, lower social support, more loneliness, and perceive greater prejudice and discrimination from outgroups. We will review these psychological benefits and psychological costs, and uncover the mental mechanisms underlie these phenomena. It is our hope that our work can provide meaningful scientific questions, plausible theoretical frameworks and robust empirical evidence to facilitate future research in this domain.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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