Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-28
Abstract： Abstract: Does intentional/directed forgetting require cognitive effort? In some studies, directed forgetting is deemed to be a result of passive decay, i.e., an effective rehearsal of F items (i.e., the items to be forgotten) is suppressed by the selective rehearsal of R items (i.e., the items to be remembered), and this process does not require cognitive effort. Other studies, however, have shown that directed forgetting involves forgetting-cue induced active inhibition of memory processing (this apparently requires cognitive effort), which has been evidenced by the ERPs in the frontal lobe as shown in brain cognitive research. In addition, there is also a point that directed forgetting may involve both active inhibition and passive decay, but how the two processes interact and integrate is yet to be explored. To clarify the cognitive mechanism in the encoding stage of directed forgetting, future study needs to take non-cognitive factors into investigation, and to inspect different populations.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-02-26
Abstract： " Previous studies have indicated that the alternative evaluation responses to watching the gambling results of one’s friends can be affected by self-interest concerns. However, until now, no systematic discussion is available addressing whether one’s own different gains and losses will have different effects on the evaluation mode on a friends’ gambling results; moreover, it remains unclear how this effect mode is modulated by the mode of an individual’s self-construction. Research in this domain is conducive to identifying the dynamic changes of self-other sharing representations in the context of complex interpersonal interactions. Furthermore, this research provides empirical evidence toward understanding people’s mentality of social interaction in the context of different cultures. This study presents a step by step discussion of the above problems via classic monetary gambling tasks in three separate experiments using the FRN and P300 as electrophysiological response indexes. This pilot study mainly investigated the evaluation model for a friends’ gambling results without involving one’s own gains and losses. This aimed to verify previous research results and provided a baseline level for investigating the responses to the evaluation of a friends’ gambling results. A total of 17 subjects and their same-sex friends participated in this pilot study. When an individual only observed but did not participate in gambling in person, such observing of a friends’ gambling results can generate an electrophysiological response mode similar to own gains and losses. Many researchers suggested that such “mirror image” processing represented evidence for sharing presentations between an individual and his friends, i.e., the part that involves friends in people’s self-concept. Experiment 1 explored the neural electrophysiological responses that occur in the two parties when one observes the gains and losses of a friend after he himself has had the experience of losing and winning money in gambling. A total of 38 subjects and their same-sex friends were recruited to participate in a number of monetary gambling tasks. The results showed that the model for one’s evaluation of the gains and losses of a friend could indeed be influenced by his own gains and losses. When one benefitted from gambling, the FRN and P300 discrepancies resulting from seeing the gains and losses of a friends were no longer significant. However, when one suffered monetary losses from gambling, although the discrepancy in FRN regarding seeing friends’ gains and losses remained significant, friends’ gains no longer elicited a higher amplitude of P300 than their losses. Experiment 2 further addressed the previous situational self-reconstruction initiation pattern and investigated whether the neural response modes for the influence of one’s own gains and losses on the evaluation of friends’ gains and losses would differ under different modes of self-construction. The results indicated that in the interdependent self-construction initiation group, the electrophysiological response mode that results from watching friends’ gambling was consistent with the result obtained in Experiment 1. However, after initiation of the independent self-construction of the subjects, the evaluation mode of the gambling results of a friend differed from that of the interdependent self-construction initiation group. In terms of the FRN index, regardless of one’s own gains and losses, the differences in FRN for friends’ gains and losses were no longer significant. In terms of the P300 index, the P300 discrepancy resulting from watching the gains and losses of a friend after suffering own losses was not significant. However, after having gained benefits, a higher P300 amplitude was induced by watching friends losing money in gambling than when watching them gain money. In summary, this study shows that: (1) the evaluation model for one’s friends’ gains and losses differs depending on the own experienced gains and losses. Under favorable conditions, an individual is more inclined to show indifference to his friends’ gains and losses, which may be because the individual employs stronger egocentric tendency in such a case. (2) The independent self-construction initiation group shows more indifference and competition when observing the gains and losses of a friend than in case of the interdependent self-construction initiation group.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-25
Abstract： Background: Previous laboratory studies have shown that an individual’s response in the current trial can be influenced by a previous trial, and this has been described as an effect of trial history. Existing studies have shown that there is a trial history effect with visual spatial inhibition of return (IOR), and some studies have shown that changes in stimulus modalities also affect reaction times (RTs). The present study used the “prime-neutral cue-target” paradigm to examine the trial history effect in cross-modal, non-spatial IOR and attempted to decrease the trial history effect. Method: In two experiments, we mainly manipulated the cue-target modalities in the current trial (auditory-visual vs. visual-auditory modalities), cue validity in the current trial (cued vs. uncued) and cue validity in the previous trial (cued vs. uncued). Thirty participants were recruited in Experiment 1. The visual prime cue was a red or blue disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory prime cue was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\hong\ or \lan\). The visual neutral cue was a green disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory neutral cue was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\lv\); The visual target was a red or blue disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory target was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\hong\ and \lan\). During the experiment, each trial began with a 400 ms fixation cross in the centre of the monitor, and a 300 ms visual or auditory prime cue was followed by a 200 ms fixation cross. After the 300 ms visual or auditory neutral cue, another fixation cross was presented for 300 ms, and then a 300 ms auditory or visual target was presented. The participants were asked to discriminate the identity of the target(i.e., either a colour disk or vocalization of \hong\or \lan\) within 1500 ms. Following a 1500 ms intertrial interval (ITI) with a blank screen, the next trial was initiated. Twenty-nine participants were recruited in Experiment 2, the ITI was 4500 ms, and the other parameters were identical to those in Experiment 1. Results: Regarding the RTs results, Experiment 1 showed that the RTs for cued targets in the current trial were larger than RTs for uncued targets, which was a colour-based non-spatial IOR. The IOR effect size in the current trial showed an interaction between the cue validity in the previous trial and the cue-target modality in the current trial. The IOR effect size on the current trial after a valid cue trial was larger than the IOR effect size with an invalid cue in the previous trial when the current trial was a visual cue and auditory target; however, there was no difference in the IOR effect size when the cue was auditory, and the target was visual in the current trial. Furthermore, the analysis of the target modality across trials revealed that the valid cue, but not the invalid cue, in the previous trial, could induce a larger IOR effect size in the current trial with visual cues. A longer ITI (4500 ms) was used in Experiment 2 compared to Experiment 1, and the results showed that there was a difference in the IOR effect size in the current trial between the visual cues and auditory cues in the current trial. The IOR effect size in the current trial was not influenced by the validity of the previous trial or whether the current trial had auditory cues or visual cues. Conclusion: These results suggested an interaction between trials on cross-modal non-spatial IOR, but the effect was related to the cue-target modality. There was not only the cue validity effect across trials but also the target modality switch effect between trials. Increasing the time interval between trials can reduce the effect of the previous trial on the IOR effect size in the current trial."
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-25
Abstract： " The neural mechanism of orthographic-phonological integration was influenced by the temporal relationship of cross-modal stimuli. However, previous studies mainly investigated the neural mechanism of letter-speech sound integration in precise temporal synchrony or small temporal asynchrony conditions. In this study, character-speech sound integration was investigated in a relatively wide temporal window. Chinese characters were presented synchronously to the onset of speech sounds or before speech sound by 300 or 600 ms (referred as AV0, AV300 and AV600). ERP responses evoked by congruent condition (speech sounds were paired with congruent visual characters) and baseline condition (speech sounds were paired with Korean characters) were compared. Different electrophysiological markers were found in the temporal synchrony and temporal asynchrony conditions. In the AV0 condition, developing dyslexia (DD) and typically developing (TD) children showed similar congruency effect on P1, N170 and N300 components, demonstrating the influence of speech sound on visual character processing. In the AV300 condition, DD group showed left-lateralized congruency effect on N200, whereas TD children showed bilateral congruency effect on N200. Both groups showed bilateral congruency effect on N200 in the AV600 condition. We speculate that the insufficient character-speech sound integration exhibited by dyslexic children in the AV300 condition was probably caused by their slow visual processing speed. The results provide unique insight into the neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a wide temporal window and point out the necessity to investigate neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a relatively wide temporal window.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2021-02-25
Abstract： Previous brain imaging studies have shown that the specialized experience achieved by expert sports players after years of training contributes to plasticity in both brain function and structure. However, changes in brain plasticity related to participating in various types of sports, specifically sports that involve higher-level strategies and cognitive function, remain unclear. Table tennis is a sport requiring high levels of strategy. Thus, the present study investigated the white matter structure of the brain in expert table tennis players who had undergone long-term training. Given the accumulating evidence that action processing in the brain occurs along two distinct pathways—dorsal and ventral—we hypothesized that, in addition to changes in the white matter of the dorsal sensorimotor system, the white matter in the ventral pathway linking brain regions related to higher-level cognitive function would differ between expert table tennis players and nonplayers. An investigational group of 31 expert table tennis players (20.06 ± 1.69 years of age) and a control group of 28 college students (20.68 ± 1.66 years of age) who had no professional training in table tennis were recruited for the study. The table tennis players were members of university teams, and each player had more than 7 years of table tennis training. Diffusion tensor imaging techniques were used to compare white matter microstructure properties of the brain between expert players and nonplayers. Statistical analyses were performed using independent t-tests. Further analysis was conducted for the expert player group to assess whether any correlation existed between fractional anisotropy (FA) values and training time. Consistent with our hypothesis, the white matter microstructure properties of both the dorsal and ventral pathways in expert table tennis players significantly differed from those in nonplayers. Specifically, FA values in the bilateral corticospinal tracts, which mainly connect brain regions in the dorsal sensorimotor system, were higher in experts than in nonplayers. Compared with nonplayers, expert players also had higher FA values in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus and bilateral inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus of the ventral pathway, which are involved in higher-level cognitive processing, such as semantic processing or thinking. By contrast, no white matter region showed a higher FA value in nonplayers than in expert players, and no region was found with axial diffusivity difference between the groups. Additionally, radial diffusivity was lower in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and bilateral inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus in experts than in nonplayers. Correlation analysis of the expert group showed significant positive correlations between training time and FA values in both the left superior longitudinal fasciculus in the ventral pathway and bilateral corticospinal tracts in the dorsal pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that enhanced structural integrity of the white matter in both the dorsal and ventral pathways is associated with long-term, expert table tennis training. The observed structural plasticity is conducive to promoting cognitive processing of concrete sensorimotor and abstract information, which would enable expert players to excel at sports requiring a high level of strategy. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-02-22
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-18
Abstract： Previous research demonstrated that ensemble perception of groups can be formed rapidly by extraction of the average of high-level complex features. However, it is unclear whether the average percept is the outcome of extraction from the characteristic value of the average stimulus (for example, average face) created from group members, or from calculation of the average value of group members’ characteristic values. The above two values were confused with each other in prior research，since most average value of group members are similar as the characteristic value of the average stimulus. However, the attractiveness rating of the average face created from a group of faces is usually systematically higher than the mean value of attractiveness ratings of this group of faces. Therefore, it is easier to explore how the ensemble coding of crowd face attractiveness (i.e. group attractiveness) is formed by comparing the attractiveness of the average face with the mean value of attractiveness rating of a group of faces. This could provide a useful approach to explore how the average percept is formed. The present study used the average discrimination paradigm (Experiment 1 & 2) and the scoring paradigm (Experiment 3 & 4) to clarify the mechanism of the formation of average percept by comparing the group attractiveness with the attractiveness of average face. To tackle this issue, whether the average face was presented in the group of faces or not was manipulated (conditions: Avg vs. NoAvg). Group size were also manipulated to explore whether group size modulated the formation of average percept. In the average discrimination paradigm, a group of faces served as group stimuli to be compare with the probe face for attractiveness. Participants were asked to judge which is more attractive between the group stimuli and the probe face. In the scoring paradigm, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of group stimuli, the average face created from the group, and each face of the group in isolated manner. Each group consisted of twelve (in Experiments 1 and 3) or four faces (in Experiments 2 and 4). There were two kinds of groups: one is that all group members are original faces, without the average face. The other is that an average face morphed from other original faces was included in the group. In Experiment 1, the proportions for judging probe average face more attractive than group attractiveness in the Avg condition was similar with the NoAvg condition. In Experiment 2, when the set size was four, the proportions for judging probe average face more attractive than group attractiveness were significantly higher in the NoAvg condition. Moreover, in Experiment 3, the ratings for group attractiveness were not significantly different between Avg and NoAvg conditions. This may indicate that the group attractiveness is based on the average face which was created from group members rather than the mean value calculated from group members’ attractiveness. In addition, the diffusion model analysis showed that the coding time was longer for NoAvg condition, which indicated that the formation of average face needed cognitive resource. In Experiment 4, when the set size was four, the attractiveness rating of the average face was significantly higher than group ratings for the two kinds of groups. The different results in different group size may be interpreted as the outcome of weakened average percept caused by the salient individual face representations in small group. This was evident from several analyses: 1) group attractiveness and the attractiveness of morphed average face decreased with smaller set size (Experiment 4); 2) When the probe face was morphed average face, the proportion for judging probe face as more attractive than group attractiveness was greater, comparing with the condition when the probe was a new face whose attractiveness was similar with the morphed average face (Experiment 2); 3) The performance for the hypothesized condition with average percept included in the set is in between the conditions with/without real average face included (Experiment 2-4). In addition, comparing with Experiment 1, the information accumulation speed in Experiment 2 is slower, the processing time of group attractiveness is longer, reflecting the disturbance of the individual face representation. In summary, the findings supported the hypothesis that group attractiveness is based on the morphed average face. Thus, the ensemble percept relies on the extraction from the average stimulus created from the group.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-18
Abstract： The automatic detection of facial emotion changes is crucial for survival. Numerous studies using event-related potential (ERP) technique have found that the amplitude of emotion-related visual mismatch negativity (EMMN) could be used to test the automatic processing of facial emotion. Previous studies suggested that deviant – standard stimulus (D-S) pair (different/ same) and emotion type (negative/ non-negative) might modulate the EMMN effect, however, the evidence so far was mixed. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to analyze the findings of 36 studies (involving 733 healthy participants) on EMMN. Results showed that: (1) EMMN effects emerged at both the early- (0 – 200ms) and late- (200 – 400ms) stages, demonstrating that infrequently presented deviant stimulus elicited more negative ERPs at both the early- and late-stages. This suggests that EMMN reflects the probability effect of early- and late-stages emotion-related ERP components; (2) the type of D-S pair moderated the EMMN effect at the early- but not the late-stages. Specifically, the EMMN effect of different D-S pairs was significantly larger than that of the same D-S pairs at the early-stage; (3) in the studies of same D-S pairs, the evidence between equiprobable and non-equiprobable paradigm showed no significant differences in EMMN at both stages; (4) a negative bias was found in both early and late EMMN, i.e., the EMMN elicited by the angry, fearful, angry faces was significantly larger than that of happy faces. These results indicate that the EMMN effect is affected by experimental manipulations such as D-S pair type and emotion type.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-18
Abstract： Previous research suggested that the attractiveness rating of a face tends to be similar to the attractiveness of its surrounding faces in the context, resulting in an assimilation effect. However, these results were usually based on the comparison among ratings of the target faces under different attractiveness contexts, without considering the attractiveness rating of the target face in isolation, and might lead to incorrect conclusion on the contextual influence on target evaluation. This study investigated the influence of duration and difference in attractiveness rating between the target and the context faces on the rating of target face. The assimilation effect was measured by taking mean rating of the same face in isolation as a reference value. The results found that attractiveness rating of the target face was similar to the attractiveness of its surrounding face in the context, and the differences between target and context faces led to a continuum effect in assimilation process, i.e., the more different in attractiveness rating between the target and the faces in the context, the smaller in the effect size of an assimilation was observed. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2021-02-18
Abstract： " As a pioneer in learning, spreading, and utilizing modern scientific psychology in modern China, Mr. Fu Ssu-nien has been neglected by psychological researchers for many years. In 12 years of studying on psychology, Mr. Fu wrote and translated several philosophical monographs to illustrate his psychological views, such as Introduction to psychoanalysis, Group Psychology, and Hsing Ming Ku-Hsǔn Pien-Cheng. Based on these efforts, Mr. Fu made a profound analysis of the Chinese traditional view of human nature, the trend of scientism in modern psychology, the psychoanalytic thought of psychoanalytic school, and then judged that the modern Chinese psychological research would eventually become scientific. Moreover, Mr. Fu summarized barriers of development of mass mind from three aspects including society, family and individual, and then generated and advocated a basic view of humanity containing effort, sense of discipline, the concept of rational and health. Furthermore, working together with Cai Yuan-Pei, Wang Jing-Xi, Tang Yue, and Su Xiang-Yu, Mr. Fu devoted to the early construction of the discipline of psychology and promoted the development of scientific psychology in modern China.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-02-13
Abstract： The meta-analysis was used to explore the relationship between the Dark Triad and aggressive behaviors. This study included 87 quantitative researches, 90 independent samples, and 41,273 subjects. The results suggested that there was a positive correlation between the Dark Triad and aggressive behaviors (r=0.338 ~ 0.405), and the correlation intensity between narcissism and aggressive behaviors was significantly lower than that of Machiavellianism and Psychopathy. The relationship between the Dark Triad and aggressive behaviors was affected by many factors, such as the background of culture, gender, and the types of aggression. The discussion implied that narcissism is quite different from Machiavellianism and Psychopathy, and the following researches can further explore the Dark Triad in combination with oriental culture.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2021-02-12
Abstract： One hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves impairments in the ability to extinguish conditioned fear memory. Accumulating evidence suggests that extinction training that occurs shortly after fear conditioning is less effective than delayed extinction training in yielding long-term extinction memory, a phenomenon that is referred to as immediate extinction deficit (IED). However, unknown is whether the IED is just an aberration or continues to affect re-extinction. In Experiment 1, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (Immediate-Extinction, Immediate-No Extinction, Delayed-Extinction, Delayed-No Extinction) and underwent a standard fear conditioning procedure in which they received five tone-footshock trials in chamber A. After either 1 h (immediate) or 24 h (delayed), half of the animals underwent 30 extinction trials (1st extinction session) in chamber B where the tone was presented alone. The other half remained in chamber B without any tone or footshock (these animals served as a no-extinction control group). Twenty-four hours later, these rats underwent the 2nd extinction session (re-extinction) in chamber B. Twenty-four hours after the 2nd extinction session, the rats were once again returned to chamber B and tested for their fear response to four continuous tones. The fear response was assessed by freezing behavior, and the effect of the 1st extinction session was assessed by the average freezing response across the first four trials of the 2nd extinction session. Compared with rats in the delayed extinction group, recently conditioned rats exhibited significantly higher levels of fear in the 2nd extinction session, although an equivalent decline in freezing was observed in both groups across the 1st extinction session, suggesting that immediate extinction failed to maintain fear suppression the next day. Furthermore, after undergoing two extinction training sessions, rats in the immediate extinction group exhibited no significant reduction of freezing compared with the non-extinguished control during the retention test, suggesting that the deficit reappeared during re-extinction. The aim of Experiment 2 was to investigate whether the deficit that was induced by immediate extinction could be rescued by the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. In Experiment 2, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the same procedures as the immediate extinction groups in Experiment 1, with the exception that they received saline or propranolol (10 mg/kg, i.p.) within minutes after fear conditioning. We found that one injection of propranolol immediately after fear acquisition rescued the deficit of re-extinction but not immediate extinction. This study revealed that the early extinction intervention after severe trauma may not only fail to inhibit the fear response but also act as a secondary trauma which can continually damage the ability to extinguish fear memory. Propranolol may be a good candidate to repair such damage. Our findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PTSD and outcomes of an early intervention and may be helpful for selecting appropriate and effective interventions after trauma exposure and avoid secondary trauma that is caused by the intervention itself. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-02-11
Abstract： Social media has now become a part of our life, in which selfie is a common information oriented by appearance on social media. It is found that the selfie-related behavior is closely related to the user's body image. The selfie-related behaviors on social media include selfie investment, selfie manipulation, selfie posting, selfie viewing, selfie feedback investment. Since individuals are both publishers and receivers of information on social media, selfie investment, selfie manipulation and selfie posting can be regarded as publisher's initiative selfie behavior, while selfie viewing and selfie feedback investment fall into the category of receiver's reactive selfie behavior. Meanwhile, how selfie related behavior affects body image can be analyzed from two perspectives of initiative and reactive behavior. The process of effect can be divided into body surveillance, standard internalization and appearance comparison. And then the factors in individual, interpersonal and environmental aspects may affect the relations between selfie-related behavior and body image as well as the process of effect. The research in future can be adopted to further explore how selfie-related behavior affects body image by enriching subject sampling, optimizing research design, studying other selfie behavior, paying attention to moderating variables and environmental variables, and discuss the process of self-construction in cyberspace from a theoretical perspective. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-09
Abstract： 采用注意捕获范式，通过行为和事件相关脑电位（ERP）实验，探讨工作记忆表征精度加工需求对注意引导的影响，行为结果发现，在低精度加工需求条件下，只有一个工作记忆表征引导注意，且处于高激活状态的工作记忆表征产生的注意捕获大于低激活状态；而在高精度加工需求条件下，有两个工作记忆表征引导注意，且处于高、低激活状态的工作记忆表征产生的注意捕获没有差异。ERP结果显示，高精度加工需求条件下诱发的NSW和LPC大于低精度加工需求条件；在高精度加工需求条件下，干扰项与记忆项匹配比不匹配时，诱发更大的N2和更小的N2pc，而在低精度加工需求条件下，干扰项与记忆项匹配和不匹配时诱发的N2、N2pc没有差异。研究表明，工作记忆表征精度加工需求影响注意引导的机制可能是高精度加工需求下，工作记忆表征消耗的认知资源增加，搜索目标获得的资源减少，干扰项捕获的注意增加。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2021-02-09
Abstract： Our current work examined the interface of thinking style and mental health at both behavioral and neuropsychological levels which describe a predisposition to psychopathology. Thirty-nine Chinese participants were divided into high and low holistic thinkers based on the triad task scores, completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), and performed structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that high holistic thinkers were much less sensitive to reward than low holistic thinkers. Furthermore, their bilateral nucleus accumbens and right amygdala volumes were smaller than those of low holistic thinkers. Our integrated results showed that the relationship between holistic thinking tendency and the amygdala volume was mediated by the nucleus accumbens and the sensitivity to reward. Finally, resting-state functional connectivity results showed increased FC between left nucleus accumbens and bilateral amygdala in high holistic thinkers. The present synthetical results suggest that dialectical thinking may lead to better mental health outcomes."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-02-08
Abstract： Returnees usually face problems of re-adaptation when returning to their home country after living abroad for a period of time. One of the significant issues is the reverse culture shock. This latter may have severe consequential impacts on returnee’s mental health, emotional stress, interpersonal relationships and sociocultural adaptation. Our current work sorts out the psychological and behavioral consequences of the reverse cultural shock, and analyzes the conceptual framework and its underlying mental processes. It is our hope that this work would provide scientific evidence and empirical support to better inform the government and higher education institutions regarding policy making. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-02-08
Abstract： This article reviews and synthesizes differing aspects of the psychology of globalization, including the developmental trajectories, core issues, individual responses, reflections and future prospects, with special emphasis on the folk theories of globalization, the double-edged sword effects of multicultural experiences, identifications with global culture and all humanity, psychological responses to globalization, and the moral reflections on globalization. This article also attempts to provide cultural psychological interpretations of the globalization paradox and summarizes the contributions and limitations of previous work. It is our hope that our current work would promote more research to further explore how the macro-process of globalization and the micro-process of human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors dynamically (re)shape each other.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-02-08
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-07
Abstract： The impact of threats on creativity is one of the concerned and controversial topic in the field of psychology. Currently, there are three viewpoints: threats can hinder creativity generally; threats can promote creativity, under some certain conditions; there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between threats and creativity. However, the reasons for the divergence of these three viewpoints and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. This article review them from the perspectives of cognition and emotion and conclude that the divergence comes from differences in threat levels, creativity mechanisms and additional mediator/modulator variables. Therefore, future research can focus on systematically verifying the reasons for the divergence from the perspectives of cognitive and emotional intervention and exploring the cognitive neuroscience and genes mechanisms of the relationship between threat and creativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-02-05
Abstract： Under the framework of Reconsolidation Interference of conditioned fear memory, Prediction Error (PE) is demonstrated as a necessary condition of memory destabilization. However, the role of PE in destabilizing fear memories of different strength is unclear. The degree of PE that is needed to effectively reactivate fear memory may be changeable according to the strength of memory. It is unknown whether the PE used to reactivate weak memories is still valid in retrieving enhanced memories. Besides, explorations of possible solutions are rare if strong memories are resistant to undergoing reconsolidation. Among factors that are possible to help to overcome the boundary condition, the effects of stress hormone are worth exploring. However, the manipulation of fear strength in human studies in the laboratory has not been well developed. Thus, the present study has three main aims: (1) based on previous results in animal studies, we tested the effect of fear memory strength manipulation in the laboratory settings in humans; (2) to examine the effect of PE during reactivation on destabilizing different strength memories and (3) to test the possible influence of post-reactivation exogenous stress to the retrieval-extinction of fear memories. The three days retrieval-extinction paradigm was adopted in the present study. We manipulated the memory strength through two kinds of acquisition procedures on the first day, which varied the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurrence after the conditioned stimulus (CS). 24 hours later, a reminder contained a single PE was used to reactivate memories, then followed by a stress task (Social Evaluate Cold Pressor test, SECPT) or not before extinction. After 24 hours, a test of spontaneous recovery and reinstatement was utilized to measure the return of fear in each condition. All participants were divided into three conditions: CS-Predictable US_no Stress Group, CS-Unpredictable US_no Stress Group and the CS-Unpredictable US_Stress Group. The skin conductance response (SCR) and fear-potentiated startle response (FPS) were used as measurements of conditioned fear. The results showed that there was a relatively higher increase in fear response (SCR) from Day 1 to Day 2 in the CS-Unpredictable US condition than the CS-Predictable US condition, which may suggest the difference of memory strength among conditions. And for the weak fear memory (CS-predictable US), the reactivation that contained single PE and followed by extinction training can prevent the spontaneous recovery, especially on the SCR measurement. While in the enhanced memory condition (CS-unpredictable US), the extinguished memory had a distinct relapse in the memory test on the third day, which suggests the failure of memory destabilization. Furthermore, under this condition, if the acute stress task was adopted after reactivation, the return of fear would further increase, comparing with the no stress manipulation conditions. These results indicate that PE used to reactivate weak memories is insufficient to destabilize strong memories; and the post-reactivate acute stress cannot compensate this deficit caused by boundary conditions (e.g., strength). We further discussed possible interpretations of these results and the implications for the translation of retrieval-extinction to clinical practice and the cure of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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