Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-09-30
Abstract： There are many factors influencing prosocial behavior, and the research results of "who is more prosocial in high social class or low social class" are different, and the research conclusions are easy to generate group stigma, so further clarifying how social class affects prosocial tendency has become a research hotspot. Previous studies mainly discuss the effect of self-induced social status from the perspective of prosociety. However, by subdividing subjective social class into subjective family class and subjective individual class, the relationship between subjective social class and prosocial tendencies may be better explained. In addition, reciprocity beliefs, as the ideological and cognitive aspect of an individual's internal reciprocity norm, is a remote factor that determines the actual reciprocity behavior, and was also introduced into the prediction mechanism to better explain the relationship between subjective social class and prosocial tendencies.
Study 1 recruited college students through an online platform with 598 valid participants, and used the MacArthur Scale of Subjective, the Prosocial Tendencies Measures, the Personal Norms of Reciprocity Scale, and the Personal Relative Deprivation Scale to measure individuals' subjective family class, subjective individual class, prosocial tendency, reciprocity belief, and individual relative deprivation. SPSS process was used to conduct chain multiple mediation tests and moderating effect tests. Results found that subjective family class can positively predict subjective individual class and prosocial tendency, and subjective individual class can negatively predict balanced reciprocity belief. Balanced reciprocity belief positively predicted prosocial tendency, in which balanced reciprocity belief played an intermediary role between subjective family class and prosocial tendency, subjective individual class and balanced reciprocity belief had a masking effect between them, and individual relative deprivation played an enhanced moderating role between reciprocal belief and prosocial tendency; In study 2, CGSS2021 data was used to further verify the results of study 1 by selecting variables related items, 2312 valid data were obtained after deleting missing data, and the same model test was conducted by SPSS process. Results found that both subjective family class and subjective individual class can positively predict prosocial tendency, subjective family class can still positively predict subjective individual class, subjective individual class negatively predicted negative reciprocity belief, negative reciprocity belief negatively predicted prosocial tendency, and subjective individual class played a mediating role between subjective family class and prosocial tendency.Subjective individual class and negative reciprocity belief played an intermediary role between them, and there were boundary conditions on the direct effect of individual relative deprivation. Combining the results of the two studies, it can be stably found that subjective family class can positively predict prosocial tendencies, which provided new evidence for "higher subjective social class has higher prosocial tendencies".Subjective family class is the antecedent influencing factor of subjective individual class, which can predict reciprocity belief and then prosocial tendency through the latter. Subjective individual class and reciprocity belief are important mechanisms for subjective family class to predict prosocial tendency, but different reciprocity beliefs play different roles in predicting prosocial tendency.
Whether it is the relationship between subjective family class and subjective individual class, the different predictive effects of different reciprocity beliefs on prosocial tendency, or the chain mediating effects of subjective individual class and reciprocity beliefs on subjective family class and prosocial tendency. These stable findings can help to understand subjective social class and its prediction mechanism for prosocial tendency, provide a new perspective for understanding the relationship between subjective social class and prosocial tendency, and show that social cognitive theory and social exchange theory are not incompatible in explaining prosocial tendency, and can better understand individual prosocial tendency by combining them.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2023-09-27
Abstract： Reading is important for children’s future academic success. Clarifying the mechanisms underlying reading ability has been a heated issue in reading research for decades. Most previous studies have focused solely on reading comprehension but scarcely paid attention to the mechanisms underlying reading fluency throughout elementary school. Reading fluency at the text level has been acknowledged as one of the indicators of children’s overall reading competence. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the shareability and specificity of the mechanisms underlying Chinese children’s reading comprehension and reading fluency across different developmental stages.
We recruited a total of 416 Chinese children in grades 2, 4 and 6 (lower, middle and upper stages) of elementary school and were then followed up for half a year. In the fall semester (Time 1), a series of tasks, including general cognitive ability; working memory; phonological, orthographic and morphological awareness; rapid automatized naming (RAN); word recognition accuracy; word recognition fluency and vocabulary knowledge, were administered. In the second or spring semester (Time 2), reading comprehension and reading fluency were administered. Three mediation models were fitted to the data with T1 morphological awareness and RAN as predictors, T1 word recognition accuracy, word recognition fluency, and vocabulary knowledge as mediators and T2 reading comprehension and reading fluency as outcomes. The remaining variables were controlled in all the three models.
Results indicated that morphological awareness and RAN significantly predicted reading comprehension and reading fluency at T2 via word recognition accuracy among children in the lower stage after controlling for the effects of T1 general cognitive ability, T1 working memory and T1 phonological and orthographic awareness. The mediating effect of T1 word recognition fluency in the contribution of T1 RAN to T2 reading fluency was also significant. However, in the middle and upper stages, the indirect effects of T1 morphological awareness and T1 RAN on T2 reading comprehension were not significant; for T2 reading fluency, the mediating role of T1 word recognition accuracy in the effect of T1 morphological awareness was significant in both stages, but the mediated role of T1 word recognition fluency was only significant in the middle stage. Moreover, T1 RAN contributed to it via T1 word recognition accuracy and fluency.
These findings attest to both the shareability and specificity in the mechanisms underlying reading comprehension and reading fluency across different developmental stages. These findings suggest that reading fluency should be incorporated as a legitimate index of children’s reading ability. They further imply that the developmental stages require consideration when exploring the mechanisms underlying the effects of morphological awareness and RAN on reading abilities (comprehension and fluency). This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the science of reading development among Chinese children and has important implications for future reading research and educational intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-09-27
Abstract： In recent years, social transformation and economic development in China have changed people’s behaviour, lifestyles, and values and have directly affected individuals’ mental state and behaviour. However, due to the limitations of research methods, previous studies have explored target variables from a single dimension. They have lacked exploration of the multidimensional structure of complex variables and have been unable to directly compare cross-scale data. Therefore, social and cultural psychology research needs to incorporate a systems science perspective to study and understand the structure and pattern of social changes.
This study introduces a new approach for exploring social change from the perspective of pattern-representational similarity analysis (RSA). Based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)-Longitudinal Data (1998～2018), we demonstrate the process of the construction of representation similarity matrices and provide examples of multivariable-unidimensional pattern analysis (time, space, mental space), multivariable cross-dimensional pattern analysis (mental space-time, mental space-space, mental space-time-space), cross-scale model analysis (region-country), conceptual model analysis, and coupling analysis between RSA and traditional methods.
This study finds that the pattern and level of economic development moderates the similarity between regional mental health change patterns and the overall pattern of elderly individuals. In addition, the cultural looseness-tightness concept model and the interregional pattern of mental health among elderly individuals have significant similarities. These results show that RSA analysis can explore the relationship between variables from the perspective of patterns and can make direct quantitative comparisons of cross-scale data.
Overall, this study introduces different methods for the application of RSA in social change research through demonstrative examples. The exploration of psychological and behavioural changes in social change from a pattern perspective paves the way for future exploration.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2023-09-26
Abstract： The core feature of major depressive disorder, as defined in the DSM-5, is persistent emotional disturbances characterized by excessive sadness and drastically reduced pleasant emotional experiences. Recent research on emotion dynamics has emphasized that the emotion dysregulation in major depressive disorder goes beyond increased negative emotional intensity and decreased positive emotional intensity. It is also manifested as abnormal patterns of emotion dynamics. A total of 18 studies were included in this systematic review, which utilized ecological momentary assessment to explore everyday emotion dynamics in major depressive disorder. The key findings are as follows: (1) Patients with depression have greater negative emotion fluctuations compared with the healthy control group. These fluctuations were manifested as greater negative emotion variability and instability. (2) Depressed patients exhibit a rigid and inflexible emotional system, characterized by greater negative emotion inertia and denser emotion networks. (3) Depressed patients exhibit abnormalities in emotional reactivity. This is reflected as the mood brightening effect after positive events and greater negative emotion reactivity after negative events. (4) Patients with depression experience a decreased complexity in their emotional system. This is manifested as a lower level of emotion differentiation. Furthermore, patients with remitted depression also exhibit some degree of emotion dysregulation. This review is the first to comprehensively elucidate the primary features of emotion dysregulation in major depressive disorder from the perspective of emotion dynamics. These features provide potential intervention targets with high ecological validity for individualized treatment and relapse prevention of depression.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2023-09-26
Abstract： Pain-related attention biases have a crucial role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that individuals with chronic pain exhibit a sustained attentional biases toward pain-related stimuli. Several studies have also highlighted associations between the maintenance of pain-related attention biases and poorer long-term chronic pain outcomes. However, traditional measures used in previous studies including total fixation or duration indexes, cannot capture the dynamic nature of attention or variability in attentional processes between individuals. Some researchers have suggested that the attentional biases associated with chronic pain may exist at different stages of attention processing. Therefore, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic nature of visual attention biases toward pain-related stimuli and their potential predictive effects on responses to chronic pain, this study employed a time window segmentation analysis of eye movement data. Additionally, real pain stimuli were utilized in the visual task to elicit more authentic responses.
GPower3.1 was utilized to estimate the required sample size for this study; 49 participants were needed to detect an effect size (f) of 0.17 with a significance level (α) of 0.05 and a power of 95%. A total of 94 participants (69 women) experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain (e.g., neck pain, shoulder pain, or low back pain), were recruited for this study. During the experiment, participants completed two tasks while their eye movements were recorded using an Eyelink 1000 eye tracker. The eye tracker had a sampling rate of 500 Hz, a spatial accuracy greater than 0.5°, and a resolution of 0.01° in the pupil-tracking mode. After receiving instructions, participants began the first task comprising 16 pairs of pain-neutral pictures and 16 pairs of neutral-neutral pictures, each measuring 11 cm ×10 cm. The viewing angle of each picture was 8.99° × 8.17°. In this task, picture pairs were displayed for 2000 ms, during which participants were instructed to freely view the pictures. Following the disappearance of the stimuli, a detection point appeared at the location of one of the pictures, and participants had to quickly and accurately judge the location of the detection point. Task 2 was identical to Task 1, exception that, no detection point was presented following the offset of picture pairs; instead, there was a possibility that an actual somatosensory pain stimulus would be delivered. Specifically, participants had a 25% chance of receiving a painful stimulus after each pain-neutral picture pair appeared while there was no chance a painful stimulus delivery after neutral-neutral picture pairs appeared. Participants were instructed to quickly and accurately determine whether or not they experienced a painful stimulus. At the start of the experiment, baseline data was collected, including the participants' chronic pain grade, pain catastrophizing scale scores, center for epidemiologic studies depression scores, and demographic information. Additionally, after a period of 6 months, the experimenters followed up with the participants to gather information on their chronic pain intensity and interference.
Task 1 results revealed patients with chronic pain displayed attentional biases toward pain-related stimuli during the first three epochs (0~500 ms, 500~1000 ms, and 1000~1500 ms). In Task 2, which incorporated real pain stimuli, participants exhibited attentional biases toward pain cues during all four epochs (0~500 ms, 500~1000 ms, 1000~1500 ms, and 1500~2000 ms). By examining the magnitude of attentional biases across the four time windows in the two tasks, it was evident that attentional biases toward pain-related stimuli in patients with chronic pain were imbalanced. Attention was engaged in the first epoch of stimulus presentation (0~500 ms), reached its peak during the second epoch (500~1000 ms), and then gradually decreased during the third and fourth epochs (1000~1500 ms and 1500~2000 ms). Further analysis revealed that attentional biases toward pain-related stimuli during the third and fourth epochs (1000~1500 ms and 1500~2000 ms) of both tasks independently predicted the maintenance of chronic pain intensity and interference levels at a six month follow-up. These effects were maintained even after controlling for baseline levels of pain intensity and interference and other baseline correlates of follow-up outcomes.
The present study represents the first attempt to examine the impact of attentional bias towards pain-related stimuli on the maintenance of dysfunctional chronic pain outcomes from a dynamic perspective. These findings offer an explanation and valuable insights into attentional training, which holds significant importance in enhancing chronic pain management. Moving forward, training individuals to redirect their attention away from pain and associated cues during the later stages of attention may prove to be an effective approach for alleviating suffering due to chronic pain.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-09-26
Abstract： Sleep-dependent memory consolidation is the process by which the brain reprocesses and reinforces newly learned information or skills during sleep, making memories more stable and lasting. Sleep is essential for transforming newly learned short-term memory into more stable and lasting long-term memory. The role of sleep in consolidating memory depends on the type of memory. Furthermore, different stages and characteristics of sleep have different effects on different types of memory consolidation. Changes in the EEG characteristics of sleep (such as spindle wave, slow wave amplitude, etc.) maybe related to the effect of memory consolidation in infants and toddlers. Based on adult studies, recent studies on infants and toddlers have found that sleep plays a vital role in consolidating memory even in the early stages of individual development. Infants and toddlers who sleep after learning show significantly better learning outcomes and can solve problems more effectively and quickly than those who do not sleep in the control group. Based on two different types of memory, declarative memory and procedural memory, this paper introduces the behavior of sleep-dependent memory consolidation in infants and the progress of brain research, so as to help grasp the effect of sleep on memory consolidation in infants and toddlers.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-09-23
Abstract： System-justifying belief pertains to perceiving the fairness and legitimacy of the existing social system. It fulfills a palliative function in safeguarding mental health through three psychological mechanisms: alleviating ideological dissonance, compensating for personal control, and denying or minimizing threats. The efficiency of these mechanisms is also shaped by contextual, individual, and temporal factors. Nevertheless, the psychological defense viewpoint overlooks the potential role of system-justifying beliefs in fostering a “coping” approach to preserve mental health. Future research should further validate and refine the defense-coping model, focus more on the adverse effects of the palliative function, enhance the measurement tools, and expand the breadth of inquiry.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2023-09-19
Abstract：自20世纪70年代末伊始，精神分析领域的许多流派都发生了一种主体间转向。其中，布伯的对话哲学对理解精神分析的主体间互动具有重要启示，但这种探索有待深入。在结合众多现象学家的论述之后，可以将布伯区分的我-它关系和我-你关系视为两种最基本的人际关系模式。在精神分析中，我你关系主要表现为：（1）互动双方能充分投入到当下的对话之中，进行全身心地回应，在非言语交流和语言交流层面完成匹配；（2）当产生冲突之时，双方能够就意见不一致的地方进行协商，甚至在关系破裂之后努力修复。这种主体间互动模式在安全型依恋和一些良好的咨访关系中可以看到。我它关系更多意味着单向地操纵他人，以此满足自身的各种需求（如安全需要和自恋需要）。在极端的我它关系模式中，他人只是我的一种延伸，在我的需要和预期之外的各种情感、观念和行为，往往被漠视。这种主体间互动模式在自恋者、精神变态者、癔症来访者、躁狂者和强迫者等适应不良的个体那里很常见，也广泛存在于在日常生活中。我它关系的操纵过程可以通过语言、情绪和身体行动等途径来完成。此外，海德格尔描述的从上手状态转变为现成在手状态的三个阶段（触目、腻味和窘迫）可以用于理解人际操纵从成功到失败的变化，为来访者更替不良的互动模式提供转机。未来的精神分析研究可以在此基础上深入探索。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-09-18
Abstract： Third-party intervention is crucial in maintaining and developing social norms with evolutionary implications for humans. Compensation and punishment are the two main forms of third-party intervention and important forces for maintaining social norms by restoring the balance of gains and losses and promoting norm compliance. The deterrent effect is widely recognized by researchers as the main mechanism by which third-party punishment promotes norm compliance. However, several studies contradict this hypothesis. Moreover, as a costly signal, third-party interventions can clarify social norms and adjust individuals’ perceptions of them. This indicates that the signaling effect may also be an important mechanism for third-party interventions to promote norm compliance. Future research must explore the boundary conditions for the impact of third-party punishment on norm compliance and test the effectiveness of third-party compensation in maintaining social norms.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-09-14
Abstract： Objective: Nowadays, young adults are facing stressors from several aspects. They have already become the most anxious groups in Chinese society and in risk of developing a series of anxiety disorders. The theory of challenge-hindrance stress was proposed to explain the positive and negative outcomes of different stressors. It has been widely tested mostly in the field of organization and management. In the current study, we used the challenge-hindrance stress theory to clarify the association between stress in daily life and anxiety. We also examined the HPA-axis function buffering the influence of daily stress on anxiety.
Methods: we used the edited Chinese version of challenge-hindrance stress scales to measure challenge and hindrance stress over 6 months. The level of anxiety was measured by state-trait anxiety inventory. We also carried out a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in laboratory and recorded the change of cortisol level during the 60 minutes right after the acute stress.
Results: Results show that the recent level of hindrance stress positively predicts trait anxiety, but the level of challenge stress does not predict trait anxiety. It is also found that, the cortisol decline rate during the recovery of acute stress moderates the association between stress and anxiety. To be exact, individuals with low cortisol decline rate could not recover to baseline level even after rather long rest, and hindrance stress in their lives would lead to higher level of anxiety. But for individuals who has high cortisol decline rate after acute stress, they recover fast to baseline after the stressor disappear, and they become less anxious although facing the same level of hindrance stress
Limitations: Firstly, we only examined anxiety but left other distal outcomes of stress such as wellbeing to be further studied. Secondly, we choose the decline rate of cortisol to represent the HPA-axis function instead of taking different systems into consideration. Thirdly, stress appraisal could be further examined in the challenge-hindrance stress researches in addition to different stressors.
Conclusions: The current study checked the association between stress and anxiety under the framework of challenge-hindrance stress. We examined the moderating mechanism of HPA-axis function, and discussed the effect of physiological toughness from the respective of resources and demands.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-14
Abstract： Constructing unified cognitive and neurophysiological models is the central problem in the cognitive neuroscience of word reading. The cognitive models agree that reading is the collaborative outcome of phonological and semantic processing pathways, and studies of cognitive neuroscience have also shown that reading results from a dynamic collaboration between dorsal and ventral neural pathways. To systematically clarify this dynamic collaboration mechanism within the reading network, the latest developments in neurological function and physiological basis was integrated into the following three aspects. Firstly, it points out that the underlying processing demand is the essence of the dynamic collaboration of dorsal/ventral neural pathways. Subsequently, it further clarifies that the processing demand drives the division of labor between dorsal/ventral neural pathways at different orthographic depths. Finally, it delves into the exploration of how processing demand forms the dynamic collaboration between neural pathways shaped by language experience. In conclusion, the essence of the division and collaboration between neural pathways might be driven by processing demand under the specific task. It might become a universal cross-language word reading model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-13
Abstract： Third-party punishment (TPP) refers to the punitive behaviors that individuals impose on violators as third parties or observers in order to uphold social norms. Many studies have provided insight into the neural mechanisms underlying TPP behavior. However, few studies have focused on the overall role of functional brain networks. This paper reviews the researches related to TPP in the past decade and summarizes the relevant theoretical models and brain networks. Based on the previous studies, we propose a cognitive neural network model of TPP, which could systematically explain and integrate the neural mechanisms behind TPP behavior. In this model, the affective and reward systems are the TPP power sources, and the cognitive system is mainly responsible for responsibility assessment as well as punishment selection. The reward network, the salient network, the default mode network and the central executive network are involved in different cognitive processing stages, respectively. The model establishes the connection between TPP behavior-related research at the psychological and the cognitive-neural level and provides a more holistic and comprehensive explanation of the mechanisms of TPP behavior. In the future, it is necessary to use meta-analysis or machine learning algorisms in order to explore third-party intervention preferences and the underlying cognitive neural mechanisms in different contextual information and more complex social contexts.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-09-13
Abstract： Background: While psychosocial stressors trigger neuroendocrine responses and affect task performance, many studies overlook the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process. Goal: This study aims to explore whether subjective appraisals at various time points can interpret individual stress responses, both behaviorally and physiologically, using controlled laboratory conditions. Methods: A total of 137 effective participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social stress Test (TSST). Subjective appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal). Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented. Results: Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal doesn't significantly impact task performance, whereas retrospective appraisal markedly affects performance of the corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only the retrospective appraisal of the speech task accounted for the observed variance in cortisol response under stress. Discussion: The data suggests that retrospective appraisals are more indicative of behavioral and physiological responses to psychosocial stressors than anticipatory appraisals. These findings lend empirical support to refining the biopsychosocial model and underscore the utility of retrospective appraisal in capturing individual stress response variations.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-09-12
Abstract： Objective This paper explores identity problem and identity management of dispatched employees in the development process of dual organizational identity (complementary and dynamic).
Methods Through two-stage interviews (consisting of a survey and an in-depth interview),this paper collected data from 34 dispatched employees in different industries. Three coders conducted open, axial and selective step-by-step coding analysis.
Results The results indicate that“Match-mismatch” of the comparison of expectations and experiences of dual organizational identity poses a psychological dilemma called identity embarrassment (identity problem) for dispatched employees. Subsequently, four identity defense strategies are adopted to deal with identity embarrassment.
Limitations The influence of individual characteristics or organizational situation on identity embarrassment and identity defense strategy is ignored, and the dynamic exploration of the dual organizational identity of dispatched employees is insufficient.
Conclusions It constructs a dynamic development model of the dual organizational identity of labor dispatched employees, and enriches identity theory and organizational socialization.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-12
Abstract： Self-reference (or self-referential processing) refers to the cognitive processes underlying self-related information processing. It is widely studied in cognitive neuroscience to better understand the neural basis of self-cognition of human beings. However, does the term “self-reference” mean the same psychological processes across studies? This fundamental question has been largely disregarded and has not received the attention it deserves. To fill the gap, we built an ontological dataset based on neuroimaging studies of self-reference. We searched the literature and screened the articles following a standard protocol. Then, two independent coders extracted data and standardized operationalizations of self-reference on both behavioral and neural levels, resulting in a cognitive ontological dataset for neuroimaging studies of self-reference. This dataset consists of operationalizations of self-reference (in CSV file format) from 66 neuroimaging articles, coordinates data of brain areas activated by self-reference (in BrainMap format), and corresponding codebooks. The inter-rater reliability analysis indicates that the coding process exhibits an exceptional level of quality. Compared with automatic meta-analytical platforms, i.e., Neurosynth, the current dataset provides a fine-grained granularity in article selection, which allows the comparison of brain regions activated by different operationalizations of self-reference. This dataset lays a foundation for the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying self-cognition. It may also facilitate the study of cognitive ontology by serving as an exemplary model for the creation of similar metascience datasets.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-09-12
Abstract： Based on sequential processing theory, parallel processing theory and interactive activation theory, some classical models about eye movement control are constructed to simulate the eye movement, experimental effects, and to explore the possible cognitive mechanisms of the information processing during reading. There are similarities and uniqueness in model structure, basic logic of model, explanation of common eye movement behaviors and explanation of common experimental effects between five classic eye movement control models in reading research: E-Z Reader 10th, SWIFT, Glenmore, OB1 Reader and CRM. Future models need to focus on the questions about post-lexical integration, word order, and extra-linguistic factors. They should also try to explain the new findings about PVL, and processing patterns in other languages. In addition, unified standards are needed for model comparation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-10
Abstract： Remote associates test (RAT) and its variant Compound RAT (CRAT) are the most commonly used experimental materials to reveal the neural mechanism of convergent thinking and insight, as well as to measure individual creative potential. Compared with CRAT, RAT is more suitable for cross-cultural research. However, at present, there is a lack of equivalent Chinese RAT materials. Based on the classical hierarchical theory of association and the association characteristics in Chinese context, 80 items of Chinese word RAT (CWRAT) were developed. In addition, gradient scoring models were employed to assess responses. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted on the 80 items using the associative way as the classification indicator. The aim was to explore the impact of the classification results on various indicators of the items, such as insight level. Validity test showed that CWRAT was significantly correlated with creative analogy, creative achievement and openness. Based on the statistical indicators from LCA, CWRAT was classified into three categories, and found that the C1 and C3, characterized by a high probability of symbolic/metaphorical ways, exhibited higher levels of insight compared to the C2, which was characterized by a high probability of feature-based ways. Additionally, the C2 showed higher pass rate compared to the C3 and lower reaction time. This measurement enriches the existing Chinese creativity measurement tools and provides new materials for cross-cultural comparison of creativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-09
Abstract： The representation and integration of social concepts is the basis of social semantic comprehension and social thinking. In recent years, it becomes a new research hotspot, bridging the gap between the neuroscience of language comprehension and social cognition. Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies has indicated that the representation of social concepts relies on a brain network composed of the bilateral anterior temporal lobe, temporoparietal junction, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus and adjacent precuneus. Recent neuroimaging studies have indicated that the same brain areas may also support social semantic integration at different levels. Future studies should explore the semantic dimensions of social concept representation, the specific components of social semantic processing, and their impacts on human behaviors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-09-08
Abstract： Abstract：
Under the guidance of traditional biomedical models, most studies have attributed the social communication deficits in autism to their own social shortcomings. However, the “Double Empathy” problem is rooted in the bidirectional nature of social communication. Autistic individuals face difficulties in integrating into the social environment not only because they themselves struggle to understand typical neurotypical individuals, but also because neurotypical individuals find it challenging to understand autism. Due to a mismatch in perception and understanding between autistic and neurotypical individuals, there is a bidirectional disconnect of information, thereby resulting in difficulties in their interactions. A series of related studies have confirmed the existence of the “Double Empathy” problem, with its internal mechanisms including differences in behavioral expressions and stigmatization. Interventions can be carried out through shared reading patterns, peer support, and interpersonal synchronization methods. Future research should focus on social communication in autistic individuals across different age groups, taking into account the unique expressions of empathy in autism, conducting in-depth studies of the interaction processes between both parties, and encouraging the development of more effective intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-08
Abstract： Response latency (RT) is a critical parameter in studying human behavior, representing the time interval between the onset of a stimulus and the subject's response. However, different time base between devices can introduce errors in RT measurements. Serial port synchronization signal can mitigate this error, but limited information is available regarding their accuracy. Optical signals offer another option, but the difference in the positioning of optical signals and visual stimuli can introduce errors, and there have been no reported to reduce this. This study aims to investigate methods for reducing the time errors. We used the PsychToolbox to generate visual stimuli and serial port synchronization signals to explore their accuracy. Subsequently, we propose and validate a calibration formula to minimize the error between optical signals and visual stimuli. The findings as follows: Firstly, the serial port synchronization signal presenting precedes visual stimulation, with a smaller lead time observed at higher refresh rates. Secondly, the lead time increases as the stimulus position deviates to the right and downwards. Additionally, in Linux and IOPort(), serial port synchronization signals exhibited greater accuracy. Considering the poor timing accuracy and the multiple influencing factors associated with serial port synchronization signals, it is recommended to employ optical signal measuring the RT. The validation results indicate that under the darkening process, the time error is -0.23 ± 0.06 ~ -0.01 ± 0.07 ms (MEAN ± SD). This calibration formula can use optical signals to help measure RT accurately. This study provide valuable insights for optimizing experimental design and improving the accuracy of RT measurements.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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