Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-15
Abstract： Good human-pet relationship can bring many benefits to human beings, but the internal mechanism of intimate and important human-pet relationship is still unclear. It may be that due to prolonged close contact, pet owners will treat their pets as part of the family, and may even integrate pets into their self-concept, showing a processing advantage in the processing of pet-related information./t/nBased on this, this research adopts three studies to systematically investigate the relationship between pet owners and pets. Specifically speaking, in study 1, the IOS scale, self-concept questionnaire and anthropomorphic scale were used to examine the relationship between the self-concept of pets and pet owners. In study 2, R/K paradigm was used to investigate the processing characteristics of pet-related information by pet owners in terms of memory processing, and to confirm the existence of the reference effect of pets. Study 3 further used ERP technology to investigate the pet reference processing bias of pet owners from an electrophysiological perspective./t/nThe results showed that: (1) Compared with non-pet owners, pet owners would integrate pets into their self-concept and form the pet self, in which anthropomorphism played an intermediary role. (2) Pet owners have a stronger memory processing advantage for pet-related information, the recognition rate of the pet reference is significantly higher than celebrity reference and semantic reference, and is similar to self-reference and mother reference. (3) The induced LPC amplitude of pet reference was significantly higher than celebrity reference, but similar to mother reference, and significantly lower than self-reference./t/nIn conclusion, the present research demonstrated that pet owners will regard their pets as part of themselves, forming the pet self, and showing the pet reference effect on memory, but the pet self is essentially a relational self, and there is still a certain distance from the core self. Current research on the self focuses on significant others, but doesn’t involve the field of pets. More importantly, it is necessary for us to consider the impact of pets on individuals. Pet owners often treat their pets as important family members, creating a close bond that can help individuals recognize their pets as an extension of themselves and contribute to the positive impact that pets can have on their physical and mental health.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-06-14
Abstract： The identifiability of cognitive diagnosis models relies heavily on the completeness of the Q matrix. However, existing test designs primarily focus on dichotomously-scored items, neglecting the importance of polytomous cognitive diagnostic test design. Moreover, this limitation poses a significant obstacle to the advancement of cognitive diagnosis. To bridge this gap, this paper aimed to introduce novel designs for the construction of polytomous structured and unstructured simplest complete Q matrices (SSCQM/USCQM). Our proposed approach considered all ideal response patterns (IRPs) of knowledge states (KSs) on the reachability matrix as research objects, with the objective of minimizing the number of columns selected from the reachability matrix. This ensured one-to-one correspondence between the set of KSs and the set of IRPs, thereby enhancing the completeness of the SSCQM. Additionally, we derived a polytomous USCQM by considering the relationship between the SSCQM and the sub-matrix of the corresponding identity matrix while ensuring that each row contains at least one 1 . Interestingly, the construction process revealed that there were more USCQMs than SSCQMs. This innovative approach expanded the possibilities for polytomous cognitive diagnostic test design.
This study focused on the design and evaluation of cognitive diagnostic tests using polytomous structured and unstructured Q matrices (SSCQM/USCQM). We conducted two studies to comprehensively examine the influence of factors such as the number of attributes, attribute hierarchies, and item parameters on the precision of the SSCQM, USCQM, and reachability matrix. In the first study, variations in attribute structures and item parameter values were investigated to understand their impact on Q matrix accuracy. On the other hand, the second study explored the effects of attribute hierarchies and the number of attributes on the precision of the SSCQM, USCQM, and reachability matrix.
Both simulation studies and actual measurement data were utilized to assess the robustness and efficacy of the two methods. Firstly, the simulation results revealed several key findings. Notably, increasing the number of SSCQMs or USCQMs positively influenced the accuracy of the results. In the context of long tests, the USCQM demonstrated higher Pattern Match Ratio (PMR) and Marginal Match Ratio (MMR) compared to the SSCQM and the reachability matrix. This trend was particularly evident when there was an increase in item parameters, attribute numbers, or a change in attribute hierarchy. However, it is noteworthy that, regardless of these various factors, the PMR and MMR of the three tests exhibited minimal differences. On the other hand, in short tests with good item quality, the SSCQM achieved the best performance compared to other methods. This highlights the importance of considering specific test characteristics and item quality when selecting the appropriate Q matrix type. These findings provide valuable insights into the factors that influence the precision of Q matrices. They emphasize the benefits of increasing the number of matrices, understanding the impact of item parameters, and recognizing the performance disparities among different matrix types. Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of these relationships is vital for optimizing the design and implementation of cognitive diagnostic testing, ultimately guaranteeing accurate assessments of individual knowledge states. Secondly, analysis of the actual measurement data showed high identification repetition rates for the SSCQM and the reachability matrix, with a minimal difference in attribute mastery ratio.
In summary, both the SSCQM and the USCQM demonstrate adequate performance when compared to other Q matrices under similar conditions. These findings emphasize the significance of prioritizing completeness in cognitive diagnostic testing. This research seeks to contribute to the advancement of cognitive diagnosis by addressing the limitations of existing test designs and introducing new techniques for constructing polytomous Q matrices. In addition, the findings presented in this paper offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to design high-quality cognitive diagnostic tests that accurately assess individual knowledge states.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-06-14
Abstract： The emotional information conveyed through phonological prosody and facial expressions forms the foundation for human interpretation of others’ emotions and facilitates interpersonal interactions. Investigating how infants perceive, discriminate, and evaluate emotions embedded in these two modalities deepens our understanding of infants’ cognitive development and neural mechanisms. This paper comprehensively reviews emotion processing in infants, revealing that the temporal and frontal cortex play crucial roles in processing emotional speech and facial expressions. Although emotional processing involves both brain hemispheres, infants initially show a right-hemisphere advantage similar to adults. Within the first week after birth, infants can distinguish emotional information and exhibit a processing bias toward positive emotions. The bias gradually shifts to favor negative emotions around six months of age. By twelve months, infants’ negative emotional biases stabilize, and they can understand and respond to emotional cues from speech and facial expressions. Based on these findings, we propose the Developmental Theory of Emotional Bias. Importantly, cross-modal visual-auditory information significantly enhances infants’ ability to discern and understand specific emotions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-06-13
Abstract： Previous quantitative genetic studies have demonstrated that adolescent self-control is influenced by parenting and genetics. In most existing studies, researchers have explored only the impact of the interaction between a single gene and parental factors on adolescent prosocial behaviour, but exploration of the endophenotype mechanism underlying the impact of the interaction between genes and the environment on prosocial behaviour is lacking. According to social cognitive models of prosocial behaviors, sociocognitive and socioemotive traits may be important mediators of environmental and genetic interactions on individual behaviors. In recent years, the single-polymorphism G×E design has been criticized for unreliable findings and difficult replication. As a potential solution, researchers have constructed multilocus genetic profile scores (MGPSs) to explore how environmental factors interact with genetic factors to predict adolescent development. Therefore, this study examined self-control as a mediator of the link between parental emotional warmth and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Furthermore, this study developed an MGPS composed of five functional SNPs (COMT gene rs6269, HTR2A gene rs6313, OXTR gene rs53576, OXTR gene rs2254295, and OXTR gene rs2254298) and examined whether the MGPS moderates the mediating effect of self-control.
Using a 2-time longitudinal design (6 months apart), this study recruited 880 adolescents by cluster sampling at T1 in Guangzhou, China. All adolescents completed questionnaires about parental emotional warmth, prosocial behavior, and demographic characteristics and provided saliva samples for DNA extraction. At T2, 723 adolescents remained in the study and reported their prosocial behavior and self-control. All polymorphisms were genotyped using SNaPshot analysis (Applied Biosystems).
After controlling for the baseline levels of prosocial behavior, parental emotional warmth positively and significantly predicted adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Self-control mediated the link between parental emotional warmth and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Furthermore, the MGPS moderated the mediating mechanism but not the direct impact of parental emotional warmth on adolescents’ prosocial behavior, and the model coefficients were invariant for mothers and fathers. Specifically, the MGPS moderated the effect of parental emotional warmth on self-control such that the effect was stronger in adolescents with higher MGPS than in those with lower MGPS. For adolescents with higher MGPS, parental emotional warmth was related to higher levels of self-control, which in turn increased prosocial behavior. However, this mediating effect was not observed among adolescents with lower MGPS.
The results highlight the importance of examining multiple genes and endophenotypic mechanisms to explore the relationship between gene–environmental interactions and adolescents’ prosocial behavior and provide new evidence for the “environment×polygene–endophenotypic–behavior” research framework.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-12
Abstract： Attention is the orientation and concentration of individuals to specific objects. Basic attentional functions such as alerting, orienting, and executive control, and complex attentional functions such as selective attention and sustained attention have various trajectories of germination, development, and decline. Based on previous studies on attention development, this paper reviewed the lifelong development trajectories of basic and complex attentional functions and suggested that the development of attention roughly includes three stages: the germination period (0–1 year old), the development period (1 year old-adulthood), and the degenerating period (adulthood-old age). Furthermore, this paper emphasized the significance of the cooperation among attentional functions for understanding the development of attention. In specific, complex attentional functions depend on the cooperation of basic attentional functions. Their developmental trajectories also depend on the development of the latter. In the future, longitudinal studies especially in adolescents and studies of the cooperation among attentional functions should be strengthened with high reliability and validity measurement tools sensitive to attention levels. The theory of attentional development would benefit from such studies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-06-12
Abstract： Absrtact:Objective To explore the relationship between stress perception and life meaning in high school students, and the mediating role of codependence and self-differentiation. Methods In this study, 967 high school students in Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia were surveyed using the Stress Perception Scale, the Life Meaning Scale, the Chinese Co-dependency Assessment Scale and the Self-Differentiation Scale. Results (1) The results of descriptive correlation analysis showed that high school students’ stress perception was significantly negatively correlated with self-differentiation and sense of meaning of life, and positively correlated with co-dependence. There was a significant negative correlation between self-differentiation and the sense of meaning of life. (2) The mediating effect analysis showed that there was a chain mediating effect between co-dependency and self-differentiation between high school students’ stress perception and their sense of meaning of life, and stress perception affected co-dependence, self-differentiation, and then had an impact on the meaning of life. The results of this study reveal the mechanism of stress perception on the meaning of life from a new perspective, which has guiding significance for improving the meaning of life and reducing stress perception of high school students.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-11
Abstract： Under the influence of the mass media, many individuals have embraced the “thin-ideal” social norm, wherein people accept and adhere to the behavioral norm that perceives thinness as the ideal body type. This trend has resulted in many young adults compromising their positive body image and adopting unhealthy weight loss practices, such as reducing their caloric intake. Based on the self-discrepancy theory, this paper proposes that the thin-ideal social norm will strengthen the thin-ideal self-concept, which will amplify any existing discrepancy between the ideal self and the actual self, ultimately diminishing the individual’s positive body image. In that light, the present research explored the effects of social norm interventions on improving young adults’ positive body image and increasing their caloric intake. The findings suggest that interventions that address misconceptions, particularly when combined with role models, yield more favorable outcomes than interventions that focus solely on correcting misunderstandings within the social norm framework do.
The present research comprised one questionnaire study and three intervention studies, involving 612 participants. Study 1 examined the mediating role of body mass index (BMI) self-discrepancy in the relationship between the thin-ideal social norm and a positive body image. Two hundred eleven participants (113 females, aged 22.31 ± 2.10 years) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the social norms, their BMI self-discrepancy, and their positive body image. Studies 2–4 were dedicated to practical interventions. In Study 2, 117 participants (79 females, aged 22.56 ± 2.28 years) received either interventions that addressed misinformation about social norms, or no information. The participants reported their positive body image at the beginning and end of the study, along with their caloric intake over 4 days. Study 3 involved 155 participants (111 females, aged 22.06 ± 2.13 years) who were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: correcting misunderstandings alone, combining that intervention with role models, or no intervention. As was the case with Study 2, the participants reported their positive body image and caloric intake over 4 days. In Study 4, 147 participants (89 females, aged 22.57 ± 2.10 years) were randomly assigned to one of three interventions that were similar to those in Study 3 but spanned 10 days. Those participants reported their body image at two time points and their caloric intake at five time points.
Study 1 revealed that self-discrepancy partially mediated the relationship between the social norms of the thin ideal and body image. Specifically, both the thin-ideal de This research contributes valuable insights into thin-ideal social norms. It suggests a more effective intervention strategy that provides practical recommendations which are applicable to individuals, role models, and commercial organizations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-06-09
Abstract： With the increasing utilization of information communication technologies (ICT) in organizations, virtual communication has emerged as the predominant method of communication. In contrast to traditional face-to-face communication, the filtering of cues and the geographically distributed nature of virtual communication significantly diminish power cues and social norm constraints. More importantly, the inherent asynchronicity of virtual communication interrupts the process of power expression and acceptance. All these have a significant impact on the existing power configuration between supervisor and subordinate. However, limited research has focused on whether and how virtual communication affects traditional hierarchical power configuration. Drawing on the perspectives of identity self-construction and mutual construction, this study will examine the impact of technical cues, message exchange behavior, and virtual communication patterns on supervisor power expression and subordinate power acceptance, considering individual-, episodic-, and interpersonal-level. By integrating the perspectives and theories of organizational behavior, information systems, and communication disciplines, this study aims to contribute to the theoretical advancement of research on the utilization of ICT and hierarchical power configurations. Furthermore, it also aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the design of communication software and the implementation of hierarchical virtual communication practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-06-08
Abstract： The prevalence of anxiety and depression has escalated, prompting the current study to investigate the antecedents and coping strategies for these conditions in the digital media era. A theoretical framework grounded in affective events theory and social comparison theory is built to elucidate the relationships between social comparison and anxiety and depression, acknowledging that such relationships are contingent upon the influences of the social media environment. This review unveils that negative social comparison (upward comparison and downward assimilation comparison) exerts a deleterious impact on anxiety and depression, with social networking applications catalyzing these adverse effects. Conversely, emotional comparison (i.e., social comparison of emotions) and downward contrast comparison are positively associated with alleviated anxiety and depression, as online health communities fostered a supportive milieu for emotional comparison, thereby helping to mitigate these conditions. This study extends social comparison theory in the realm of emotion and identifies the affordance of online health communities for coping with anxiety and depression. The implications for the principles of design, management, and operation of such communities are further discussed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： The sensory dominance is a phenomenon in which the brain selectively processes specificsensory information when presented with multisensory inputs, thereby enhancing humanperception of external stimuli. Previous studies have discussed the sensory dominance atperceptual and response levels. However, how the intermediate processing level betweenperceptual and response levels affects the sensory dominance remains unknown. Therefore, thepresent study adopted the cross-modal 2-1 mapping paradigm and manipulated object categoriesthrough three studies to investigate the role of the intermediate processing level on sensorydominance in cross-modal conflict. In this paradigm, based on key mapping, cognitive processing levels can be defined intopreresponse level (included perceptual and semantic levels) and response level. The differencebetween the audiovisual incongruent condition and the audiovisual congruent condition was calledthe conflict effect, and the sensory dominance can be obtained by comparing the conflict effect ofattention to vision and auditory. Experiment 1 manipulated the degree of difference in objectcategories to explore its impact on sensory dominance. Experiments 1a~c involved animal objects(small differences), tool objects (moderate differences), and animal and musical instrument objects(large differences), 30 participants were recruited for each experiment. Because visual picturesreach perceptual representation earlier, while auditory sounds reach semantic representation earlier. Therefore, Experiment 2 (34 participants) changed visual pictures into visual words on the basis ofExperiment 1c to explore effects of visual presentation way of object categories on sensorydominance. In Experiment 3 (20 participants), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) wasused on the left anterior temporal lobe, an important brain region responsible for processing objectcategories to further causally study effects of object category on the sensory dominance of theresponse level. The results of Experiment 1 showed that, no matter what the difference of object categories, at the preresponse level, the conflict effect of attention to auditory was significantly greater thanthat of attention to vision, that is, visual dominance. However, at the response level, visualdominance appeared when the object category difference was small (Experiment 1a), no sensorydominance was observed when the object category difference was moderate (Experiment 1b), auditory dominance appeared when the object category difference was large (Experiment 1c). Itwas found that the results of Experiment 2 and Experiment 1c were consistent, that is, auditorydominance, indicating that this behavior pattern was not affected by the bottom-up visualpresentation way. The results of Experiment 3 showed that under cathodal tDCS condition, thepreresponse level still showed visual dominance, but the response level no longer showed sensorydominance. This result showed that effects of object categories on the sensory dominance of theresponse level from the causal level. The mechanism of sensory dominance is still under investigation. The present study was firstto find that object categories affected the sensory dominance of the response level. Fromtheperspective of cognitive processing level, intermediate processing level played a regulating role inthe sensory dominance of the response level, enriching the explanatory theory of sensorydominance and providing a new perspective for the study of sensory dominance in cross-modalconflict.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： In recent years, mindfulness interventions have been applied across various fields and have achieved significant efficacy. With the widespread adoption of mobile Internet, online mindfulness interventions are flourishing, thus holding tremendous potential. However, a prominent issue is the generally low adherence of participants in such online mindfulness interventions. Concurrently, previous studies have demonstrated that poetry is also regarded as an important supplement to psychotherapy and mindfulness intervention therapy. Yet, no research has been conducted on the integration of Chinese classical poetry and mindfulness interventions—a topic that warrants further exploration. Moreover, Chinese classical poetry possesses distinct Chinese characteristics and is a highly appreciated literary art form among the local population. Therefore, based on the above propositions, this study considers the feasibility of integrating Chinese classical poetry into mindfulness intervention and whether it can enhance participants’ adherence.
In Study 1, a 49-day online self-help mindfulness intervention incorporating Chinese classical poetry was developed based on Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress (MIED) and poetry therapy. A total of 54 participants were recruited online who completed the pre- and postintervention assessments, including measures of mindfulness, perceived stress, and general well-being. The participants were required to answer additional questions regarding the feasibility of the intervention within one week postintervention. Then, the effectiveness of the intervention was analyzed using paired samples t-tests, whereas its feasibility was evaluated across five dimensions: Acceptability, Demand, Implementation, Practicality, and Limited-efficacy testing. In Study 2, 258 participants were recruited online and randomly assigned to Group A or Group B. Group A attended a mindfulness intervention program that integrated Chinese classical poetry, while Group B attended the same program without poetry. In the end, a total of 245 participants joined the study (118 in Group A and 127 in Group B). All participants were required to complete pre-, mid-, and postintervention assessments measuring mindfulness, perceived stress, and general well-being levels. Furthermore, the intervention’s effectiveness was examined using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), whereas the impact of the presence or absence of Chinese classical poetry on participants’ adherence was analyzed using chi-square tests.
The results confirmed the feasibility of the developed online self-help mindfulness intervention integrating Chinese classical poetry in terms of Acceptability, Demand, Implementation, Practicality and Limited-efficacy testing, with participants perceiving the intervention as effective. The results of Study 2 demonstrated that both programs with and without poetry significantly improved participants’ mindfulness, perceived stress, and general well-being levels. However, the former significantly enhanced participants’ adherence. In addition, compared with the overall adherence levels of current online mindfulness interventions (ranging from 35% to 92%), the participants’ adherence to the proposed online intervention with Chinese classical poetry (84.75%) is relatively high. Finally, the study also found that integrating poetry into mindfulness interventions enhanced the majority of Chinese individuals’ engagement and completion rates, regardless of their personal preferences for Chinese classical poetry at baseline.
This study represents the first integration of Chinese classical poetry into mindfulness intervention, resulting in a program enriched by Chinese cultural elements. The program facilitates the combination of outstanding traditional Chinese culture with modern psychological theories and practices, fostering their creative transformation and innovative development. Furthermore, the purely online self-help program employed in this study reduces reliance on therapists while simultaneously enhancing participants’ adherence. At the same time, this study provides more possibilities for the widespread application of mindfulness intervention and provides individuals with more choices for mental health treatment. Overall, these contributions hold significant practical significance and social value.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： Objectives: The form analysis system efficiently conceptualizes how object recognition is encoded in a frame-and-fill model. However, little is known about the neural basis of the form system. The present study aimed to narrow this gap using EEG. Methods: Participants were instructed to passively view six types of images: geometric shapes, animal headless bodies, plants, Chinese words, English words, and Greebles. Result: Shared negativity waves in the occipital lobe from 100 ms to 200 ms were observed across the three object domains, including geometric figures, animal bodies, and plants, but not observed in Chinese characters, English words, or Greebles. Conclusion: The form analysis system was engaged with geometries, bodies, and plants, but not with words or faces. These results suggest that stimuli holding the medial axis structure can induce similar negativity waves in the human brain. Our study sheds new light into the human visual system, revealing a form analysis system existed. Understanding the neural patterns of the form analysis system enhances our comprehension of visual object recognition. It could inform advancements not only in human visual cognition research but also in machine visual fields.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： People often use the phrase different paths, no conspiracy to describe the difficulty of reaching a consensus after an interpersonal value conflict occurs. Due to the conflict, people will not only experience a series of negative subjective feelings, but also develop prejudice and hostility toward their opponents. Together, these feelings make it very difficult to resolve interpersonal conflicts based on value differences. Values are represented and constructed in such a way that people are prone to two cognitive biases in the face of interpersonal value conflicts: self-threat and the illusion of personal objectivity. Currently, researchers have focused on two interpersonal values conflict mediation strategies: self-affirmation and other-affirmation. Future research needs to enrich the relevant theoretical explanations, focus on the influencing factors and their effects in interpersonal value conflicts, and expand their mediation strategies and related application practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： In the 21st century, human society is highly prosperous, but it is still facing a happiness crisis. Since the birth of scientific psychology, psychologists have been committed to understanding and improving human happiness and well-being. With the rapid development of human society and the continuous advancement of science and technology, scientific research on happiness and well-being in scientific psychology has become more comprehensive and diverse, and has gradually transformed from an abstract concept to an interdisciplinary research field that is quantifiable, operational and improvable. Based on the theoretical framework, research paradigm and research conclusions of scientific psychology, this article sorts out and comments on how factors at the individual, interpersonal and social levels affect human happiness and well-being, and explores the great potential and future prospects of scientific psychology in improving human happiness and well-being.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： In the English literature of the 1840s-1860s, “mental philosophy” and “psychology” were used interchangeably, gradually transitioning to the term “psychology” after 1860. In Chinese, “mental philosophy” is generally translated as Xin Ling Xue心灵学, which later came to be considered psychology. In the process of examining the proposition that the first mental philosophy course in the history of Chinese psychology, analysis of Dengchow College diplomas from 1885 and 1889, the 1891 diploma style, and other historical data, supplemented by biographical information on C. W. Mateer about the early courses offered at the Dengchow College, revealed no evidence of a psychology program at Dengchow College in 1877. A curriculum from 1891 showing a course in Xin Ling Xue心灵学 in the sixth year suggests that Dengchow College may have offered psychology classes in 1896 or after 1897. The curriculum noted that “Several desirable branches, e.g., Mental Science and Physical Geography have been omitted for want of suitable textbooks.” There remains a lack of information about who taught these courses and what materials were used. Dengchow College offered psychology courses significantly later than Y. K. Yen at St. John’s College in 1880 and D. Z. Sheffield at Luhe Academy in Tungchow around 1892. Relevant information supports the teachers and teaching materials in these two schools.
Mateer’s contribution to the spread of Western psychology during the late Qing dynasty is notable for his efforts in unifying psychological terminology and his attention to W. A. P. Martin’s plan to write a textbook on Mental Philosophy, and his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅. Among these efforts, his recognition of the term Xing Xue性学 as a translation for psychology were particularly significant. Mateer began his term on the School and Textbook Series Committee in May 1877, during which the Committee planned to develop a Chinese textbook on Mental Philosophy, with Martin taking responsibility. Both Mateer and Martin were members of the commission and maintained a close association. In October 1877, Mateer used the term “psychology” in an English article, providing commentary on its Chinese translation. Mateer’s interest in psychology was evident in his role as chair of the Publication Committee, established in 1890 to organize terminology. The responsibility for mental science terminology fell to Sheffield. Progress in the harmonization of terminology was slow until the establishment of the Scientific Terminology Committee in 1896, which significantly advanced this work. In his 1896 diary, Mateer noted that he had collected terminological work in fifteen disciplines, including psychology. In 1898, Martin published his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅, which was followed by a critical essay from Mateer. Mateer highly praised the monograph, particularly its use of the term Xing Xue性学. Mateer’s involvement in the publication of Technical Terms, English and Chinese in 1904, where he served as editor, further highlights his contribution to the development of psychological terminology in China. Many of the psychological terms included in the book were derived from Sheffield’s unpublished teaching material on mental philosophy (around 1892), Yen’s book Xin Ling Xue (1889), and Martin’s monograph Xing Xue Ju Yu (1898).
Mateer’s transition from opposing the original meaning of psychology in Chinese translation to adopting the term Xing Xue性学 illustrates his recognition of the contributions of traditional Chinese culture in creating Chinese terminology for psychology. This shift underscores his effort to draw nourishment from Chinese culture to facilitate the translation of Western studies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： With the expansion of urban scale and the increase of urban road network density, pedestrians need to find their way in different route environments, especially in complex routes. The use of modern assisted navigation devices may help pedestrians better find their way, but the interaction between humans and navigation devices and the presentation of information on different navigation maps may affect actual wayfinding behavior. Therefore, in the face of increasingly complex road traffic, this paper explores how to improve pedestrian wayfinding behavior performance from the perspective of pedestrians. According to embodied cognition and the factors affecting pedestrian wayfinding, this paper uses virtual reality (VR) technology and psychophysical experiments to explore the optimal navigation scheme of pedestrian wayfinding behavior in different routes./t/nIn Experiment 1, a two-factor design was employed: 2 (route difficulty: simple route, complex route) ×2 (interaction mode: active interaction, passive interaction). Firstly, the impact of route difficulty and human-computer interaction mode on pedestrian wayfinding performance was examined. In Experiment 2, a 2 (interaction mode: active interaction, passive interaction) ×2 (map type: fixed map, rotating map) design was implemented across subjects to investigate further methods for enhancing pathfinding performance under different interaction modes in complex routes. Ultimately, the findings from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 were collectively analyzed, and a navigation strategy aimed at improving wayfinding performance from the perspective of map types was proposed./t/nThe study revealed that the performance of wayfinding and acquisition of spatial knowledge in simple routes surpasses that in complex routes. However, there is no significant difference in route knowledge acquisition between the two types of routes. In the active interaction mode, the performance of wayfinding and acquisition of landmark knowledge in simple routes is significantly higher than that in complex routes. Conversely, in the passive interaction mode, there is no significant difference between the two types of wayfinding performance and route knowledge acquisition. Within complex routes, the passive interaction method can yield better landmark knowledge compared to the active interaction method. On the other hand, within complex routes, the use of a fixed map significantly outperforms a rotating map in terms of wayfinding performance and route knowledge acquisition; however, there is no significant difference between them regarding landmark knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, within complex routes and using passive interaction mode, utilizing fixed maps can notably enhance wayfinding performance and landmark knowledge acquisition compared to unassisted maps./t/nIn summary, this article concludes that route difficulty and interaction mode in the spatial environment significantly impact pedestrians’ pathfinding performance. In simple routes, individuals actively utilize navigation devices to effectively enhance their pathfinding performance, while in complex routes, passive interaction between individuals and navigation devices with the assistance of fixed maps can effectively improve their pathfinding performance. Therefore, incorporating passive interaction with auxiliary fixed maps into complex routes is the optimal navigation strategy for effectively enhancing wayfinding performance.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： Family and work are essential domains of most adults’ daily lives in the modern era. Family-work conflict is “a form of inter-role conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respects.” Although the negative consequences of family-work conflict have featured prominently in the literature, scholars have insinuated that it may yield positive work behaviors. However, there is little empirical evidence demonstrating the positive results of family-work conflicts and the mechanisms for such functional consequences. To address this theoretical gap, we drew upon the identity maintenance perspective and hypothesized that employees who experience family-work conflict perceive a loss of job performance and desire to maintain work identity, which, in turn, facilitates employees’ work effort and considers reducing family hours.
We conducted three studies to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, a recall experiment was conducted to test the causal effect between family-work conflict and perceived job-performance loss. We recruited 200 participants through Credamo platform. Family-work conflict was manipulated by asking participants to recall their experiences. The results support the causal relationship between family-work conflict and perceived job-performance loss. In Study 2, we confirmed the conclusion through a between-participant scenario experiment. We recruited 232 full-time employees from southern China. When the test was administered, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions: a high family-work conflict (N = 120) and a low family-work conflict (N = 112). Subsequently, the participants were required to read and describe the scenario and its content, respectively. They then completed the manipulation check of family-work conflict, reported their perceived job-performance loss and work-effort intention, and considered reducing family conflict. In Study 3, we conducted a multi-wave field study with 786 dyadic data points from 100 employees. At Time 1, the employees were asked to report their demographic information. At Time 2, the employees completed three reports daily for 10 consecutive days. In the first report, the employees rated their affectivity, overnight sleep quality, and family-work conflict. The second and third reports focused on perceived job-performance loss, work effort, and reducing family hours.
Confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, bootstrapping, and Monte Carlo methods were used for data analysis. The results showed that family-work conflict was positively associated with perceived job-performance loss. Employees’ perceived job-performance loss increases their work efforts and reduces family hours. Gender also moderated the positive effects between family-work conflict and perceived job-performance loss; this relationship was stronger for male employees. Furthermore, family-work conflict has a conditional, positive indirect effect on work effort and considers reduced family hours through perceived job-performance loss, such that the indirect effects are stronger for male employees than for female employees.
This study extends the theory and research on family-work conflict in three ways. First, we complement and extend the family-work conflict research by revealing the positive effects of family-work conflict on employee work behaviors. The existing literature generally emphasizes that family-work conflict is detrimental to work. This study challenged conventional wisdom and provided a more balanced and dialectical understanding of the relationship between family-work conflict and work behavior. Second, we enrich the empirical research on the conditional effect of identity maintenance by providing evidence that gender is a significant factor influencing the process of identity maintenance. Third, we draw upon identity maintenance theory to explore the mechanism of family-work conflict to stimulate employees’ identity maintenance process. We further revealed a new explanatory mechanism of the relationship between employees’ family-work conflict and behavioral outcomes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： Health anxiety, characterized by excessive fear and worry about one’s health, is closely linked to interpretation bias as outlined in the comprehensive model of health anxiety. Research suggests that individuals with health anxiety often exhibit catastrophizing interpretations, and mitigating these interpretations can alleviate health anxiety symptoms. This study aims to examine the effects of internet-based cognitive bias modification of interpretation (iCBM-I) training on health anxiety, catastrophizing interpretation, anxiety, and depression symptoms. It also explores the longitudinal mediating mechanism of catastrophizing interpretation, providing insights for internet-based interventions for health anxiety.
In this randomized controlled trial, 228 participants with health anxiety (Short Health Anxiety Inventory SHAI scores ≥ 15) were randomly assigned to an iCBM-I group (100% positive feedback, N = 76), an attention control group (50% positive and 50% negative feedback, N = 76), or a wait-list control group (N = 76). Participants in the iCBM-I and attention control groups completed internet-based tasks over 12 days (one session every three days, totaling four sessions). Health anxiety, catastrophizing interpretation, anxiety, and depression were measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and a one-month follow-up to assess the immediate and long-term effects of the iCBM-I program.
The intent-to-treat principle was employed, and the generalized linear mixed model analyzed the intervention effects. Two-factor analysis of variance and hierarchical regression examined the moderating effects of demographic and baseline symptom variables. Additionally, the parallel development latent growth curve model analyzed the longitudinal mediating effect of catastrophizing interpretation.
Results indicated that the iCBM-I group with 100% positive feedback showed significant immediate effects on reducing catastrophizing interpretation, anxiety, and depression symptoms compared to the wait-list group. One-month follow-up results revealed significant effects on health anxiety, catastrophizing interpretation, anxiety, and depression. Marital status, baseline health anxiety symptoms, and catastrophizing interpretation moderated the iCBM-I intervention effects, with catastrophizing interpretation serving as a longitudinal mediator.
This study developed an iCBM-I self-help intervention mini-program for health anxiety, demonstrating its feasibility, efficacy, and psychological mechanisms. The findings provide empirical support for cognitive theories of emotion and offer a novel perspective for networked interventions in health anxiety. Future research should consider integrating top-down and bottom-up combined intervention therapies to further investigate their effects and mechanisms in health-anxious individuals.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： According to the dual-system theory of addiction, both substance and behavioral addictions are caused by the interaction between the reflective system represented by the prefrontal cortex and the impulsive system represented by the striatum. However, while most current studies examine the changes in the reflective and impulsive systems of substance and behavioral addictions separately, the overall understanding of these under different tasks remains incomplete. There is a need for further exploration of the commonalities and differences in the neural mechanisms between different types of addictions. Therefore, the current study used meta-analysis to investigate the neural activation patterns of substance and behavioral addictions in three types of tasks: inhibition control, reward processing, and craving induction. Then, contrast analysis was used to evaluate the similarities and differences in neural activation patterns of substance and behavioral addictions in these three tasks. The current study used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to conduct a meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. The substance addiction included 22 inhibition control tasks, 9 reward processing tasks, and 17 craving induction tasks. The behavioral addiction included 15 inhibition control tasks, 22 reward processing tasks, and 12 craving induction tasks. The meta-analysis was conducted in the standard Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space, and GingerALE (3.0.2) was used to convert the Talairach coordinates obtained in the studies to MNI coordinates. The probability maps used p < 0.001 (Uncorrected) as threshold. The minimum cluster size was set at 250 mm3. Finally, under the three different tasks, contrast analysis was performed on substance and behavioral addictions. Group similarities and differences were examined using contrast analyses. The threshold for group-contrasts was set to p < 0.01 uncorrected for multiple comparisons with 10000 permutations, and the minimum cluster size was greater than 50mm3. The results found that: (1) In inhibition control tasks, substance addictions and behavioral addictions do not have the same activated brain areas; however, substance addictions exhibit decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while behavioral addictions show increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (2) In cue-induced craving tasks, both substance addictions and behavioral addictions showed increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus. (3) In reward processing tasks, substance addictions exhibit stronger activation in the striatum than behavioral addictions. In summary, the current meta-analysis shows that substance addictions and behavioral addictions exhibit differences and similarities in neural mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex and striatum in inhibition control, cue-induced craving, and reward processing tasks. In the striatum system, although substance addiction showed stronger activation increase than behavioral addiction in reward-related tasks, both substance and behavioral addictions showed abnormal activation increase. However, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behavioral addiction only showed a substance addiction-like response when induced by addictive cues; in inhibition control, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation decreased in substance addiction, while it increased in behavioral addiction, allowing behavioral addiction to meet task requirements through compensatory activation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-04
Abstract： This study explores the relationship between the content of anxiety dreams and emotional states, analyzing the connection between dream content characteristics and individual emotional states. A purposive and snowball sampling method was used to recruit 120 participants aged 18 to 35. Data were collected through dream diaries and the DASS-21 scale, and dream variables were assessed using the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire. The results showed that the frequency of anxiety dreams was significantly related to the participants’ daily emotional states, and dream tone and emotional intensity were also closely related to emotional states. High-frequency anxiety dreams and negative dream content may reflect individual emotional problems and potentially exacerbate anxiety and depressive symptoms. This systematic exploration of the relationship between anxiety dream content and emotional states provides new perspectives and foundations for understanding and improving individual mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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