Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-07-01
Abstract： Following errors, participants usually recruit more cognitive resources to change error-related behaviors; this phenomenon is termed post-error adjustment. Generally, behavioral adjustments in post-error trials behave as slower subsequent responses and improved accuracy. It is worth noting that we cannot successfully perceive every error we commit in daily life. Several studies found that post-error slowing occurred only after aware errors, suggesting that only aware errors contribute to the phenomenon of post-error adjustment. Moreover, these studies emphasized the role of top-down control in the processing of error awareness. However, a few studies came to the opposite conclusion, finding that post-error adjustment could be modulated by unaware errors in an implicit manner. These studies emphasized the role of bottom-up control in the processing of error awareness. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated that post-error adjustment involves both proactive and reactive cognitive control. Proactive control refers to a goal-driven manner that is actively maintained with a sustained attention before the occurrence of cognitively demanding events. Reactive control refers to a bottom-up manner, in which the attentional control is mobilized when the goal-related event is reactivated. Thus, whether different control strategies are adopted by aware and unaware errors remains unclear. To investigate the above issue, 36 participants were recruited to execute an error awareness task based on the go/no-go task. However, data from five participants were removed due to poor EEG records or poor behavioral performance. In the go/no-go error awareness task, participants were instructed to withhold their responses in certain circumstances. The first was when a word was presented on two consecutive trials, and the second was when the font color of the word and its meaning were inconsistent. Additionally, the usage of an error signal button might lead to a response bias toward signaling or not signaling an error. If participants tended to signal errors, they might signal their correct responses as errors, increasing the false alarm rates. If participants did not tend to signal errors, aware errors might be classed as unaware errors. In this case, the measurement of unaware errors might be contaminated by potential conscious error trials. Thus, participants were instructed to respond to indicate their perceived response accuracy in both error and correct cases during the rating screen in the current experiment. Since previous studies have found that neural oscillations reveal the processing of proactive and reactive control, the time-frequency analysis is conducted in this experiment. It has been suggested that alpha band (8-14 Hz) reflects the trial-by-trial behavioral adjustment, thus alpha power is chosen as the neural indicator. As a result, the post-error reaction time indicated two dissociated behavior patterns, with speeding up following aware errors and slowing down following unaware errors. However, accuracy in trials following aware and unaware errors were both significantly higher than for trials following correct go. At the neural level, alpha (-500 to 500 ms) power was stronger for aware errors than for unaware errors. Moreover, the alpha had been activated before the subjective report of error awareness for aware errors, but the alpha was activated after the subjective report of error awareness for unaware errors. Current behavioral results showed that aware and unaware errors both successfully optimized post-error performance, but the two error types adopted different methods to adjust post-error behaviors. The time-frequency analysis revealed that aware errors led to sustained attention control after responses, but unaware errors led to temporary attention control induced by the subjective report of error awareness. Therefore, these findings might suggest that the adjustments following aware errors were based on a strategy such as proactive control, whereas the adjustments following unaware errors were based on a strategy such as reactive control. " " "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-30
Abstract： Mindfulness in an intimate relationship indicates the conscious attention to feelings or thoughts paid by individuals that may affect the relationship. It has gradually attracted academic attention in theory and applications research because of its contributions to improve relationship satisfaction and buffer conflicts. The theoretical framework of interaction patterns between partners helps to understand the process and outcomes of intimate relationships at the level of the dyad. Researchers usually use self-report questionnaires, laboratory-based inductions and mindfulness interventions to explore the effects of mindfulness on intimate relationships. Since mindfulness intervention has a protective and remedial function for intimate relationships, it is applied to different relationship states such as relative happiness, facing challenges, and falling into crisis. Future research consists of four aspects. Firstly, constructing the theory based on the staged characteristics and possible reverse effects; secondly, conceptualizing the theoretical definition from multi-dimensional as well as dynamic perspective by relying on the interaction pattern and staged characteristics of the intimate relationship following by the measurement through the mutual evaluation or observational coding; thirdly, using robust designs to clarify the effects of interventions and finally paying attention to potential adverse effects.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-30
Abstract： " Metacognition refers to the ability to introspect our cognitive ability, which plays an essential role in guiding and optimizing our activities. However, little is known about metacognitive capacity for highly practiced motor behaviors and its neural correlates. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the present study examined the brain substrates underlying individual differences in self-awareness of handwriting in adults, a highly practiced visuomotor skill. Results showed that adult writers generally overestimate their handwriting skill, which is more pronounced in males relative to females. The extent of overestimation of handwriting quality was positively correlated with grey matter volume in the left fusiform gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and right precuneus. Moreover, the activation of these regions in a handwriting task was not correlation with self-awareness of handwriting, confirming that the identified connection between brain structures and handwriting self-awareness is independent of task performances. The left fusiform gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus are thought to represent domain-specific brain mechanisms for handwriting self-awareness, while the right precuneus is likely to be a domain-general brain mechanism, suggesting that the ability of introspect practiced visuomotor skills relies on both domain-general and domain-specific brain systems. Together, this study is the first to reveal the neuroanatomical correlates of a highly practiced motor behavior, extending our understanding about the neural basis of human metacognition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-06-28
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-23
Abstract： According to the positive temporal discounting theory and our relevant observations, when faced with future losses, people should, and do, prefer delayed negative events (e.g., deferring paying taxes, debts, or tickets), which can lead to substantial individual and societal costs. However, a counterexample has been identified and it appears to depart from the prediction of positive temporal discounting when faced with negative events. This study proposed and investigated the novel free from care account for the reverse preference. Results of five laboratory and field studies showed that students preferred an immediate negative event (i.e., an English oral exam) when “something tying one up”was imposed, in which coping with a distraction induced by such a situation could play a mediating role. In particular, the addition of“something tying one up” was found to be an effective behavioral nudge in terms of reliability and reproducibility and should be simple for potential users to follow. Specifically, the association between being tied up and undergoing a negative event immediately in the present studies mirrored the association between outgroup threat and intergroup cooperation in the Robbers Cave experiment.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-22
Abstract： Depression, known as a neuropsychiatric disorder, is generally manifested as an emotional disorder. However, recent studies have shown that the visual perception processing of depressed individuals has been altered. From the perspective of visual object characteristics (e.g., contrast senstivity) and visual task paradigms (e.g., binocular rivalry), we reviewed previous studies regarding the visual processings of depressed individuals. These studies have showed that the visual perception processing of depressed individuals is impaired at different levels of the visual pathway. In the future, researchers can attempt to use tasks of visual perception processing as an objective diagnostic method on the basis of different subtypes of depression when distinguishing depression individuals from the healthy individuals.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-06-20
Abstract： As a worldwide public health challenge, depression negatively affects personal health and substantially increases the public burden of medical care. Prior research found a strong association between disrupted circadian rhythm and depression, suggesting the important role of chronotype in depression research. Individuals can be categorized into three general chronotypes: evening types (E-Types), morning types (M-Types), and neither type (N-Types). Most of studies show that evening types are independently associated with severe depressive symptoms, while morning types are a protective factor against depression. Behavioral mechanisms (such as emotion regulation) and neural mechanisms of amygdala and cingulate cortext may help us understand the effects of chronotype on depression. Future research should explore the sub-dimensions of chronotype, apply the prospective cohort design, and assess the proposed psychological and physiological mechanisms. In addition, the study has important implications to develop effective interventions to reduce depression.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-06-20
Abstract： As a worldwide public health challenge, depression negatively affects personal health and substantially increases the public burden of medical care. Prior research found a strong association between disrupted circadian rhythm and depression, suggesting the important role of chronotype in depression research. Individuals can be categorized into three general chronotypes: evening types (E-Types), morning types (M-Types), and neither type (N-Types). Most of studies show that evening types are independently associated with severe depressive symptoms, while morning types are a protective factor against depression. Behavioral mechanisms (such as emotion regulation) and neural mechanisms of amygdala and cingulate cortext may help us understand the effects of chronotype on depression. Future research should explore the sub-dimensions of chronotype, apply the prospective cohort design, and assess the proposed psychological and physiological mechanisms. In addition, the study has important implications to develop effective interventions to reduce depression.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-06-19
Abstract： This paper reviews the primary findings and breakthroughs of the study on predictive sentence processing by using event-related potentials (ERPs), published in international journals. Our review begins with introducing the rationale of sentence prediction in psycholinguistics. Then, the paper surveys the milestones that revealed the associations between two major predictive processes and their ERP correlates: N400 and frontal positivity effects. A model of predictive sentence processing is concluded based on the previous study. Finally, the paper proposes the limitations of the existing studies and possible directions for further research in the future. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-06-18
Abstract： " Time preference for health is omnipresent and important at both individual and national levels. For a long time, research in this field has been limited to following inter-temporal choice models and methods in the traditional monetary domain of time preference studies. Given the domain-specificity of time preference in the health domain, these indiscriminately theoretical models led to inconsistent measures and results in the field. In the past few decades, researchers in this field have focused on the behavioral consequences of time preference for health. Most studies reported that lower temporal discount rates and higher future time perspectives are positively related to health protection behaviors and negatively related to health risk behaviors. Researchers also found that features of both decision-making objects and decision makers are key impact factors for time preference for health. Future studies should develop theoretical models and measurements that are more suitable to the time preferences for health domain, identify the relationship between healthy behaviors and time preference, and investigate the mechanism underlying the decision-making process. Future researchers should also explore interventions for health behaviors and their application to formulation of healthcare policies. " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-17
Abstract： This study aimed to examine the brain mechanisms underlying the distinctions between automatic and controlled handwriting. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while adult participants (n = 53) performed a copying task with varying speed control demands. Network analysis showed significant differences in functional connectivity within and between the frontoparietal network (FPN), the default mode network (DMN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the somatomotor network (SMN) and the visual network (VN) between automatic and speed-controlled handwriting irrespective of written materials, which are thought to reflect general executive control and task-relevant visuomotor operations. However, there were no differences in brain activation between automatic and controlled handwriting. These results suggest that reconfiguration of functional network architecture, rather than regional activation, underlies the dissociations between automatic and controlled handwriting. Our findings shed new light on the neural mechanisms of handwriting mastery and handwriting impairments in individuals with neurological disorders. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2020-06-17
Abstract： Grandparenting refers to the upbringing and education provided by grandparents to their grandchildren. With the development of economy and society, “grandparenting” has become an important supplementary form of “parenting”. Grandparenting has a “double-edged sword” effect on the physical and mental health of grandparents and grandchildren. Biological evolution theory, social exchange theory and family system theory provide theoretical support for understanding the impact of grandparenting on grandchildren. In addition, role strain theory and role enhancement theory can deepen the understanding of the impact of grandparenting on grandparents. With the aim of achieving a deeper comprehensive research and promoting the localization of grandparenting research, it is necessary for the future study to clarify the definition and types of grandparenting and to control the boundary factors." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2020-06-16
Abstract： The plasticity of executive function (EF) has been discussed as a core topic in the recent cognitive development research. However, inhibition training research remains inadequate. According to dimensional overlap theory, inhibition has two types: interference and response. The neural networks of the brain that respond to conflicts do not mature until early adulthood. By conducting a comparison of the plasticity of response inhibition between adolescents and adults, the applicable age group for response inhibition training is explored. Introducing online feedback as reinforcement improves the training effects and helps individuals to balance further accuracy and speed. Therefore, we added online feedback in the training groups but used the original Stop Signal task in the active control groups to investigate the training and transfer effects of this task with online feedback. This study included 194 participants (134 adults and 60 adolescents) that were divided into five groups: adult training group (N = 47), adult active control group (N = 45), adolescent training group (N = 30), adolescent active control group (N = 30), and passive control group (N = 42). The response inhibition training consisted of nine sessions, and it was held three times a week. In each training session of the adult and adolescent training groups, participants were guided to finish eight blocks (100 trials in each block) of the Stop Signal task with online feedback. In the adult and adolescent active control groups, participants completed the same amount of the Stop Signal task without online feedback. The passive control group received no training. The participants’ inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence were measured before and after training through six tasks (e.g., Inhibition: Stop Signal Task, Go/No-go Task, and Stroop Task; Working memory: 2-back Task and 3-back Task; and Fluid intelligence: Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices). A 9 (all training sessions) × 2 (training group, active control group) × 2 (adult, adolescent) repeated measure ANOVA was used to test the training effects. Both age groups exhibited improved performances with the continuation of the training sessions. However, the adults performed significantly faster and more accurate than the adolescents. Next, four 2 (pretest, posttest) × 5 (all five groups) repeated measure ANOVA were conducted to test the transfer effects. The transfer effect results revealed that (1) on the Go/No-go task, both training groups showed significant improvement; (2) on the Stroop task, only the adolescent training group showed significant improvement; (3) on the 2-back task, both training groups and the adult active control group improved significantly; (4) on the 3-back task, only the adolescent training group gained significant transfer effects; and (5) on the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, no group showed significant improvement. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-16
Abstract： Languages may differ in the proximate units of phonological encoding in spoken word production. It has been demonstrated that syllables are proximate units of phonological encoding in Chinese speech production. Previous studies report that the θ band oscillations has been associated with syllables processing in language comprehension, however, it remains unknown what are the neural oscillations for syllables retrieval in speech production. The present study aims to investigate the neural oscillations of syllables retrieval at the stage of phonological encoding in Chinese spoken word production. We employed a masked priming paradigm and electrophysiological signals were recorded concurrently. In the task, participants were instructed to name pictures with disyllabic words which were preceded by briefly presented and masked prime words. Prime words were syllabically or phonemically related to the first syllable of targets or were unrelated, and the experimental design includes prime type (syllable overlapped vs. phoneme overlapped), relatedness (related vs. unrelated), and repetition (first vs. second). Behavioral data analysis showed a significant triple interaction among prime type, relatedness and repetition. In the first repetition, naming latencies were faster in syllabically related than unrelated condition, whereas latencies were longer in the phonemically related than unrelated condition. Time-frequency analysis also showed a significant triple interaction in the time window of 300~600 ms after pictures onset. Specifically, theta band power was lower for syllabically related than unrelated while no significant differences between phonemically related and related, in the first repetition. Cluster based permutation test showed that, in the first repetition, syllabically related condition elicited lower θ band power than unrelated in the time window of 270~460 ms, while phoneme relatedness produce marginally higher θ band power than phoneme unrelatedness in the 340~390 ms time window. These effects were absent in the second repetition. In sum, we found that syllable priming effect was reflected by the decrease of θ oscillation in spoken word production in Chinese. Time-frequency analysis also revealed an early syllable priming effect, and a late phonemic inhibition effect in Chinese spoken word production, which provides evidence for the proximate units principle. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-12
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-09
Abstract： Estimating the time-to-collision (TTC) of approaching objects is crucial for organism survival. Researchers have proposed the constructivist approaches, the ecological optics theory and the tau hypothesis to explain how humans estimate TTC and which factors may affect the estimation. Recently, a few studies examined how the emotional content of stimuli impacts TTC estimation, by comparing TTC judgements between threatening and nonthreatening stimuli. Their findings suggest that natural threatening stimuli (e.g., images of snakes) lead to underestimation of TTC compared to natural nonthreatening stimuli (e.g., images of rabbits). However, other findings suggest that TTC underestimation of social threatening stimuli (e.g. pictures of angry faces) is smaller or absent. Underestimated TTC of threatening stimuli may be due to 1) a specific response to threatening stimuli, 2) high emotional arousal of threatening stimuli, and 3) a perceptual bias causing threatening stimuli to appear closer and move faster than typical. We suggest that future studies should (1) further investigate the reasons why TTC underestimation of social threatening stimuli is smaller or absent, (2) explore the autonomic physiological response patterns and neural correlates of TTC estimation of threatening stimuli, (3) examine TTC estimation of threatening stimuli in virtual reality (VR) environments, and (4) experimentally test the effects of individual differences (e.g., gender and personality traits) on TTC estimation. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-06-09
Abstract： " Deception detection is an important topic in psychology. The cognitive approach to deception detection is based on the premise that lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. Increased cognitive load is hypothesized to result in greater behavioral differences between truth tellers and liars. By manipulating cognitive load through different interfering task of various difficulties during the concealed information test, the influence of cognitive load on memory-response conflict was investigated to better illustrate the cognitive mechanism of deception detection. Second, behavioral and physiological cues for memory-response conflict based deception detection were examined in both noncriminal and criminal group. Finally, machine learning algorithms were employed to predict liars and truth tellers via behavioral and physiological cues. These findings will serve to aid in deception detection in the fields of judicial security and human communication.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-06-05
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2020-06-02
Abstract： Pain perception in infants is of great significance to the growth and development of infants, which has aroused increasing interests of researchers. Pain is essentially an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is acquired through early injury-related experiences. From the perspective of psychology, it is meaningful to systematically demonstrate the effects of pain perception on infant growth and development on the basis of understanding the concept of infant pain, its neurophysiological mechanism and evaluation tools. Subsequent research should continue to improve the measurement tools of pain perception in infants, and to investigate the differences in pain responses among different cultures and groups. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-06-02
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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