Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-06-28
Abstract： [Objective] The main purpose of this article is to explore the psychological mechanism of the formation and maintenance of collective memory. [Methods] The psychological mechanism of the formation of collective memory was systematically discussed by epidemiological research methods. [Results] This paper systematically explains the psychological mechanisms of social contagion, retrieval-induced forgetting, shared reality and network convergence in the formation of collective memory. this paper also explains the psychological principle of the validity of collective memory. [Limitations] The research on the validity of cultural memory is insufficient, and it is not sensitive enough to the memory changes caused by media technology changes. [Conclusions] Some achievements have been made in the research of collective memory psychology, but we still need to broaden our horizons and actively promote localization research.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2021-04-25
Abstract： 在心理学研究中，以下两种情况下研究者可能需要对零效应进行评估：第一，推断某种效应不存在；第二，意外出现不显著结果，需要区分到底是效应不存在还是当前数据未能提供足够的证据。然而，常用的原假设显著性检验（Null hypothesis significance test, NHST）无法直接评估零效应。近年来，等价检验、贝叶斯估计和贝叶斯因子三种方法逐渐被用于评估零效应：在频率统计框架下，等价检验通过检验效应是否在最小感兴趣区内（Smallest effect size of interest, SESOI），通过p值来推断效应是否为零；在贝叶斯统计框架下，贝叶斯估计通过对比后验分布的最高密度区间和实际等价区的重叠情况，推断效应是否为零；而贝叶斯因子则是通过评估当前数据对原假设和备择假设的相对支持程度，推断当前数据对原假设的相对支持程度。文章通过分析两个真实的数据，展示三种方法的实际应用。三种方法各有其特点：等价检验在逻辑上是对NHST的拓展，易于从传统统计中延伸使用；贝叶斯因子的解读较符合直觉，逻辑上清晰；贝叶斯估计则具有较强的灵活性，可拓展于更多的研究问题。以上三种评估零效应的方法，可能能够帮助心理学研究者在实际研究中进行合理的统计推断和研究决策。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2021-02-25
Abstract： Previous brain imaging studies have shown that the specialized experience achieved by expert sports players after years of training contributes to plasticity in both brain function and structure. However, changes in brain plasticity related to participating in various types of sports, specifically sports that involve higher-level strategies and cognitive function, remain unclear. Table tennis is a sport requiring high levels of strategy. Thus, the present study investigated the white matter structure of the brain in expert table tennis players who had undergone long-term training. Given the accumulating evidence that action processing in the brain occurs along two distinct pathways—dorsal and ventral—we hypothesized that, in addition to changes in the white matter of the dorsal sensorimotor system, the white matter in the ventral pathway linking brain regions related to higher-level cognitive function would differ between expert table tennis players and nonplayers. An investigational group of 31 expert table tennis players (20.06 ± 1.69 years of age) and a control group of 28 college students (20.68 ± 1.66 years of age) who had no professional training in table tennis were recruited for the study. The table tennis players were members of university teams, and each player had more than 7 years of table tennis training. Diffusion tensor imaging techniques were used to compare white matter microstructure properties of the brain between expert players and nonplayers. Statistical analyses were performed using independent t-tests. Further analysis was conducted for the expert player group to assess whether any correlation existed between fractional anisotropy (FA) values and training time. Consistent with our hypothesis, the white matter microstructure properties of both the dorsal and ventral pathways in expert table tennis players significantly differed from those in nonplayers. Specifically, FA values in the bilateral corticospinal tracts, which mainly connect brain regions in the dorsal sensorimotor system, were higher in experts than in nonplayers. Compared with nonplayers, expert players also had higher FA values in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus and bilateral inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus of the ventral pathway, which are involved in higher-level cognitive processing, such as semantic processing or thinking. By contrast, no white matter region showed a higher FA value in nonplayers than in expert players, and no region was found with axial diffusivity difference between the groups. Additionally, radial diffusivity was lower in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus and bilateral inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus in experts than in nonplayers. Correlation analysis of the expert group showed significant positive correlations between training time and FA values in both the left superior longitudinal fasciculus in the ventral pathway and bilateral corticospinal tracts in the dorsal pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that enhanced structural integrity of the white matter in both the dorsal and ventral pathways is associated with long-term, expert table tennis training. The observed structural plasticity is conducive to promoting cognitive processing of concrete sensorimotor and abstract information, which would enable expert players to excel at sports requiring a high level of strategy. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2019-04-15
Abstract： The recent replication crisis in psychology has motivated many researchers to reform the methods they used in research, reporting effect sizes (ES) and their confidence intervals (CIs) becomes a new standard in mainstream journals. However, a practical tutorial for calculating CIs is still lacking. In this primer, we introduced theoretical basis of CIs of the two most widely-used effect size, Cohen's d and η2, in plain language. The CIs of both Cohen's d and η2 are calculated under the condition that the alternative hypothesis (H1) is true, and both rely on the estimation of non-centrality parameters of non-central distributions by using iterative approximations. More specifically, non-central t-distribution for Cohen's d and non-central F-distribution for η2. Then, we illustrated how to calculate them in R and JASP with real data. This practical primer may help Chinese psychological researchers understand the CIs better and report CIs in their own research. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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