Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： For autonomous vehicles driven in road context with pedestrians, it is essential to ensure safe and efficient interaction with pedestrians. Compared with the interaction between traditional vehicles and pedestrians, the interaction between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians brings new risks. On the one hand, the driver’s attention may be distracted from the driving task, which resulted in lower reliability of their non-verbal cues. On the other hand, pedestrians are not familiar with autonomous vehicles, which may lead to false expectations of vehicle behavior that led to a higher risk of conflicts. To solve the problem, autonomous vehicles of high level (e.g. above L3) are usually equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMIs) to communicate with pedestrians. An overview of current studies shows that the current external eHMIs mainly conveyed vehicle status (whether it is in auto mode), intentions, and road-crossing advice to pedestrians in visual modalities such as text, icon, projection, etc. These eHMIs have been evaluated to determine their effect on pedestrian crossing intention, speed, and accuracy in real as well as simulated contexts. However, a user-centered design of eHMIs should systematically support pedestrian information processing needs during road crossing decision making. To fill the gap, a conceptual model was proposed to capture pedestrian’s dynamic road crossing decision-making when interacting with autonomous vehicles. The model integrated pedestrian’s road crossing decision-making process and the situation awareness theory. Based on the model, eHMIs should promote pedestrians’ perception of the traffic elements related with the vehicle, comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of the vehicle’s future behaviors. Design of eHMIs should support pedestrian information processing needs for each of the three phases. The first phase is to perceive the status and dynamics of vehicles in the traffic environment. To support the perception of the displayed information, the recognizability of information is the key to improve the effectiveness of interfaces. Researchers should apply multiple modalities’ interfaces to convey the vehicle’s information, for example, conveying information by the combination of projection, dynamic light, and icon interface can improve the recognizability. And they should reside interfaces in conjunction with the vehicle, street infrastructure, and the pedestrian to cope with the more complex traffic situation. The second phase is to comprehend the situation based on information collected in the perception stage. To improve comprehensibility, text interfaces should present concise phrases, and non-text interfaces should be standardized and explained with texts, otherwise, they should be trained to pedestrians to improve comprehensibility. Besides, the perspective of the message also affects the clarity of the displayed information. For red light, it can be interpreted from the perspective of the pedestrian as “Please stop” or from the perspective of the vehicle “I will stop”. An appropriate message perspective can improve pedestrians’ understanding and acceptance of the information so that they can make safe crossing decisions. In the projection phase, eHMIs need to help pedestrians predict crossing risks and assist them in making decisions quickly and accurately. Researchers should combine eHMIs with vehicle motion information to convey the vehicle’s future action intentions more intuitively. For example, pedestrians can predict vehicle intention more quickly and accurately by presenting the real-time vehicle speed on eHMIs. For future research, we suggest an extension of current findings to more complex contexts beyond the one-vehicle-one-pedestrian scenario and focus on how the design affects pedestrians in multi-pedestrian and multi-vehicle mixed traffic conditions. Efforts are also needed to understand how the communication interface affected the formation and update of pedestrian situation awareness, as well as the role of mental models in human-vehicle interactions. These mechanisms can facilitate the model-based evaluation of future interfaces and inform new theory-based designs in complex scenarios.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： With the development of communication technology and popularization of smart phones, pedestrians using cell phones while crossing road have become more prevalent. It is estimated to account for nearly 20% of all pedestrians in both observations and self-report surveys. Consistently, the proportion of pedestrian casualties involving mobile phones during road crossing keeps increasing. This study reviewed 34 papers to evaluate how using a cell phone affected their safety and efficiency in road crossing. We also highlighted some mechanisms in terms of human information processing from scene perception, decision making to movement control. Overall, the evaluation shows detrimental effect of using cell phone on both safety and efficiency in crossing a road. Compared with non-distracted pedestrians, pedestrians using a cellphone are exposed to higher risk as indicated by more conflicts with vehicles, higher likelihood of violations such as going against red light and crossing outside of crosswalks, and less vigilance behaviors such as looking at vehicles. In virtual environments, they also had more collisions with vehicles or near misses where the safety margin is so small that the vehicle almost collides with the pedestrians. In terms of efficiency, pedestrians distracted by cell phones usually waited longer before starting to cross. What’s more, they are more likely to deviate from a straight route and have a lower walking speed. Consequently, their overall efficiency in road crossing declined. The above decline in safety and efficiency results from impairments in earlier processes of information processing. First, during the scene perception phase, distracted pedestrians tend to have a narrower scope of attention (esp. in the peripheral visual field), making it more difficult to perceive visual and auditory cues in traffic scenes. What’s worse, the distraction from a channel (visual or audial) can not only affect scene perception of the same channel, but also affect other channels by occupying central cognitive resources. Second, during the decision-making phase, distracted pedestrians are also more likely to miss street crossing opportunities when the gap between vehicles are large enough to cross or make risky decisions when the gap between the vehicle are too small to cross. Finally, using a cell phone also harms pedestrian movement control ability. Their gait patterns are more conservative with less frequent stepping and alternation between the two feet, shorter stride, and larger lateral deviation of feet movements. Besides, their action stability declined as a result of trying to reduce the relative movement of cellphones and head while browsing messages from cell phones. The above impairments of information processing are modulated by specific task types (e.g. conversing vs. browsing), pedestrian age and experience in cell phone usage. To integrate these findings within a framework, a conceptual model was proposed to describe the effect of mobile phone distraction on pedestrians’ information processing and behavior based on previous pedestrian cognitive models. Based on the model, we highlighted several gaps for future research. In the scene perception phase, future research needs to evaluate how mobile phone distraction affects pedestrian auditory scene perception, which is important to locate risky targets in traffic scenes. During the decision-making phase, efforts are still needed to evaluate how using a cell phone impacts the sub processes within the gap acceptance decision-making, such as estimation of vehicles’ time to arrival and pedestrians’ needed time to cross a road. The evaluation will help to develop targeted interventions to improve pedestrian safety while using cell phones.
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2021-05-24
Abstract： For autonomous vehicles driven in road context with pedestrians, it is essential to ensure safe and efficient interaction with pedestrians. To that end, autonomous vehicles of high level (e.g. above L3) are usually equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMIs) to communicate with pedestrians. An overview of current studies shows that the current external eHMIs mainly conveyed vehicle status (whether it is in auto mode), intentions, and road-crossing advice to pedestrians in visual modalities such as text, icon, projection, etc. These eHMIs have been evaluated to determine their effect on pedestrian’s crossing intention, speed, and accuracy in real as well as simulated contexts. However, a user-centered design of eHMIs should systematically support pedestrian information processing needs during road crossing decision making. To fill the gap, a conceptual model was proposed to capture pedestrian’s dynamic road crossing decision-making when interacting with autonomous vehicles. The model integrated pedestrian’s road crossing decision-making process and the situation awareness theory. Based on the model, eHMIs should promote pedestrian’s perception, comprehension, and the projection of the vehicle’s intention. To support the perception of the displayed information, eHMIs should adopt multiple modalities’ interfaces to convey the vehicle’s information, and consider presenting information on media beyond the vehicle, such as the street infrastructure and the electronics of pedestrians. To support comprehension of the displayed information, pedestrians need to be trained. More importantly, the information should be carefully designed with an appropriate massage perspective and standardized formats. In the projection phase, vehicle motion information as a traditional yet intuitive way to convey the vehicle’s future intentions can be strengthened and integrated with eHMI to assist faster and more accurate decision-making. Besides the simple one-to-one context of interaction, future research should also explore how the design of the interface impacts pedestrians in the context of multi-pedestrian and multi-vehicle contexts. Theoretically, exploration is also needed on how the eHMI supports the formation and update of their situation awareness and how it affects mental models in human-vehicle interactions.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2020-11-16
Abstract： The proportion of pedestrian casualties involving mobile phones during road crossing keeps increasing. The distraction from mobile phone affects both pedestrian information processing and behavior. Compared with non-distracted pedestrians, pedestrians using a cellphone have a narrower scope of attention (esp. in the peripheral visual field), making it more difficult to perceive visual and auditory cues in traffic scenes. They are also more likely to miss street crossing opportunities or make risky decisions. As for the motor control ability, using cell phone also led to altered gait patterns and declined action stability. Although these impairments are modulated by specific task types (e.g. conversing vs. browsing), the distraction of mobile phones generally increases the risk for pedestrians crossing the street. To integrate these findings, a conceptual model was proposed on the effect of mobile phone distraction on pedestrians’ information processing and behavior. Based on the model, future research needs to evaluate how mobile phone distraction affects pedestrian auditory information perception, and its impacts on sub processes within the gap acceptance decision-making to develop targeted interventions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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