Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-27
Abstract： Cultural evolution is often compared to biological evolution. One subset of cultural evolution that has received widespread attention from researchers is Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE). CCE refers to the adaptive changes in complexity, functionality, etc., that occur in cultures as they are modified and passed from generation to generation. Although cumulative cultural evolution is an interdisciplinary concept, it has a strong psychological underpinning. Psychological factors have played an important role in the development of its conceptual framework and schools of interpretation, and have contributed to the expansion of core criteria and the integration of the two schools of interpretation. Future research can further clarify the definitional criteria of CCE from the perspective of theoretical development, explore the process and details of CCE from the perspective of integration of two schools of interpretation, or confirm the impact of psychological factors on CCE from the perspective of psychology, thereby advancing the field of cumulative cultural evolution.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-03-19
Abstract： In recent years, the debates between monism and pluralism are one of the most active theoretical disagreements in the field of moral psychology. Moral monism claims that all moral phenomena on the surface and moral structures behind them can be explained by one factor, and the representative theories are stages theory of moral development and dyadic morality theory, etc. Moral pluralism holds that morality can’t be explained by a single factor, whereas has many heterogeneous moral dimensions and cultural sensitivity. The representative theories are triadic moral discourse theory, relational model theory and moral foundations theory, etc. Moreover, moral foundations theory and dyadic morality theory are the typical representatives of the debates between monism and pluralism. The two theories have engaged in a long and inconclusive dialogue on the harm, purity, modular claims, and moral foundations of politics. Future studies should further explore the monism and pluralism of morality from three specific aspects so as to maintain the vitality of theory in the field of moral psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-07-24
Abstract： “Naturalness” is often attributed with a sacred and benevolent positive value by people. Despite the lack of objective differences between natural and artificial objects at times, individuals still advocate for naturally occurring entities and innate abilities, which is known as “naturalness preference” or “naturalness bias”. This paper aims to clarify the conceptual definition of naturalness preference and propose a “three-domain conceptual model of naturalness preference”, which synthesizes the developmental trajectory and specific manifestations of naturalness preference in domains such as natural environments, natural products, and innate abilities (or talent). Moreover, we first categorize the causes of naturalness preference into three factors: cognitive (psychological essentialism), affective (positive and negative emotions), and normative (sacred moral values). Future studies should delve deeper into investigating the “dark side” of naturalness preference, cultural psychological differences, and its impact on the acceptance of emerging technologies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2023-03-04
Abstract： With buzzwords such as "tool man", "laborer" and “corporate slave” sweeping the workplace, workplace objectification has become an urgent topic to be discussed. With the increasing use of artificial intelligence, especially robots in the workplace, the workplace effects produced by robots are also worth paying attention to. Therefore, the present paper aims to explore whether people’s perception of robots’ threat to them will produce or aggravate workplace objectification. On the basis of reviewing the related research on workplace objectification and robot workforce, and combined with intergroup threat theory, this paper elaborates the realistic threat to human employment and security caused by robot workforce, as well as the identity threat to human identity and uniqueness. From the perspective of compensatory control theory, this paper proposes the deep mechanisms and boundary conditions of that perceiving robot threat will reduce people's sense of control, thereby stimulating the control compensation mechanism, which in turn leads to workplace objectification. This research is composed of eight studies. The first study includes two sub-studies, which investigate the relationship between perceived robot threat and workplace objectification through questionnaires and online experiments. This study tries to find a positive correlation and a causal association between perceived robot threat and workplace objectification. The second study includes three sub-studies, which explore why perceived robot threat increases workplace objectification. This study tries to verify the mediating effect of control compensation (sense of control), to explain the psychological mechanism behind the effect of perceived robot threat on workplace objectification, and to repeatedly verify it through different research methods. The third study includes three sub-studies. Based on the three compensatory control strategies proposed by the control compensation theory in addition to affirming nonspecific structure, this study tries to further explore the moderating effect of personal agency, external agency, and specific structure. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, perceived robot threat will increase workplace objectification, and perceived robot identity threat has a stronger effect. Second, the sense of control plays a mediating role in the effect of perceived robot threat (mainly identity threat) on workplace objectification. Specifically, the higher the perceived robot identity threat, the lower the sense of control, and the more serious the workplace objectification. Third, the other three strategies proposed by compensatory control theory, namely strengthening personal agency, supporting external agency and affirming specific structure, can moderate the effect of perceived robot threat on workplace objectification. The main theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it reveals the negative influence of robots on interpersonal relationships and their psychological mechanism. Second, it extends the explanatory boundary of compensatory control theory to the field of artificial intelligence, proposing and verifying that perceived robot threat increases workplace objectification through compensatory control. Third, the relationship between different compensation control strategies is discussed, and the moderating model of perceived robot threat affecting workplace objectification is proposed and verified. The main practical contributions are: first, to provide reference for the anthropomorphic design of robots; second, it helps to better understand, warn and deal with the negative social impact of robots.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-16
Abstract：
Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE) refers to the adaptive changes in efficiency, function, and complexity of human culture over time through multiple social transmissions and innovation among individuals or groups. A large number of studies have been conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of CCE in the laboratory through single-subject experiments, “microcultures” or “microsocieties” designs, and computer simulations. Copying, teaching, and innovation are three important foundations for CCE. Copying and teaching ensure that cultural information is transmitted with high fidelity. Innovation makes modified cultural information more adaptable. Cultural information is gradually accumulated in the repeated high-fidelity transmission and modification cycle. In general, the boundary conditions of CCE can be summarized into two aspects: environmental factors and subjective factors. The former mainly involves task difficulty, environmental uncertainty, group size, and social interaction; the latter mainly involves technical reasoning, cognitive flexibility, innovation ability, and social identity. Future research can verify the feasibility of the new paradigm (single subject multi-task design), conduct laboratory research on non-technological cultural evolution, and explore the value and significance of upward transmissions of cultural information in CCE in the context of the current phenomenon of “cultural feedback” in China.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-07-22
Abstract： Algorithms are often used for decision-making. However, algorithmic decision-making is more related to different responses in individuals than human decision-making on the same content. The phenomenon is defined as the algorithmic decision-making approach and avoidance. The approach means that algorithmic decision-making is considered fairer, less biased, less discriminatory, more trustworthy, and more acceptable than human decision-making. But the avoidance is the other way around. To explain the phenomenon of the algorithmic decision-making approach and avoidance better, the process motivation model of algorithmic decision-making approach and avoidance is employed in the review. It summarizes three stages of the interaction between human and algorithm, namely, the interaction of initial behavior, the establishment of quasi-social relationship and the formation of identity. Moreover, it elaborates how cognitional, relational, and existential motivation trigger individual approach and avoidance responses in each specific stage. For future directions, we suggest that more researches are needed to explore how mind perception and intergroup perception influence algorithmic decision-making approach and avoidance. Meanwhile, what is the reversal process of algorithmic decision-making approach and avoidance from a more social perspective and what other possible motivations are associated with it are also worth of considered.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-05-12
Abstract：
"Recently, researchers in the field of social class psychology have attached great importance to the research orientation of subjective class. This perspective emphasizes subjective class in understanding the concept of social class, focusing on the subjective aspect in operational definition, research design, and specific issues. Such orientation has laid a theoretical contribution to the development of social class psychology, provided new research methods, and enriched the issues pertaining to this field. However, this perspective also has some potential drawbacks. In theory, it sometimes fails to accurately reflect the social reality. Conceptually, some studies tend to ignore the effect of objective class. In terms of methods, some studies pay attention only to the experimental manipulation of subjective class and neglect other research designs. Moreover, this perspective tends to examine only the difference between the higher- and lower-class individuals, and it does not pay more attention to the diversity of social class in the society. Future research should clarify further the relationship between objective and subjective classes, as well as the different predicting effects of the two variables. As for research design, future studies may need to make a more detailed distinction and measurement of subjective and objective classes. Furthermore, researchers should pay more attention to specific social issue.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-07
Abstract：算法歧视屡见不鲜，人们对其有何反应值得关注。六个递进实验比较了不同类型歧视情境下人们对算法歧视和人类歧视的道德惩罚欲，并探讨其潜在机制和边界条件。结果发现：相对于人类歧视，人们对算法歧视的道德惩罚欲更少（实验1~6），潜在机制是人们认为算法（与人类相比）更缺乏自由意志（实验2~4），且个体拟人化倾向越强或者算法越拟人化，人们对算法的道德惩罚欲越强（实验5~6）。研究结果有助于更好地理解人们对算法歧视的反应，并为算法犯错后的道德惩罚提供启示。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-01-17
Abstract：
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-11-16
Abstract： Algorithm aversion refers to the phenomenon of people preferring human decisions but being reluctant to use superior algorithm decisions. The three-dimensional motivational model of algorithm aversion summarizes the three main reasons: the doubt of algorithm agents, the lack of moral standing, and the annihilation of human uniqueness, corresponding to the three psychological motivations, i.e., trust, responsibility, and control, respectively. Given these motivations of algorithm aversion, increasing human trust in algorithms, strengthening algorithm agents' responsibility, and exploring personalized algorithms to salient human control over algorithms should be feasible options to weaken algorithm aversion. Future research could further explore the boundary conditions and other possible motivations of algorithm aversion from a more social perspective. " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-11-27
Abstract： The true self or authenticity refers to the consistency between individual behaviors and internal states (e.g., values, beliefs, and needs), including trait authenticity and state authenticity. Cultural differences in the true self was proposed by comparing with relevant concepts (e.g., self-knowledge, self-concept clarity, self-congruence, integrity, and sincerity) and reviewing existent theories. Specifically, the true self is driven by autonomous motivation in the Western culture, while it is driven by Guanxi requirements in the Eastern culture. Future studies are recommended to further explore the true self from the "guanxilization," integrating the traditional Confucian thoughts into theoretical construction and understanding toward new social phenomena (e.g., emerging Social Networking Sites, social changes), as well as advancing research methodologies (e.g., cross-cultural comparison, methods highlighting situation variations).
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-08-14
Abstract： Cultural evolution is a topic of concern for multiple disciplines. The cognitive perspective is a way for psychologists to enter into this domain. It focuses on individual cognition in the social and cultural environment, while studying the processing, change, memory, and extraction of cultural information in individual social learning. Drawing on Darwin’s theory of biological evolution, it involves cultural inheritance, cultural innovation, and cultural selection, additionally it proposes three principles of cultural evolution, i.e. inheritance, variation, and selection. The paths of cultural inheritance include imitation and teaching, as well as the specific types of instrumental cultural inheritance and conventional cultural inheritance. Cultural innovation is hierarchical, and cumulative cultural evolution, which is peculiar to human beings, is based on cultural innovation and reflects the intergenerational transmission of cultural innovation. Cultural selection based on behavioral ecology and the human cognitive mechanism would result in differential adaptation of cultural information. Future studies could explore higher levels of cultural innovation, expand the antecedent variables of cultural evolution, and deepen the understanding of cultural evolution with new technologies. In addition, future research could promote the study of cultural psychology, study the influence of cultural mixing, and the effect of personality on cultural evolution.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-04-28
Abstract： Self-control refers to the ability of individuals to consciously control their impulsive behaviors in order to achieve long-term interests. The dual-systems model proposes that the self-control system includes an impulsive system and a reflective system, which can be used to analyze the internal structure of criminals’ low self-control. The impulsive system in criminals is thought to predominantly use behavioral schemata related to crime, while their reflective system is too weak to suppress impulsive behaviors. With the impulsive system activated and the reflective system insufficiently activated, the criminals will likely fail to self-control and subsequently commit crime. To investigate the mechanism of the self-control system in criminals, more integration of the existing studies on the basis of the dual-systems model is needed. It is also necessary to explore the application of the dual-systems model in intervention and psychological correction for prisoners. In addition, juveniles who are susceptible to crime require special attention.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-01-12
Abstract： " As the literature on abusive supervision has gained a great understanding of its detrimental effects and the underlying mechanisms, how subordinates cope with the experience of abusive supervision and the effectiveness of different coping strategies are promising new directions for future research. In this article, based on the multi-dynamic model of interpersonal rejection, we discussed how subordinates might cope with the experience of abusive supervision differently at low and high levels of LMX, and proposed a model in which certain coping strategies can lead to the subsequent experience of increased abusive supervision. We suggest future research strengthen our understanding of subordinates’ coping strategies for abusive supervision with a focus on exploring new coping strategies, including individual different variables, and examining situational factors as moderators. Further, future research can investigate the negative interactions between leaders and subordinates, and provide theoretical support for breaking the cycle of abusive supervision.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-07-17
Abstract： " Workplace civilized behavior is a proactive behavior that conveys courtesy and respect based on social and organizational role obligations. This behavior depends on organizational culture. In recent years, with the influence of positive psychology on organizational behavior research, the value of workplace civility has attracted the attention of scholars, and there has been discussion about its implication and nature. Because workplace civility is inwardly demanding of self-control and outward-oriented behavior of conveying respect, it has positive significance for the shaping of individuals, the promotion of interpersonal relationships in organizations, and the cultivation of an organizational atmosphere. Based on a literature search, this paper provides an operational definition and basic research framework for workplace civility.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2018-01-17
Abstract： Understanding the psychological processes and mechanisms behind social behaviors is one of the most important goals of social psychology. Psychologists have proposed many theoretical models to explain people’s social behaviors. It is still, however, difficult to quantify the contribution of hypothesized psychological processes to a specific behaviour. Recently, social psychologist introduced multinomial processing tree (MPT) models to dissociate different processes and quantify the contributions of each hypothesized process to behaviors. MPT, which combined knowledge from cognitive psychology, statistics, and other related disciplines, is a simple and effective way to model behavioural data. In these models, different hypothesized psychological processes take the external stimuli as input and determine the behavioural outcomes in a tree-like manner. More specifically, each stimulus was first processed by a hypothetical psychological process (i.e., a branch with certain probability), which results in a binary outcome (i.e., a point): either a behavioural response (i.e., a resulting behavior), or an intermediate outcome that will be determined further by a downstream psychological process (i.e., another branch, with a different probability) until behavioural outputs were produced. In this way, each behavioural output can be viewed as the combination of the processes before it, while the sum of all the behavioural output to a specific stimulus sum up to one. By fitting the behavioral data to multiple nominal formulas, the probability of each psychological process can be estimated. Given that the psychological processes in MPT models need to be specified, researchers should construct the model structure before using the model. After the model structure is specified, researchers also need to fit the model with behavioral data and test the goodness-of-fit. Researchers need further validate the model and its parameters based on theory, only after validation, the model can be regarded as an acceptable model for such question. Then, the validated models can be used to generate and test new hypotheses. Although the logic behind the MPT model is easy to understand, the estimation of parameter-estimation and goodness-of-fit test often require massive computation that could hardly be finished by hand. Therefore, several computer programs (e.g. multitree, treeBugs) were developed, to simplify the calculating procedure. These user-friendly programs make the MPT models more accessible to social psychologists. By now, MPT models have been applied in many areas of social psychology, such as attitude, stereotype acquisition etc. Recently, MPT models were applied to moral decision-making. For instance, Gawronski et al. (2017) built the CNI (consequence, norm, inaction preference) model based on MPT model. The CNI model can dissociate the contributions of consequences, norm, and inaction preference, therefore, extended previous studies on moral decision making by considering the possibility that moral decision-making can be motivated by both utilitarian and deontological motivations simultaneously, or neither of both. Using CNI model, Gawronski et al. (2017) tested the effect of gender, cognitive load, framework effect and psychopathy on moral decision-making. It becomes increasingly clear that MPT models can serve as a tool for dissociating and quantifying the psychological processes underlying human behaviors. However, it is noteworthy that MPT models require clear assumptions about psychological processes and corresponding outcomes, this pre-request should be carefully checked before use. In addition, although MPT models fit well with many behavioral results, the neural correlates of the assumed psychological processes in MPT models are largely unknown, further studies are needed to explore and validate the neural basis of these models. Finally, MPT models might increase the research flexibilities, which might cause false positive results. Thus, researchers should keep transparent of their analysis and decision process when applying MPT to their own research questions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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