Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-31
Abstract： Attentional refreshing, which is independent of rehearsal, is one kind of working memory maintenance mechanisms. It boosts, prolongs, and strengthens the activation of information in working memory by retrieving these information into the focus of attention. Attentional refreshing helps people maintain memory when rehearsal is limited. The common strategy of attentional refreshing is give priority to refresh weakly activated items, but sometimes experience related stimuli also get the priority to refresh. To further explore the mechanism and internal processing of attentional refreshing, future research could focus on whether attentional refreshing can affect the accuracy of memory, how interference or processing tasks impact refreshing speed, and whether prioritizing to refresh weakly activated items is still a reasonable strategy under the high attentional load condition.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2021-05-31
Abstract： Against the backdrop of fierce competition in the workplace, conflicts of interest and interpersonal frictions in enterprises occur frequently. With cold violence increasingly prevalent, workplace ostracism raises extensive concern for its frequent occurrence, invisibility, and long-term hurtfulness. Compared to Western society, the traditional tolerance and restraint of Chinese culture intensifies the hurtfulness to those who are ostracized. Additionally, the fuzzy work-family boundary of Chinese culture displaces this hurtfulness onto their family through their emotions, attitudes, and behavior, which impairs their lives and future work. Previous studies have found that workplace ostracism has negative effects on the inner workings of an organization from the perspectives of psychology, attitude, behavior, and performance. However, the spillover effect of workplace ostracism on organizations is rarely discussed. Compared with Western society, Chinese employees maintain relatively vague boundaries between work and family, and the bad experiences of employees in the workplace are more likely to spillover to the family field through employees’ psychological and emotional states, thus affecting their family life and follow-up work. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this paper discusses the spillover effect of workplace ostracism on family undermining and family satisfaction from the perspectives of decreasing positive spillover and increasing negative spillover. Individuals feel threatened and stressed when they lose resources. In light of this, this study constructs and verifies the mediating effect of work stress between workplace ostracism and family undermining and family satisfaction. Furthermore, this study also verifies the boundary effect of individual need for affiliation and work-home segmentation preference in spillover. Two samples were collected to test the hypotheses. For the first sample, we collected the data at three timepoints with one-month intervals from 16 tourism-service enterprises in Guizhou and Shandong provinces. A total of 264 effective questionnaires were returned. For the second sample, with a one-week interval, the survey was administered to five tourism-service enterprises in Guizhou province, and the final sample consisted of 239 effective questionnaires. We employed hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrapping analyses to test the hypotheses. The results indicated the following: (1) workplace ostracism had a positive effect on family undermining and a negative effect on family satisfaction; (2) workplace stress mediated the relationship between workplace ostracism and family undermining and family satisfaction; (3) need for affiliation positively moderated the effect of workplace ostracism on work stress, while moderating the indirect influence of workplace ostracism on family undermining and family satisfaction via work stress; (4) work-home segmentation preference moderated the effect of work stress on family undermining and family satisfaction, while moderating the indirect influence of workplace ostracism on family undermining and family satisfaction via work stress. This study has several theoretical and practical implications. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study demonstrates an increase in negative spillover and a decrease in positive spillover; moreover, this study maps the antecedent variables of family undermining and family satisfaction in the workplace. Furthermore, this study shows that work stress is a key transmission mechanism by which workplace ostracism penetrates the work-family interface and causes a spillover effect, which is a response to the a calling for disclosing “the black box” of the spillover effect of workplace ostracism. Finally, by constructing a moderated mediation model and investigating the influence of workplace ostracism on individuals with a unique need for affiliation and work-home segmentation preference, this study specifies the boundary conditions of the spillover effect for workplace ostracism and contributes valid evidence for the conservation of resources theory. In practice, our study can help service enterprises and their managers to understand the spillover effect of workplace ostracism on the family domain more accurately, and to reduce the negative impact of workplace ostracism by taking effective measures, such as building a harmonious, tolerant, and friendly organizational cultural atmosphere.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2021-05-30
Abstract： Abstract: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia, and there is no high-quality evidence that supports the pharmacologic treatment of MCI. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve the whole brain function by eliciting changes in synaptic plasticity. In this systematic review, the effectiveness and neural mechanisms of rTMS enhance MCI patients were analyzed. Future studies should optimize the localization for TMS, extend the period of the intervention effect evaluation, and explore how rTMS works in the treatment of MCI combining with neuroimaging technologies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-05-30
Abstract： A large number of studies have extensively investigated the role of high-quality teacher-child interactions on young children's early cognitive and social emotional development, but have drawn a variety of inconsistent and contradictory conclusions. Some researchers suggested that the possible explanation was that the potential moderators affect the relationships between teacher-child interactions and children's developmental outcomes. Through reviewing the previous literature on the moderating effects among the influences of teacher-child interactions on children's developmental outcomes, the current review summarized the main findings of these kind of researches, analyzed their theoretical bases, and put forward future research directions. According to the ecological systems theory, as one of the proximal processes that affect children's development, the mode of teacher-child interactions' influences will be affected by four factors: process, person, context and time (PPCT). Meanwhile, the internal mechanisms of moderating effects were explored from three perspectives: developmental risk (compensatory hypothesis vs. accumulated advantages hypothesis: whether teacher-child interactions are more favorable for high-risk children or non-risk children), environment continuities (continuities hypothesis vs. discontinuities hypothesis: whether family and other environmental systems affect the effects of teacher-child interactions) and long-term cumulative effect (additive effect vs. multiplicative effect: whether the influences of teacher-child interactions in each stage are independent or interactive). First, at the level of children's personal characteristics, the social emotional function of boys (rather than girls) has a positive correlation with teacher-child interactions, and the cognitive development of minority children (compared with majority ethnic children) is more vulnerable to the influence of teacher-child interactions. Children with low baseline abilities (e.g., self-regulation, executive function, compliance) benefit more from teacher-child interactions than those with high baseline abilities. In addition, teacher-child interactions do not promote the development of all children in the same way, but partly depend on children's environmental sensitivity (e.g., temperament and stress responsiveness). Second, at the context level, family learning environment and socio-economic status have significant moderating effects. Rural children are more sensitive to the quality of teacher-child interactions than urban children. Therefore, high-quality teacher-child interactions may be a protective factor for high-risk children, or an effective measure to decrease the development gap between rural and urban children. Third, at the process level, not every child has a truly high-quality personal experience in a high-quality classroom. Children's different personal experience moderates the degree to which they benefit from teacher-child interactions. The potential teacher-child closeness or teacher-child conflict at the individual level affects the influences of teacher-child interactions as well. Fourth, at the chronological level, longitudinal studies have found that some of the pre-existing effects may change with the development of children. Besides, the high-quality teacher-child interactions need the follow-up classroom supports with high quality, otherwise their positive effects are easy to decay. Only experiencing a certain stage of high-quality teacher-child interactions may not have a strong predictive effect on children's outcomes. Future researches need to explore more diverse and stable moderators, establish more integrated theoretical assumptions, and focus on the moderating mechanisms between teacher-child interactions and children development in the Chinese context, which will help to clarify the boundary conditions for high-quality teacher-child interactions' positive effects and provide suggestions for educational practice.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-05-29
Abstract： [Objective] Cultivating the next generation of sound emotional, cognitive and socio-behavioral development is fundamental to human civilization, and the impact of early experiences cannot be ignored from the point of view of probabilistic epigenesis. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between early experiences and later behavioral development based on a novel experimental model termed the “human-rat interaction paradigm” (HRIP). [Methods] Thirty-six one-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as subjects. Based on the HRIP, three groups (Positive early experiences (PEE) / Negative early experiences (NEE) / Control) were intervened for 3 weeks, and the effects of the manipulation of early experiences on behavioral development were tested through a battery of behavioral paradigms. [Results] The results showed that: 1) During the emotional behavior tests, compared with the other two groups, the PEE group was more active in the open arm of the O-maze, more active in the center area of the open field, ate faster in the new and familiar environment, and had less hesitation to adapt to and utilize the new learning device. 2) During the learning behavior tests, the PEE group showed most rule-breaking exploratory behavior in the integrated-learning maze; while the majority of the NEE group learned to open the gate during the early stage of procedural learning, the firmness of their long-term memory was the lowest during the new object recognition task; the control group was overall passive during the whole series of learning behavior tests. 3) During the social behavior tests, the PEE group showed the most interests towards the toy rat, while the NEE group showed the most aversion towards the toy rat. At the same time, while all groups preferred a real rat to a toy rat, only the intervention groups (both PEE and NEE) showed clear preference in interacting with a real stranger rat to a real familiar rat. Moreover, during the empathy and pro-social behavioral tests, when there were no food rewards, all three groups of rats generally would open the gate to rescue the entrapped rat, and after multiple trials their latency to rescue became shorter and shorter; however, when there were food rewards to be shared with the entrapped rat, both the PEE and NEE groups were less likely to open the gate, and after multiple trials, their latency to rescue became longer and longer. When the entrapped rat was unable to reach the food reward without the subject’s active sharing, the NEE group showed much more frequent behavior of feeding interruption and vigilant sniffing, possibly for fear of losing the food to the entrapped rat. 4) During the social competition tests, when there were no food rewards in the tube test, the control group had the highest success rate; when there were food rewards to be competed for, the PEE group had the highest success rate. At the same time, the degree of social rank differentiation was smallest in the control group and largest in the PEE group. The NEE group showed clear differentiation between the high-rank individual and the middle/low-ranked individual. The success rate of the NEE group was overall the lowest during the inter-group social competition tests. [Conclusions] We arrived at the following conclusions: 1) On the long run, the early experience intervention based on the HRIP will have sustained and stable effects on the behavioral development. 2) Rich early experiences can improve the sensitivity to learning and social rules. Lack of early experiences can passivate learning and social behavior. 3) Positive early experience can promote the individual to have more interests in exploring "objects", produce more rule-breaking exploratory behavior and maintain the stability of goal behavior; in contrast, negative early experience can cause excessive arousal of negative emotions, inhibit exploration and interfere with the maintenance of goal behavior."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2021-05-25
Abstract： " The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak increases public mental stress and pandemic-related trauma. Timely and comprehensive online mental health services have been deployed across China. Hotline counselors can be exposed to the stress and trauma experienced by callers indirectly. They may experience secondary traumatic stress (STS) as a result of their empathetic engagement with traumatized clients, and they may also experience vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG). The present study examined negative and positive change in hotline counselors concurrently and explored the mechanisms of both positive and negative outcomes. Participants were 776 counselors (81% female, average age = 42.57 ± 7.90, average years of experience = 12.44 ± 5.92) recruited from MOE-CCNU Mental Health Service Platform, the biggest official telephone-based and online psychological support platform in China during COVID-19 period. Empathy and VPTG were measured by revised Chinese versions of self-report questionnaires. STS was assessed by the corresponding subscale of the Professional Quality of Life Scale. The Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire was used to assess participants’ search for life meaning. Mindfulness was evaluated by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Latent variable structural equation modeling was applied. After controlling age, trauma cases and total cases, counselors’ empathy was positively associated with STS and VPTG. Results revealed that empathy was positively associated with STS and VPTG. Mindfulness mediated this association between empathy and STS. Search for meaning mediated the relationship between empathy and VPTG. Additionally, the association between empathy and VPTG was also mediated through other four significant mediating pathways: (a) secondary trauma stress, (b) secondary traumatic stress and search for meaning, (c) mindfulness and search for meaning, and (d) mindfulness and secondary trauma stress and search for meaning. Our findings support that empathy lead to both positive and negative outcomes among hotline counselors during COVID-19 period in China, highlighting dialectical insights into trauma workers’ experiences. When counselors engage in others’ traumatic experience, their vicarious negative emotional experience may be a pathway to growth, and search for life meaning is an important factor in that growth. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2021-05-24
Abstract： For autonomous vehicles driven in road context with pedestrians, it is essential to ensure safe and efficient interaction with pedestrians. To that end, autonomous vehicles of high level (e.g. above L3) are usually equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMIs) to communicate with pedestrians. An overview of current studies shows that the current external eHMIs mainly conveyed vehicle status (whether it is in auto mode), intentions, and road-crossing advice to pedestrians in visual modalities such as text, icon, projection, etc. These eHMIs have been evaluated to determine their effect on pedestrian’s crossing intention, speed, and accuracy in real as well as simulated contexts. However, a user-centered design of eHMIs should systematically support pedestrian information processing needs during road crossing decision making. To fill the gap, a conceptual model was proposed to capture pedestrian’s dynamic road crossing decision-making when interacting with autonomous vehicles. The model integrated pedestrian’s road crossing decision-making process and the situation awareness theory. Based on the model, eHMIs should promote pedestrian’s perception, comprehension, and the projection of the vehicle’s intention. To support the perception of the displayed information, eHMIs should adopt multiple modalities’ interfaces to convey the vehicle’s information, and consider presenting information on media beyond the vehicle, such as the street infrastructure and the electronics of pedestrians. To support comprehension of the displayed information, pedestrians need to be trained. More importantly, the information should be carefully designed with an appropriate massage perspective and standardized formats. In the projection phase, vehicle motion information as a traditional yet intuitive way to convey the vehicle’s future intentions can be strengthened and integrated with eHMI to assist faster and more accurate decision-making. Besides the simple one-to-one context of interaction, future research should also explore how the design of the interface impacts pedestrians in the context of multi-pedestrian and multi-vehicle contexts. Theoretically, exploration is also needed on how the eHMI supports the formation and update of their situation awareness and how it affects mental models in human-vehicle interactions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-24
Abstract： Self-face recognition reflects the process whereby someone can recognize their own face by distinguishing it from the other. Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was used to conduct a meta-analysis of studies using neuroimaging data to reveal the neural mechanism of self-face recognition. The neural basis of self-face recognition mainly involves the right superior parietal lobule/precuneus/middle occipital gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, postcentral gyrus, insula, and left precuneus. Based on the meta-analysis results and on previous event-related potential (ERP) studies, self-face recognition may involve two levels of processing, perceptual integration processing and the accompanying process of evaluation and emotional response. In the process of recognizing self-face, the occipital gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and precuneus are involved in the perceptual integration process. The superior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and insula are mainly recruited in the evaluation and the emotional response at the middle and late stages of recognizing self-face. Future studies could reveal the cognitive and neural mechanisms of self-face recognition by attending closely to the structural and functional connectivity of brain areas and brain networks, exploring the neural correlates of interoception and self-face recognition, conducting clinical studies to investigate the abnormal neural activity of patients with self-processing impairment, and exploring the influence of threatening information on self-face recognition. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-05-23
Abstract： Prosocial behaviour, that is, behaviour intended to benefit others, has been linked to a variety of desirable traits, including positive relationships, better academic performance and lower levels of antisocial behaviours. As such, the origins and the mechanisms underlying the remarkable individual differences in prosocial behaviour are the focus of an increasing number of studies, with numerous research consistently documenting the important role of positive parenting and empathy. Notably, differentiating between cognitive and emotional components of empathy may help further clarify the processes by which parenting eventuates in prosocial behaviour. Although all children may be impacted by parenting, some children benefit more than others from good-quality rearing. Recent research has suggested that the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene rs53576 polymorphism could determine the degree to which a child is influenced by environment. The biological function of rs53576 polymorphism has yet to be delineated, and the literature is mixed with regard to heterozygote (AG) grouping; thus, the implications for AG grouping are not well understood. Therefore, the dummy coding, additive coding, dominant coding and recessive coding models were all investigated in this study to test the nature of gene effect. This study aimed to extend previous studies on the association between parenting and prosocial behaviour by examining the mediating role of cognitive and emotional empathy and the moderating role of the OXTR gene. The participants were 1082 mother–offspring dyads (adolescents’ mean age: 12.32 ± 0.48 years, 50.3% females) recruited from the community. At Time 1, mothers reported their positive parenting via the Chinese version of the Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) and peer-rated adolescents’ prosocial behaviours. At Time 2, adolescent-reported perspective-taking and empathic concern, peer-rated prosocial behaviours and saliva samples were collected. All measures showed good reliability. Genotyping at OXTR gene was performed with MassARRAY RT software version 3.0.0.4 and analysed using the MassARRAY Typer software version 3.4 (Sequenom). Results showed that adolescents who received higher levels of maternal positive parenting exhibited more prosocial behaviours. However, the direct effect of positive parenting on prosocial behaviour became nonsignificant after controlling for baseline prosocial behaviour. Cognitive empathy, but not emotional empathy, mediated the association between positive parenting and prosocial behaviour. Specifically, positive parenting was positively associated with cognitive empathy, which in turn was positively associated with adolescent prosocial behaviour. Further, this mediation was moderated by the OXTR gene rs53576 polymorphism. For adolescents with AA and GG genotypes, positive parenting was related to higher levels of cognitive empathy, which increased prosocial behaviour. However, this mediation effect was not observed among adolescents with AG genotype. In addition, the results revealed evidence for an overdominance model for OXTR rs53576. Moreover, the G × E term predicted cognitive empathy but not prosocial behaviour. This finding suggests that cognitive empathy may be an endophenotype closer along the causal chain to the genotype and that the strength of the G × E effects was greater for empathy than for distal behavioural outcomes. These findings add to our understanding of how empathy and genetic factors contribute to adolescents’ prosocial behaviour within the family context. In addition, these results suggest that cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy are likely to be involved—in somewhat different psychosocial mechanisms—in the development of prosocial behaviour. Notably, the overdominance effect of OXTR should be interpreted with caution until replicated. However, when a three-category polymorphic genotype is used, as is commonly applied when modelling a dominant or recessive effect, both false positive and false negative results can occur, and the nature of the interaction can be misrepresented.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-16
Abstract： Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling of controlling one's own actions and, through them, events in the external world when performing voluntary actions. Intention of action and sensory feedback are two core components that constitute the sense of agency. However, the cognitive neural mechanism underlying the influence of these two components on SoA is unclear. We propose to explore the feedforward effect of action intention and the feedback effect of sensory feedback on SoA. The magnetoencephalography technology, which is of high temporal and spatial resolution, is employed to extract the time-space characteristics of sense of agency at the fronto-parietal network in both the time windows of action-outcome and after-outcome. The elucidation of this cognitive neural mechanism of SoA will contribute to our understanding of the generation and aftereffects of human actions; furthermore, it will provide implications for the demarcation of behavioral responsibilities in moral and legal settings, and for the clinical diagnoses of related mental diseases. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-05-16
Abstract： " Numerous researches have been dedicated to explore the association between the approximate number system (ANS) and mathematical competence in the past two decades. However, various contradictory results have been reported. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the relationship differs systematically between ANS and mathematical competence and whether category variables such as index, task format and task type of ANS, math content and academic stages, continuous variables such as female rates, age and sample size are additional moderators. We investigated these questions by means of a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. The literature yielded 40 articles, 44 independent samples reporting 153 effect sizes found with 8132 participants. A random-effects model was selected to conduct the meta-analysis in Comprehensive Meta-analysis 3.3 software. The heterogeneity test showed that there was significant heterogeneity among 153 effect sizes, indicating that the random-effect model was adequate for subsequent meta-analysis. Based on the results of the funnel plot, Egger’s test of regression to the intercept and Classic Fail-safe N, no significant publication was found in the included studies. The main effect analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between ANS and mathematical competence(r = 0.299) which was larger than other similar researches and reached high effect size according to new standard. The moderation analysis revealed that the link between ANS and mathematical competence was moderated by category variables including index of ANS, math content and academic stages, and continuous variables including female rates and age. Specially, with regard to the index of ANS, compared with w and RT, accuracy had the strongest correlation with math competency; with regard to age, compared with older students and adult, the relation between ANS and math competence was strongest among kindergarteners; with regard to math content, compared with other contents of mathematical competence, early math concept and overall mathematical competence showed strongest relationship with ANS. However, other moderators such as task format and task type of ANS, and sample size did not moderate the relationship between these two constructs. In addition, 85 or more participants are needed to detect the effect with 80% power at an alpha level of 0.05, which means further research need a sample of more than 85 participates to detect the association between ANS and math competence . The study set the foundation for further experimental research to induce causal link between ANS and mathematical competence, and for further longitudinal research to reveal the dynamic relationship between ANS and mathematical competence among the spectrum of human life. Moreover, it also called for educational support for the disadvantaged from the perspective of ANS intervention and view of mathematical education which care more about fundamental mathematical competence.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2021-05-15
Abstract： Rats are widely used in experimental research in biology, medicine, and psychology, and many studies need the measurement of rats’ emotional states. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of rats are means to express and transmit emotions: among them FM-50 kHz USVs are for positive emotions such as pleasure, flat-50 kHz USVs are for social communication, and 22 kHz USVs are for negative emotions such as anxiety and disgust. Collecting and analyzing the USVs of rats provides researchers a possible way to quantify the emotional states of rats during experimental manipulations. This paper discusses the emotional meaning of USVs in rats and provides suggestions for measuring and analyzing USVs in rats.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-05-15
Abstract： It is estimated that 60% of teams fail to achieve their performance goals, which presents an important and challenging research topic for the academic community. Emotional intelligence is a concept that includes understanding and managing one’s own emotions as well as those of others in interpersonal relationships. Research has shown that team emotional intelligence plays an important role in a team’s success in achieving goals. However, the extant research mainly examines individuals-based or team as a whole-based team emotional intelligence and there is no research result investigating team emotional intelligence based on the exchange of emotional intelligence behavior among members of the team. To address an important theoretical and empirical gap in the literature, we employed an approach of integrating team-member exchange theory and social network perspective to examine the emotional intelligence within the team at the dyadic level (two individuals in a one-on-one relationship, i.e., actor-target). Specifically, we focused on dyadic emotional intelligence as the smallest unit, which then is aggregated to create a team-level emotional intelligence network structure. We conducted an empirical study of the network composed of the emotional intelligence behavior exchange between individuals in one to one interactions. The main goal of this research is to theoretically reveal the characteristics of emotional intelligence behavior exchange within the team, a bottom-up process through which emotional intelligence develops from individual- to team-level, and the effects of dyadic-based team emotional intelligence. This provides guidance to practicing managers in maximizing the benefits of emotional intelligence within teams.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-05-14
Abstract： " The present study sought to explore the role of disappointment in the “inaction inertia” effect: the phenomenon that “one is not likely to act on an attractive opportunity after having failed to take advantage of an even more attractive opportunity”. Avoidance of regret explanation for the inaction inertia effect was considered in former studies, but it failed to account for situations when the individual's failure to obtain the previous better opportunity was due to uncontrollable factors such as others or the outside world. The current study demonstrated that disappointment (i.e., anticipated disappointment) might play an important mediational role in the inaction inertia effect when the freedom of choice and personal responsibility were reduced, which may be an effective supplement to regret explanation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-05-11
Abstract： " What is Chinese personality? This question has long attracted the interest of researchers. Joint factor analyses of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI), which was generated using a combined emic-etic approach, and the NEO-FFI, which measures western-derived Big Five personality factors, produced six factors. These correspond to the five factors from the Big Five Model plus an Interpersonal Relatedness factor (IR). These six factors constitute the “Big Six” personality structure that describes and explains Chinese personality or behavior. IR is a culturally specific personality dimension that is closely related to traditional Chinese culture. The existence of IR has been confirmed by a large number of studies, but its connotations need to be further explored and refined. This paper discussed the subtypes of the Chinese IR personality trait from a quantitative perspective and further explored which subtype of IR was more adaptive. The study adopted a “person-centered approach” to reveal the overall nature of IR in Chinese people. In Study 1, 1911 participants of the CPAI-2 normative sample were analyzed with latent profile analysis (LPA) in terms of six dimensions of IR – Ren Qing (Relationship Orientation), Harmony, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Discipline, Thrift vs. Extravagance, and Traditionalism vs. Modernity – to explore the potential subtypes of IR. In Study 2, 200 white people were investigated to explore the latent profile structure of Interpersonal Relatedness in non-Chinese people. In Study 3, 2580 juniors from a comprehensive university were investigated to verify the potential structure of IR obtained in Study 1. The LPA method with outcome variables (BCH method) was used to investigate the social adaptability of different subtypes of college students in the potential structure of IR in terms of academic performance, knowledge sharing behavior, and mental health. The results of study 1 showed that the fourfold classification model of IR had the best fitting index. The fourfold classification model was specifically composed of high and low scores of “round outside” (including three potential personality constructs of Ren Qing, Harmony, and Interpersonal Sensitivity) and “square inside” (including three potential personality constructs of Discipline, Thrift vs. Extravagance, and Traditionalism vs. Modernity). The four subtypes were “gentlemen” who were round outside and square inside, pedantic persons who were non-round outside and square inside, two-faced persons who were non-round outside and non-square inside, and hypocrites who were round outside and non-square inside. The fourfold classification model showed that the latent profile structure of the Chinese IR personality trait involved the dialectical unity of “round outside” and “square inside.” The results of study 2 showed that the latent profile structure of the four categories of "round outside and square inside" did not appear in the Western samples, which reflected the Chinese cultural specificity of the "round outside and square inside" latent profile of Interpersonal Relatedness. The results of study 3 verified the fourfold classification model of study 1. The results of BCH in study 3 found that among the four subgroups, the subgroup of “round outside and square inside” had better academic performance, higher levels of mental health, and more knowledge sharing behaviors, which indicated that this subgroup was the most adaptable in modern society. The results are discussed in relation to traditional Chinese culture, especially regarding the characteristics of the Confucian “gentleman personality.” The research provides a rich historical context and insight into the applicability to the contemporary life of the dialectical and unified “round outside and square inside” behavior mode of contemporary Chinese people.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2021-05-10
Abstract： In today’s knowledge economy, new technology adoption is critical for increasing the core competitiveness of companies. How to make employees trust and adopt the new technologies when facing the risks and uncertainties brought by such technologies is an important issue. Although many scholars recognize the positive role of trust in new technology adoption, it still lacks theoretical and empirical research, and in particular, in explaining the underlying mechanism. To fill in the gap, the current research aims to explore how trust in technology and trust in leadership affect employees’ decisions to adopt new technologies, identify the underlying psychological mechanism, examine the moderating effect of organizational culture; and to construct the theoretical framework of trust and employees’ new technology adoption, and finally provide practical implications for management. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-10
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2021-05-08
Abstract： In the fields of psychology, education, and clinical science, researchers have devoted increased attention to the dynamic changes and personalized modeling of individuals' behaviors, minds, and treatment effects over time. Intensive longitudinal data is a set of measures collected at multiple time points with higher frequency over shorter periods. Thus, it can be used in the analysis of the dynamics and mechanisms of within-person processes. In recent years, intensive longitudinal design has become one of the most prominent and promising approaches in psychological research. However, many of these researches still rely on traditional data analysis methods. Many models have been proposed to analyze intensive longitudinal data, including top-down approaches (e.g., dynamic structural equation model, DSEM) and bottom-up approaches (e.g., group iterative multiple model estimation, GIMME). Both of the methods can conveniently model autoregressive and cross-lagged effects in intensive longitudinal data.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2021-05-08
Abstract： The mixture model method (MMM) is a new method proposed to handle data contaminated by aberrant responses in psychological and educational measurement. Compared to the traditional response time threshold methods and the response time residual methods, MMM shows the following advantages: (1) MMM detects aberrant responses and obtaining parameter estimates simultaneously; (2) it precisely recovers the severity of aberrant responding. Through building different item response models and response time models for different latent groups, MMM helps to identify aberrant responses from normal responses. Future researches could investigate the performance of MMM when its assumptions are violated or using data with other types of aberrant response patterns. The computation efficiency of MMM is also likely to be improved by fixing part of the item parameter estimates or by using an optimal way of choosing suitable methods.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2021-05-07
Abstract： Traditional latent transition analysis (LTA) is usually done using single-level modeling, but can also be viewed as a two-level modeling from a multi-level perspective. In 2020, Muthén and Asparouhov proposed a so-called random intercept latent transition analysis (RI-LTA) model which separates between-subject variation from within-subject variation. By integrating a random intercept factor, latent class transitions are represented on the within level, whereas the between level captures the variability across subjects. The random intercept factor f is the most important. If the factor loadings on the random intercept factor are large, this indicates that the item probabilities are large and thus the cases have large differences on these items. From this perspective, RI-LTA can be viewed as absorbing the measurement non-invariance of the model. Due to large item differences, the different latent classes are easy to distinguish. These differences are absorbed by the random intercept factor but are not set to influence the latent class variables. Therefore, the off-diagonal values of the transition probability matrix are larger. In traditional LTA, large differences across classes are not absorbed by the random intercept factor, which leads to smaller off-diagonal but larger diagonal values of the transition probability matrix. Performing RI-LTA in Mplus software can be done in three to four steps. First, implementing LCA across different time points; second, implementing traditional LTA and RI-LTA; third, saving the parameter estimates obtained in the second step and using them as population values to do a Monte Carlo simulation study; fourth, in the event of previous knowledge or existing applications, one may include covariates or distal outcomes in the model. Researchers can also perform multiple-group analysis, Markov chain mover-stayer analysis, multi-level RI-LTA, or longitudinal factor analysis to have deeper insight into the data. In the current study, a two-wave longitudinal data collection from undergraduates attending in the year 2016 at a research-oriented university was used to demonstrate how to implement RI-LTA in Mplus. The first three steps used were as described in the previous paragraph. For the fourth step, we performed a multiple-group analysis and investigated the interaction effects by including a “type of university enrolment” covariate. Results showed that students of the class labeled “strong intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class tended to switch to “strong intrinsic motivation but low extrinsic motivation” class and “low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class at a 33.0% transition probability of staying in the original class with RI-LTA analysis, while these students tended to stay in the original class at a 68.9% staying transition probability with traditional LTA analysis. This indicated that RI-LTA avoided overestimation on the transition probabilities of students staying in the original class and allowed for clearer interpretation of the data. The RI-LTA model was shown to be better than the traditional LTA model in this situation. By including a “type of university enrolment” covariate, the multiple-group analysis indicated that measurement invariance should be established. Most of the regression coefficients of latent classes on covariate were not significant except c1#1 on dummy2, which was significant at a value of -2.364. This indicated that students who were enrolled via the independent admission examinations and endorsed the “low intrinsic and extrinsic motivation” class were fewer than the recommended students We also found that the interaction effects of the covariate and c1 on c2 were not significant. Thus, a more parsimonious measurement invariant multiple-group analysis including a covariate but without interaction effect model should be chosen. Future research could use Monte Carlo simulation studies to investigate the applicability of RI-LTA, for example by manipulating sample sizes, numbers of indicators, latent classes, and time points. Inspired by multi-level modeling, the implementation of multi-level RI-LTA in statistical software should also be explored further. " "
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment