分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2023-08-15
摘要： Uncommon personal names have become increasingly popular in many countries and cultures over the past decades. However, little is known about the causes. We propose that the emphasis on uniqueness, manifested both as a cultural value at the macro level and as an individual need at the micro level, may account for the widely observed increase in unique-naming practices. We tested these hypotheses in China. Study 1 found that the increasing cultural emphasis on uniqueness (rather than on independence or competition), as a Granger cause, explained the increasing name uniqueness. Study 2 revealed that the increasing individual need for uniqueness (rather than narcissism or self-esteem) explained the higher preference for unique baby names among younger than older generations. Study 3 showed that, in actual naming practices, younger parents emphasized name uniqueness (rather than modernity, positivity, or other features) more than older cohorts. These findings convergently support our hypotheses, highlighting the importance of identifying specific mechanisms underlying psychological and behavioral changes, rather than assuming the rising individualism as a general explanation.
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2022-03-19
摘要： 目的：身体姿势表情刺激集为情绪研究提供了一套标准化的刺激材料，该刺激集在西方成人的一致性已经得到了验证，但是该刺激集在中国人群中的一致性尚不清楚。因此本研究从原始的254张图片中选取了快乐、悲伤、恐惧和愤怒各42张图片来验证该刺激集在中国人群中的适用性。 方法：31名中国大学生和41名中国学龄前儿童参加了这项研究。所有被试都被要求完成情绪识别和判断任务。 结果：结果表明，成人的评定一致性较高，而儿童的一致性处于中等水平。对于成人来说，悲伤最容易识别，其次是恐惧，愤怒和幸福最难识别。对于儿童来说，恐惧最容易识别，愤怒和悲伤次之，快乐最难识别。与此同时，成人对快乐和悲伤的准确率高于儿童。对于成人来说，他们更容易将积极的情绪与消极情绪混淆。他们倾向于将悲伤、恐惧和愤怒误认为是快乐。对于儿童来说，他们更容易将悲伤识别为恐惧和快乐。他们也容易将愤怒识别为恐惧。 局限：恐惧和愤怒情绪图片适用于5岁的儿童，而悲伤和快乐情绪，尤其是快乐情绪图片的适用性并不理想。在未来可以通过结合中国人的实际生活重新拍摄传达快乐和悲伤情绪的身体姿势图片，并且可以选择年龄更小的孩子探查改良后的图片适用性。 结论：这些结果表明，中国和西方成人对身体姿势表情刺激集的识别模式大致相同。但是，在相同的文化背景下，成人和儿童的识别模式差异很大，并且成人的识别准确率高于儿童。
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2021-07-22
摘要： Depression is theoretically associated with poor social functioning and social impairments, but empirical evidence for poor trust or cooperative behavior among depressed patients is scarce and severely under-researched. Based on a revised version of Trust Game, the present study aimed to clarify the equivocal relationships between depression, trust and altruistic cooperative behaviors, whilst taking into consideration of the potentially confounding effects of trait propensity to trust and locus of control. In the new version of Trust Game, each pairs of participant played the role of an investor and a trustee respectively. The investor player first receives an endowment of a given amount of money and decides how much he/she would like to invest. The invested endowment is then tripled and given to the trustee, played by the other participant who decides how much repayment he would like to return. This procedure is repeated for 10 rounds, trust behavior and altruistic cooperative behavior are then quantified as the averaged invested endowments and repayments, respectively. Results revealed that depressive symptoms negatively predicted invested endowments (i.e., the trust behavior) after the trait propensity to trust was controlled for, but a positive relationship between depressive symptoms and repayments (i.e., the altruistic cooperative behavior) was found, which was significantly moderated by the external locus of control. Specifically, in those with higher scores in externality, depressive symptoms actually resulted in a decrease (rather than an increase) in altruistic cooperation. This work, for the first time, clarified the relationships between depression and trust and altruistic cooperation by introducing trait factors such as propensity to trust and locus of controls, providing a new sight of exploring the effects of depressive symptoms on social functions.
分类： 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间： 2021-07-22
摘要： We examined the relationship between supervisor-subordinate guanxi (SSG) and employee silence (ES), and the moderating role of self-regulatory focus (SRF) works on such relationship. With both three dimensions of SSG (deference to supervisor, personal-life inclusion, and affective attachment) and two kinds of SRF (promotion and prevention focus) controlled by scenarios, the results from a survey of 230 part-time MPA program students in Mainland China indicated that (1) ES is positively related to deference to supervisor, affective attachment, and to a lesser extent, personal-life inclusion, and (2) the moderating effect of SRF is significant for the relationships between each dimension of SSG and ES, and specifically, there is less possibility for promotive subordinate to be silent than those with prevention focus in the workplace. The implications of our findings are discussed and suggestions made for future studies.
分类： 心理学 >> 心理测量 分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2020-12-03
摘要： One’s propensity to trust others and others’ trustworthiness are two important aspects of interpersonal trust. Both theory and research suggest that it is possible to distinguish between an individual’s propensity to trust (one’s ‘trustingness’ or the extent to which one feels able to trust others) and their other-focused trust (the extent to which one feels that others are worthy of our trust). However, there is as yet no measure that distinguishes between these two components of trust. In three studies, we examined the psychometrics of a proposed two-dimensional measure of trust that encompasses propensity to trust and other-focused trust components. To test discriminant validity, we also administered measures of personality, personal self-esteem, social capital, propensity to like people, perceived social support, as well as general and personal beliefs in a just world. Factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model for the new trust measure. Further analyses supported the difference between these measures.
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