Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Sleep problems are more common with the prevalence of digital media devices. Subjective and objective research has shown evidence of negative sleep impacts of digital media usages. The underlying mechanisms involve sleep displacement, hyperarousal and effects of screen light and electromagnetic radiation. Sleep education, restriction of digital media usage and blocking blue light from screen can be promising options to alleviate the undesirable effects of digital media on sleep. More effort should be devoted to the integration of theoretical models, causality establishment between digital media and sleep, objectivization and standardization of measurements, refined classification of digital media user behaviors and local research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Effects of sleep restriction on cognitive functions have been of considerable concern. Studies showed that effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance were inconsistent and suggested that effects of sleep restriction on cognition would depend on cognitive domains (e.g. attention, executive function and long-term memory), the severity of sleep restriction, as well as demographic characteristics (e.g. age and gender). Four main possible hypotheses including the arousal hypothesis, the vigilance hypothesis, the controlled attention hypothesis and the prefrontal cortex vulnerability hypothesis have been put forward to explain the underlying mechanism. Further understanding of such mechanism could be facilitated by focusing on individual differences, effects of mild sleep restriction and employing the ASL Perfusion MRI technology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： As an essential timing factor, ambient light plays a vital role in synchronizing internal biological rhythms with external lighting and dark environments. Meanwhile, ambient light is also a critical mood regulator; its non-image-forming (NIF) effects on mood are especially concerned by researchers. Previous studies have demonstrated that illuminance, correlated color temperature (CCT), and wavelength of ambient illuminance are key physical factors affecting mood. Moreover, unusual lighting patterns such as short lighting periods, artificial lighting during the night, and constant lighting/darkness have destructive effects on emotion and mood that may induce affective disorders such as depression and anxiety. To date, the conclusion that short-time light affects emotion is not quite consistent. Studies have found that the NIF effects of short-term light on mood was not only affected by the intensity and spectrum of light, but also modulated by exposure duration, timing, individual characteristics, subjective preferences, and gene types. In a period of time, the longer the subjects received bright light exposure and the earlier they received morning light exposure, the lower their depression score. However, in the short-term lighting experiment of simulating office lighting, prolonged exposure of bright light was not conducive to individuals’ subjective emotional experience; while the positive effect of CCT on emotion may depend on prolonged exposure. It is worth noting that receiving light exposure at different time in a day can advance or delay the circadian rhythms; thus, the timing could also regulate light’s emotional function. In addition, women were found to prefer higher illuminance and lower CCT than men; while young subjects were more sensitive to polychromatic light with shorter wavelength than older subjects. Compared with individuals with PER34/4 genotype, individuals with PER35/5 genotype were more sensitive to light exposure and had a higher risk of depression; the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was also proved to regulate the effect of light on the functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in healthy subjects. Lastly, the mechanisms by which light affects mood are shown from two aspects. On the one hand, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may project light signals to the brain areas responsible for emotion regulation. On the other hand, ambient light may affect mood by altering circadian rhythms, regulating hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and sleep. Future research can employ neuroscience technology to simultaneously examine the changes of subjective emotional experience and objective neural activity under multi-levels of illuminance and CCT; and combine multimodal data such as subjective rating, behavioral measurement, physiological response, and neural activity to track the effects of ambient light on mood. Besides, except for the NIF of light, ambient light may convey specific emotional meanings via the visual system, thus leading to various visual experiences transmitted by illuminance or wavelength, or lighting mode (direct or indirect lighting). Therefore, whether the visual perception of light, dominated by rods and cones, also potentially contributes to light's emotional function and how to separate it from the non-visual effects could be a promising direction in future research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Stereotypes are vital for social interaction by facilitating social decision making as well as conserving limited time and cognitive resources. Previous studies on stereotype activation mainly focus specific social groups, such as gender, race, etc. However, exactly how stereotypes are activated among various social groups remains unknown. To fill this gap, we classified social groups into four clusters according to stereotype content model in the present study, measuring for perceptions of warmth and competence. These clusters form a four-way axis, that is, high warmth-high competence (HW-HC), high warmth-low competence (HW-LC), low warmth-high competence (LW-HC) and low warmth-low competence (LW-LC). Two experiments were conducted to investigate the behavioral patterns of stereotype activation among these four clusters. We predicted that the stereotype activation pattern would be similar among these four clusters. In the first experiment, we employed a sequential priming paradigm to explore stereotype activation explicitly. The prime stimuli were 24 social groups equally attributed to these four clusters and the target stimuli were stereotype trait words of these 24 social groups. All of the prime stimuli and target stimuli were obtained from pilot study. The participants were instructed to judge whether the target word was consistent with the stereotypes of the prime social group. Fifty undergraduates (35 female, 19~25 years old, M = 20.68, SD = 2.08) were recruited for this experiment.In the second experiment, to validate the findings of Experiment 1, we utilized a lexical decision task to further investigate the stereotype activation patterns among the four clusters implicitly, using the same stimuli from Experiment 1. Pseudowords were also added, corresponding to the target words of Experiment 1. Participants were asked to identify whether the target word as a real word or pseudoword. Forty eight undergraduates (32 female, 19~25 years old, M = 20.64, SD = 1.93) participated in Experiment 2. Four (Social groups: HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC, LW-LC) � 2 (Consistency: consistent vs. inconsistent) repeated measure ANOVA were examined for response time and accuracy in both experiments. The results of Experiment 1 revealed classical stereotype activation patterns for HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC social groups while showing a reverse pattern for LW-LC social groups. Specifically, the participants responded more quickly and more accurately on consistent condition than on inconsistent condition for the former three clusters. However, when the prime stimuli were LW-LC social groups, the reverse was true; faster and more accurate response was shown for inconsistent condition rather than consistent condition. In Experiment 2, only real word trails were analyzed. The results of Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Therefore, classical stereotype activation patterns for HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC social groups and the reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC were relatively robust, both explicitly and implicitly, demonstrating the great differences among the stereotype activation patterns among these four clusters. The results of these two experiments partially support our hypothesis, while revealing an unforeseen reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC social groups. We hypothesize that this may be due to disgust elicited by LW-LC social groups. The present study expanded the research framework of stereotype activation and provided new behavioral evidence for the specificity of LW-LC. The mechanism underlying the reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC should be examined in the future.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-03-23
Abstract： As a dominant Zeitgeber, ambient light can regulate sleep-wake patterns in humans. Exposure to higher light levels or more light exposure during the daytime, especially during the morning, positively predict nighttime sleep quality, but this effect is mediated by the light parameters (e.g., light level or spectrum), timing factors (e.g., time of day and duration), and light pattern. On the one hand, light can indirectly influence the sleep-wake cycle by regulating individuals’ circadian rhythms through the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). On the other hand, light can directly affect sleep through the projection of melanopsin expressed by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to sleep- and wakefulness-related brain regions. However, there is still no clear consensus on whether light can affect sleep via regulation of sleep homeostatic process, which was another process driven the sleep-wake cycle. Future research should pay more attention on how to create “Human centric lighting” for those who work in the absence of daylight or need personal light to support their mental and physical requirement.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-08-31
Abstract： Ambient light broadly modulates individuals’ physiological and psychological functions as a zeitgeber, and its non-image-forming (NIF) effects on individuals’ mood attract wide attention recently. Previous studies have demonstrated that illuminance, correlated color temperature, and wavelength are key physical factors influencing mood. Unusual light patterns such as short lighting periods, artificial lighting during the night, and constant lighting or darkness may lead to affective disorders. In addition, the NIF effects of ambient light on mood are also modulated by exposure duration, timing, individual characteristics, subjective preferences, and gene types. The potential mechanisms that underlie the modulatory effects of light on mood are discussed from two aspects: on the one hand, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may project light signals to the brain areas responsible for emotional regulation. On the other hand, ambient light may regulate mood by altering circadian rhythms, hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and sleep. Future efforts are necessary to address the effects of short-term light exposure on mood by introducing more objective and diverse emotional measurement techniques, integrating visual and non-visual neural pathways, and further exploring the therapeutic effects of light among people with mood disorders.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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