Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-02-26
Abstract： Social hierarchies are dynamic multidimensional systems. The dominance route via aggression and threat to acquire resources has evolved under intense sexual selection pressure. By contrast, the competence route, which emphasizes the role of knowledge/skill in gaining status, is a consequence of the evolution of cultural learning driven by the increasing sophistication of foraging techniques. However, the virtue route characterized by psychological altruism is thought to be unique to human-being, and is the result of cultural evolution favoring large-scale collective actions. The three routes are different in the scope of existence, behavioral pattern and outcome, evolutionary cause and emotional medium. Future research could further clarify the relationship between sexual selection patterns and dominance levels in different species. Multi-discipline studies may also be adopted to explore the human environment in which the competence route has evolved, as well as the biological basis of the virtue route.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-14
Abstract： Taste is one of the indispensable feelings for human survival, and has substantially extended beyond the direct feeling of “tongue tip.” Taste affects individual perceptions and judgment of interpersonal relationship and ethics, and changes individual decision-making on risk-taking and consumption. Emotional intermediary, embodied metaphor, evolutionary, and social construction hypotheses are different perspectives used to explain the influence of taste on judgment and decision-making. The existing research has some limitations, such as individual differences in taste perception, difficulty in ensuring the validity of taste measurement, lack of unified research paradigm in taste experiment. Hence, future research should continue to verify the taste metaphor and apply it to the fields of sensory marketing and psychological therapy. The current study intensively analyzes taste from the aspects of physiology, psychology, and society, and discuses all facets of the mechanism and effects of taste on judgment and decision-making.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2019-11-08
Abstract： Persons who are addicted are known to show cue-induced responses (such as psychological craving) to drug-related cues. Previous research showed that both tool-related (e.g., syringe) and action-related (e.g., use of the syringe) drug cues can elicit craving. However, whether the two types of drug related cues can elicit the same brain reactivity and similar degree of disinhibition is still unclear, especially because of the scarcity of ERP studies on this topic. Using a behavioral task and the ERP technique, the present study investigated the behavior reactivity and EEG characteristics shown by men addicted to heroin and healthy controls in response to tool-related and action-related drug cues. Participants were 36 men, 19 of whom were addicted to heroin and 17 of whom were healthy non-drug users, matched on age and years of education. Participants engaged in the two-choice Oddball task, which included two conditions: A. the tool condition, with a picture of a “cup” serving as the standard stimulus and pictures of drug-use tools serving as deviant stimuli; B. the action condition, with a picture of “drinking water” serving as the standard stimulus and pictures of drug-use actions serving as deviant stimuli. In this experiment, the probabilities of standard stimuli and deviant stimuli were 70% and 30%. Participants were asked to press different keys on the keyboard in response to standard stimuli and deviant stimuli as rapidly and accurately as possible. Behavioral results indicated that in men who were addicted to heroin, greater disinhibition was seen in a longer reaction time in response to action cues than tool cues. Between-group analyses of the ERP data showed that compared to the healthy controls, men who were addicted to heroin demonstrated a smaller N2 and larger P3 amplitude in response to drug related cues. Moreover, action cues elicited a smaller N2 amplitude in the heroin addicted group than the control group, especially in the frontal, central and central-parietal areas of the brain, and a larger P3 amplitude, especially in the central and parietal areas of the brain. Within-group analyses in just the heroin addicted group showed that the N2 was smaller in response to action cues versus tool cues. Meanwhile, the action cues elicited a larger amplitude of P3 than the tool cues, especially in the central, central-parietal and parietal regions of the brain. These findings provide behavioral and ERP evidence for the hypothesis that different types of drug-related cues produce different cue-induced reactivity. More specifically, drug use action stimuli, which appear to trigger greater disinhibition and greater ERP reactivity in the brain areas associated with motor resonance, should be considered in the treatment of addiction and in relapse prevention.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2019-08-26
Abstract： The effect of hunger on individual cognition and social behavior was reviewed based on the psychological perspective. Hunger has been related to impaired general cognitive function, biased cognition and decision-making. Other literature has evidenced that hunger can alter social attitude, reduce moral judgment standard and induce aggressive behavior. Three hypotheses discussed in previous literature were summarized: ego-depletion hypothesis, cognitive activation hypothesis and coordination mechanism hypothesis, all of which attempt to explain the psychological mechanism driving the effects of hunger. Upon evaluating the literature, it can be pointed out that existing researches have problems such as different subjective feelings of hunger, inaccurate measurement methods. Thus, a suggestion for future research is to focus on how to improve the validity of hunger measurement and explore the internal mechanism of hunger effect on the multiple physiological, psychological and social layers.
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