Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Depending on how closely it connects with environmental health, behavioral response as a result of air pollution can be classified into two types: direct behavior and social behavior (or spillover behavior). In this regard, this paper reviewed previous literature on how air pollution influences these two types of behaviors. Further, we summarized several mechanisms underlying these two behaviors. Specifically, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Action Process Approach were proposed to model direct behavior; anxiety and ego depletion were proposed to predict social behavior. More comprehensive investigations into the behavioral mechanisms will benefit future designing of more effective measures against air pollution. Future researchers may consider adopting a longitudinal paradigm and conduct in-depth analyses of behavioral mechanisms, in order to improve individuals’ behaviors in response to risks.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In recent years, the nudging method of default options has been increasingly used to improve public behavior and increase the public approval of social policies. Default option setting is a tool of choice architecture. It involves setting a pre-selected option that takes advantage of people’s inertia, subtly increasing the likelihood that decision-makers choose this default option. Defaults are commonly framed in the opt-in system (without any default) and opt-out system (target option as a default). The frequencies at which the target option is of the target option is chosen are considerably higher in the latter, which is known as the default effect. Although a great number of studies have shown the default effect in various scenarios, the effectiveness of default nudge has been questioned by scholars and the public nowadays. For example, there are a series of studies that show that default option settings are ineffective or even counterproductive in promoting public behavior. Given the dispute on the effectiveness of the default nudge method, the current study aims to systematically examine how effective defaults are and whether their effectiveness varies across culture (Eastern culture vs. Western culture), domains (money-related domain, health-related domain, and environment-related domain), behavioral motives (benefits self vs. benefits others; whether there is real financial consequence of choice), and experiment characteristics (type of dependent variables, time of publication, sample size, and type of experiment). We conducted a literature search and meta-analysis of 56 articles, covering 92 default studies (pooled n = 112, 212, range = 16 ~ 19992) that fitted our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that opt-out defaults lead to more pre-selected decisions than opt-in defaults do (d = 0.59, t = 10.12, 95% CI = [0.47, 0.71], p < 0.001), indicating that default nudging has a considerable effect. Further analysis showed two factors that could partially explain when the defaults’ effectiveness varies. First, moderating analysis showed that cultural background moderated the effect of default nudging: the effect of opt-out system under Western culture performed better than that under Eastern culture (b = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.05, 0.84], p = 0.027). Second, the moderating analysis also revealed the moderating effect of consumer choice and health choice. The nudging effectiveness of the default option settings was relatively better in the field of consumer choice (b = 0.43, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.70], p = 0.002), also somewhat effective in the field of pro-environmental choice (b = -0.32, 95% CI = [-0.66, 0.02], p = 0.067), and weakest in the field of health domain (b = -0.32, 95% CI = [-0.42, 0.10], p = 0.233). Lately, the default effect was not influenced by motivational factors or experiment characteristics. In conclusion, the current work-integrated findings in previous default-related studies and answered the questions regarding how effective the defaults are and when their effectiveness varies. The present meta-analysis covered 21 more studies than previous analyses and 5 more studies based on the Asian samples. In the 92 studies included in this meta-analysis, most showed a positive effect of default nudge on people’s behavioral change, and only a few studies found no significant or negative effects. The total default effect in our analysis was slightly lower than the results reported by Jachimowicz et al. (2018), but it still showed a medium-sized effect, indicating that the default nudge is indeed effective in promoting behavioral changes. Our finding provides a new conclusion for the studies of the effectiveness of the default effect, and reveals the moderating effect of cultural background for the first time, which may help us to better understand whether the defaults are effective and when to use the defaults.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-11-22
Abstract： Default–based nudge has been increasingly used in recent years to improve the public approval of social policies. However, its effectiveness has also been questioned by the public and some scholars. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of default options and the related variables that may affect its effectiveness. A total of 56 empirical research and 92 studies were included through literature retrieval. Results of the meta-analysis are as follows: (1) A considerable effect of default options was observed, (2) The moderating analysis of cultural background revealed that the nudging effect of default options under Western culture was better than that under Eastern culture, and (3) Lastly, the moderating analysis showed a significant difference of default effect between different domains and that the nudging effect of default options was greater in the money–related domain than in the health and environmental domains.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-09-24
Abstract： [Objective] Measuring people’s attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination is relatively distinctive from an attitude over a general conflict. [Methods] An online survey of 3123 respondents from China’s 30 provinces and municipalities (except Tibet Autonomous Region) was conducted from January 22 to 27, 2021 to measure their willingness to be vaccinated. [Results] Over half of the respondents chose the options ‘not to be vaccinated now’ and ‘wait and see before making a vaccination decision’, thereby indicating that people’s willingness to be vaccinated is not as optimistic as anticipated in the early stage of vaccination in China. [Conclusions] Researchers should carefully choose survey methods to investigate people's real willingness to vaccination. It is suggested that relevant departments should fully anticipate and prepare for people's "vaccination hesitation" " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： Depending on how closely it connects with environmental health，behavioral response as a result of air pollution can be classified into two types: direct behavior and social behavior (or spillover behavior). In this regard, this paper reviewed previous literature on how air pollution influences these two types of behaviors. Further, we summarized several mechanisms underlying these two behaviors. Specifically, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Action Process Approach were proposed to model direct behavior; anxiety and ego depletion were proposed to predict social behavior. More comprehensive investigations into the behavioral mechanisms will benefit future designing of more effective measures against air pollution. Future researchers may consider adopting a longitudinal paradigm and conduct in-depth analyses of behavioral mechanisms, in order to improve individuals’ behaviors in response to risks." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-22
Abstract： With the development of the Internet, more and more attention has been paid to online verbal aggressive and prosocial behavior, both of which are essentially the expression of individual emotions and are closely related to the changes of individual emotions. In this paper, we crawled the data from Microblog the most popular social software in China, obtaining the word frequency data of aggressive and prosocial behavior, and analyzed the time trend with seasonal differences of these two behaviors. The results show that the time trends of aggressive and prosocial behavior are highly consistent in a year. The frequency of aggressive words in Microblog is significantly different in different seasons (F=2.935, P= 037), in which the frequency of words in winter is significantly higher than that in autumn; the frequency of prosocial words is also significantly different in different seasons (F=14.51, P<0.05), in which the frequency of words in winter is significantly higher than that in other seasons. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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