Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The effects of light on social cognition and social behavior as a specific form of non-image forming (NIF) function are less investigated than any other NIF functions, which is a promising field. Natural light and artificial light exert different influences on prosocial and antisocial behaviors. At present, the underlying psychological mechanisms mainly focus on mood, self construal, sense of anonymity, moral salience and embodied cognition. Future studies should put emphasis on dynamic lighting, laboratory studies of natural light, replications of previous studies and investigations of possible psychological and neuro-endocrine mechanism.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Besides affecting vision, light exerts powerful non-visual effects on a wide range of biological functions and behaviors, such as modulating circadian rhythm, melatonin suppression, and acute alertness. Comprehensive studies on the effect of light on human circadian rhythm now lead more researchers to pay attention to the effects of light on acute alertness. Here, we summarized (1) different measures of alertness, (2) factors that may influence the effect of light on alertness like illuminance, exposure, timing, wavelength and color temperature, (3) promising applications of the alerting effect of light in some affective disorders, circadian rhythm, and office lighting, and (4) future directions focusing on investigation of neural mechanisms, optimal lighting characteristics, and potential confounds.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Sleep problems are more common with the prevalence of digital media devices. Subjective and objective research has shown evidence of negative sleep impacts of digital media usages. The underlying mechanisms involve sleep displacement, hyperarousal and effects of screen light and electromagnetic radiation. Sleep education, restriction of digital media usage and blocking blue light from screen can be promising options to alleviate the undesirable effects of digital media on sleep. More effort should be devoted to the integration of theoretical models, causality establishment between digital media and sleep, objectivization and standardization of measurements, refined classification of digital media user behaviors and local research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Since the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), an increasing number of studies on Non-image forming effects (NIF) of light revealed evidence for acute changes in the level of alertness, mood and cognitive performance during the biological night and day. Regarding the influence of ambient light on cognitive performance in healthy day-active people, however, studies have revealed even more equivocal findings. Light’s effect on cognition is moderated by many factors, chief among them are the parameters of light (intensity and spectrum), lighting pattern, timing (time of day and year), personality characteristics and the nature of the task. For future research should pay more attention to investigating the relationship between light level and performance with multiple manipulations of light, exploring dynamic lighting system, developing customized personalized luminaire and testing molecular biological mechanism of NIF effect of light.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Effects of sleep restriction on cognitive functions have been of considerable concern. Studies showed that effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance were inconsistent and suggested that effects of sleep restriction on cognition would depend on cognitive domains (e.g. attention, executive function and long-term memory), the severity of sleep restriction, as well as demographic characteristics (e.g. age and gender). Four main possible hypotheses including the arousal hypothesis, the vigilance hypothesis, the controlled attention hypothesis and the prefrontal cortex vulnerability hypothesis have been put forward to explain the underlying mechanism. Further understanding of such mechanism could be facilitated by focusing on individual differences, effects of mild sleep restriction and employing the ASL Perfusion MRI technology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： As an essential timing factor, ambient light plays a vital role in synchronizing internal biological rhythms with external lighting and dark environments. Meanwhile, ambient light is also a critical mood regulator; its non-image-forming (NIF) effects on mood are especially concerned by researchers. Previous studies have demonstrated that illuminance, correlated color temperature (CCT), and wavelength of ambient illuminance are key physical factors affecting mood. Moreover, unusual lighting patterns such as short lighting periods, artificial lighting during the night, and constant lighting/darkness have destructive effects on emotion and mood that may induce affective disorders such as depression and anxiety. To date, the conclusion that short-time light affects emotion is not quite consistent. Studies have found that the NIF effects of short-term light on mood was not only affected by the intensity and spectrum of light, but also modulated by exposure duration, timing, individual characteristics, subjective preferences, and gene types. In a period of time, the longer the subjects received bright light exposure and the earlier they received morning light exposure, the lower their depression score. However, in the short-term lighting experiment of simulating office lighting, prolonged exposure of bright light was not conducive to individuals’ subjective emotional experience; while the positive effect of CCT on emotion may depend on prolonged exposure. It is worth noting that receiving light exposure at different time in a day can advance or delay the circadian rhythms; thus, the timing could also regulate light’s emotional function. In addition, women were found to prefer higher illuminance and lower CCT than men; while young subjects were more sensitive to polychromatic light with shorter wavelength than older subjects. Compared with individuals with PER34/4 genotype, individuals with PER35/5 genotype were more sensitive to light exposure and had a higher risk of depression; the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was also proved to regulate the effect of light on the functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in healthy subjects. Lastly, the mechanisms by which light affects mood are shown from two aspects. On the one hand, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may project light signals to the brain areas responsible for emotion regulation. On the other hand, ambient light may affect mood by altering circadian rhythms, regulating hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and sleep. Future research can employ neuroscience technology to simultaneously examine the changes of subjective emotional experience and objective neural activity under multi-levels of illuminance and CCT; and combine multimodal data such as subjective rating, behavioral measurement, physiological response, and neural activity to track the effects of ambient light on mood. Besides, except for the NIF of light, ambient light may convey specific emotional meanings via the visual system, thus leading to various visual experiences transmitted by illuminance or wavelength, or lighting mode (direct or indirect lighting). Therefore, whether the visual perception of light, dominated by rods and cones, also potentially contributes to light's emotional function and how to separate it from the non-visual effects could be a promising direction in future research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-03-23
Abstract： As a dominant Zeitgeber, ambient light can regulate sleep-wake patterns in humans. Exposure to higher light levels or more light exposure during the daytime, especially during the morning, positively predict nighttime sleep quality, but this effect is mediated by the light parameters (e.g., light level or spectrum), timing factors (e.g., time of day and duration), and light pattern. On the one hand, light can indirectly influence the sleep-wake cycle by regulating individuals’ circadian rhythms through the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). On the other hand, light can directly affect sleep through the projection of melanopsin expressed by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to sleep- and wakefulness-related brain regions. However, there is still no clear consensus on whether light can affect sleep via regulation of sleep homeostatic process, which was another process driven the sleep-wake cycle. Future research should pay more attention on how to create “Human centric lighting” for those who work in the absence of daylight or need personal light to support their mental and physical requirement.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-08-31
Abstract： Ambient light broadly modulates individuals’ physiological and psychological functions as a zeitgeber, and its non-image-forming (NIF) effects on individuals’ mood attract wide attention recently. Previous studies have demonstrated that illuminance, correlated color temperature, and wavelength are key physical factors influencing mood. Unusual light patterns such as short lighting periods, artificial lighting during the night, and constant lighting or darkness may lead to affective disorders. In addition, the NIF effects of ambient light on mood are also modulated by exposure duration, timing, individual characteristics, subjective preferences, and gene types. The potential mechanisms that underlie the modulatory effects of light on mood are discussed from two aspects: on the one hand, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may project light signals to the brain areas responsible for emotional regulation. On the other hand, ambient light may regulate mood by altering circadian rhythms, hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and sleep. Future efforts are necessary to address the effects of short-term light exposure on mood by introducing more objective and diverse emotional measurement techniques, integrating visual and non-visual neural pathways, and further exploring the therapeutic effects of light among people with mood disorders.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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