Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Episodic Future Thinking (EFT), a mental simulation of likely future experience, is critical to human adaptation. Accordingly, EFT has been explored with different rigorous scientific approaches-cognitive, neuropsychological and neuroimaging. Benefits of these research outputs are understandably enormous. However, these findings need to be properly organized to be accessible in a digestible manner. Therefore, based on the results of behavioral and neuroimaging studies, this paper systematically discusses the concept. Specifically, the study summarizes research findings on brain and behavior as they relate to individual's past life experiences, the corresponding memories, and life goals. Further, the study highlights that EFT is not solely positive; and demarcates conditions where EFT is potentially detrimental to the individual as reported in the literature. Strong argument is put forward for deepening the depth and widening the breadth of research on EFT. Particularly, the paper recommends further work on EFT typology, EFT and maladaptive behaviors, and the mechanisms for corrective measures or interventions. These areas when examined may contribute to theoretical understanding of EFT whilst expanding its practical utility for human adaptation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Multi-sensory integration (MSI), also known as multi-modal integration, refers to a comprehensive process of selecting, connecting, unifying, and interpreting different sensory information. It involves coordination among various functional brain regions to achieve temporal binding of multiple sensory information and global predictive coding. On the other hand, the gamma rhythm oscillation (i.e., γ-band oscillation, at 30-100 Hz), as a type of neural oscillatory activity with low amplitude but high frequency, widely exists in different brain areas. Gamma rhythm oscillation mainly originates from the responses of glutamic acid of the supragranular layers to external stimuli, while this response is synchronously modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons. Recent research has shown that gamma rhythm oscillation plays a critical role in perceptual process due to its multiple functions in reflecting excitation/inhibition balance of interneurons, implementing temporal binding of multi-sensory information, and participating in global predictive coding via a cross-frequency coupling mechanism. On the other hand, MSI deficits are typical comorbidities of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and usually found in ASD children from 7 to 12 years of age in the growth and development period. The main clinical manifestation of MSI deficits in ASD is that the patients have difficulties in combining with multi-sensory information efficiently, and even show abnormal perception such as hyper- or hypo-sensitivity. Under laboratory conditions, the MSI deficits in ASD could be illustrated as lacking multisensory redundant target effect, wider but symmetrical temporal binding window, weaker ability of rapid audiovisual temporal recalibration, and few illusions in multi-sensory integration. From the perspective of MSI deficits in ASD, this article systematically reviews previous theories in abnormal perception of ASD, which include the minicolumn pathology hypothesis (Casanova et al., 2002), the temporal binding deficit hypothesis (Brock et al., 2002), the predictive coding deficit hypothesis (Chan et al., 2016), and the cross-frequency coupling hypothesis (Kessler et al., 2016). We also analyze the physio-psychological mechanisms of ASD’s MSI deficits in combination with their abnormal gamma rhythm oscillations. We argue that abnormal gamma rhythm oscillations should be treated as an important biomarker of MSI deficits in ASD. Specifically, compared with healthy controls, children with ASD usually exhibit abnormal gamma oscillations caused by their structural and functional abnormalities in GABA interneurons (i.e., impaired minicolumn). In turn, the abnormalities in GABA interneurons indexed by gamma oscillations would interfere the functional gamma feedforward connectivity and then disrupt the normal temporal binding and predictive encoding, and thus eventually cause MSI deficits. Although gamma rhythm oscillations in ASD have high correlations with their MSI deficits, it should be noted that the gamma rhythm oscillations might be one of the critical biomarkers of MSI deficits, but not the only one. Previous research has also shown that the alpha rhythm oscillations could also reflect the MSI deficits in ASD. In addition, interventions on abnormal gamma rhythm oscillations could improve clinical symptoms of MSI deficits in children with ASD, but may not able to fully resolve their multi-sensory integration problems. Therefore, as a biomarker of MSI deficits in ASD, gamma rhythm oscillations should to be used in caution. Nevertheless, given a causal link existed between gamma neural oscillations and MSI deficits in ASD, future research could use gamma rhythm neural oscillation as a biofeedback indicator, in combination with non-invasive and reversible intervention technologies (e.g., repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, rTMS), to develop scientific and systematic clinical interventions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-09-13
Abstract： " People tend to make inferences about other people's personality traits based on their appearance, which is actually a phenomenon of "judging people by their appearance". Body shape, as an important aspect of appearance, plays an important role in shaping the impression of others. A large number of studies have shown that body shape does affect people's reasoning about their personality traits, and then form impression management. People generally have stereotypes of "fat-negative" and "thin-positive". People usually have a negative view of obesity, but on the contrary, they make positive comments on lean body. However, it is worth noting that most of the past researches focused on the reasoning of the fixed body shape, and there is little research on whether the process of body shape change will change the personality traits that people formed in the past. Does the process of becoming fat and thin, relative to the fixed state of obesity and thin, affect people's trait reasoning results? This study focused on the dynamic process of body shape change, and intended to take two experiments to investigate whether the body shape changes in different directions and to different degrees, whether it would affect its personality traits reasoning. In Experiment 1, we investigated the inference results of personality traits when the body shape changed from thin to fat and from fat to thin compared with obesity and lean body shape. Since Experiment 1 focused on the extreme body shape of obesity and thinness, we added pictures of normal body shape in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2, we investigated the reasoning results of personality traits of subjects when the trend of body shape change was the same, but the degree of change was different. That is, when the body shape changes between three levels of obesity, normal, and thin, whether there is significant change in the inference results of the participants’ personality traits. The results suggested that the reasoning of personality trait between body shape change and body shape invariance is basically the same, the contrast body shape has been obese, the body shape from thin to fat is more negative, the contrast body shape has been thin, the body shape from fat to thin is more positive. Whether male or female picture material, contrast body shape from thin to fat, body shape from fat to thin personality trait reasoning results are more positive. In Experiment 2, we add normal body shape pictures and the results suggested that the inferential results of personality traits from fat to normal were more positive than from fat to thin, and from thin to normal personality traits were more positive than from thin to fat. Two experiments suggested that the participants' own BMI index and gender were important factors influencing the speculation of personality traits of others. Based on these results, it is concluded that body shape changes can affect people's trait reasoning results. Being too fat or too thin can lead to negative personality trait reasoning. People prefer normal body shape.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-08-07
Abstract： Multi-sensory integration (MSI) refers to a comprehensive process of selecting, connecting, unifying, and interpreting different sensory information. It involves coordination among various brain regions to achieve temporal binding of multiple sensory information and global predictive encoding. On the other hand, gamma oscillation plays vital roles in MSI, due to its versatile functions in reflecting excitation/inhibition balance of interneuron, implementing temporal binding of multi-sensory information, and participating in global predictive encoding via a cross-frequency coupling mechanism. Multisensory integration deficits are typical symptoms of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research shows that patients with ASD usually exhibit abnormal gamma oscillations caused by structural and functional abnormalities in GABA interneurons. In turn, these abnormal gamma oscillations disrupt temporal binding and predictive encoding, and eventually lead to MSI deficits in ASD. As a result, future research could use gamma rhythm neural oscillation as a biofeedback indicator, in combination with non-invasive and reversible intervention technologies, to develop scientific and systematic clinical intervention treatments. " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-09-14
Abstract： The theory of catharsis believes that venting can effectively alleviate anger and aggressive impulses. However, a large number of experimental studies about the effects of direct catharsis, indirect catharsis and target catharsis on aggression have revealed the potential harm of catharsis on aggression and its functional mechanism, the catharsis can’t reduce anger but increase aggression through factors such as cognitive processing. Even so, the public still favors this seemingly convenient way of regulating emotion, for example catharsis equipment has become the standard equipment of psychological counseling institutions. This not only suggests people's unilateral cognition of psychological catharsis, but also reflects the lack of scientific and standardized construction of our social psychological service system. Future research should focused on the potential problems and its possible solutions in the current widespread application of catharsis equipment that used as a mean of modern psychological intervention.
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