Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Autobiographical Memory is the memory of personal experiences. Attachment theory provides an important framework for understanding autobiographical memory. Based on the differences in individual attachment styles and the Self-Memory System of Conway and Pearce’s, this article concludes that attachment system plays the role of target director, defensive exclusion and emotion regulation in autobiographical memory retrieval. Studies have found that secure individuals have advantages over insecure ones in the quantity, specificity, accuracy, accessibility, emotional intensity and arousal of memory retrieval. Future research can be carried out on the effects of attachment activation, the differences in specific components of memory retrieval between anxious and avoidant attachment styles, the relationship between attachment and retrieval of involuntary autobiographical memory.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： People can infer personal traits from names and, thus, the impressions of an individual can be influenced by how others perceive his or her name. Previous research has found that people have a distinctive perception of masculine and feminine names. This raises an interesting question: How do people evaluate individuals with opposite gender-oriented names, and how will this evaluation affect interpersonal interaction based on the main two dimensions of social cognition (i.e., warmth and competence). To answer these questions, the first aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of warmth and competence of names within the Chinese context and examine the effects of an individual’s gender and name-gender orientation on impression formation. The second aim was to explore the behavioral aftereffects of evaluation of impressions based on individual’s names.Four studies were conducted to explore the research questions. In Study 1, a total of 100 masculine and feminine names were presented to 176 undergraduate students who were asked to rate these names according to four traits: two traits for each dimension of warmth and competence. In Study 2, 121 undergraduate participants were presented with information about target genders and names. Participants were asked to rate these targets based on warmth and competence. In Study 3a, 136 undergraduate participants were presented with two targets that had masculine or feminine names within the context of imagining going on a trip with them. Furthermore, in Study 3b, 131 undergraduate participants were asked to imagine that they would meet two individuals with different names within the context of finishing a difficult task. Participants in Study 3a and Study 3b were then asked to evaluate these individuals based on their warmth and competence traits and choose one of them as their partner to complete the corresponding activities.The results were as follows: (1) Feminine names were rated higher on warmth than masculine names, and masculine names were rated higher on competence than feminine names; (2) Individuals with gender-consistent names were considered to have the typical characteristics of their gender: women with feminine names were perceived as warmer than women with masculine names, and men with masculine names were perceived more competent than men with feminine names; (3) Individuals with gender-inconsistent names were considered to have the characteristics of the opposite sex: men with feminine names were perceived less competent than women with masculine names, whereas women with masculine names were perceived less warm than men with feminine names; (4) Participants intended to make friends with women whose names were consistent with their gender, and the perception of warmth completely mediated the effect of name-gender orientation on willingness to interact; and 5) Participants preferred to finish difficult tasks with men whose names were consistent with their gender, and the perception of competence completely mediated the effect of name gender orientation on willingness to cooperate. This is the first study to explore how gender and name gender orientation affect individuals’ impressions by applying stereotype content in China. We examined the influence of name gender orientation on individuals’ perceptions about others, as well as their behavior intention and mechanism, from the perspective of the perceiver’s motivation. This study provides new theoretical explanations and empirical support for impression evaluation and interpersonal interaction based on names, and has important implications for future research on the social cognition of names. Further studies should explore the content of gender-ambiguous names and their effects on individuals’ impressions and behavioral aftereffects. The effects of emotional and cognitive processes on names and interpersonal interaction should also be assessed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-12-23
Abstract： People can infer personal traits from names, and impressions of individual can be influenced by names. It is estimated that male-oriented names and female-oriented names have difference on the perception of the big two fundamental traits: warmth and competence. It raises an interesting question: how people evaluate individuals with opposite gender-oriented names, and what effect does the name have on the individual's interpersonal interaction. To answer these questions, the first aim of the current study was to test the content of gender-oriented names in Chinese context, and examine the effects of name-gender orientation and gender on individual’s impression formation. The second aim of the study was to explore the behavioral aftereffects of names and its evaluation-behavior mechanism. Four studies were carried out to explore this problem. In Study 1, 176 undergraduate participants were presented with 100 gender orientation names, participants were asked to rate names on 4 traits (2 on warmth dimension, 2 on competence dimension). In Study 2, 121 undergraduate participants were presented with information about two subjects, two subjects are of the same sex but different gender orientation names. Participants were asked to rate two subjects on warmth and competence dimension. In Study 3a, 136 undergraduate participants were presented with introductions, which describe two person with different gender orientation names in the context of trip. In Study 3b, 131 undergraduate participants were imagined that they would meet two person with different names in the context of finishing task. Participants in Study 3a and Study 3b were then asked to evaluate subjects on 6 traits (3 on warmth dimension, 3 on competence dimension), and choose one as partner to complete corresponding activities. The results showed that: (1) Female-oriented names were higher on warmth than male-oriented names, male-oriented names were higher on competence than female-oriented names; (2) Individuals with gender-consistent names were considered to have the characteristic of typical male or female: female with female-oriented names were perceived more warmth than female with male-oriented names, and male with male-oriented names were perceived more competence than man with female-oriented names; (3) Individuals with gender-inconsistent names were considered to have the characteristics of the opposite sex: male with female-oriented names were perceived more warm than female with male-oriented names, female with male-oriented names were perceived more competence than male with female-oriented names; (4) Participants intended to make friends with female subjects whose name is consistent with gender, and trait warmth totally mediated the impact of gender-oriented names on willingness to interact; Participants intended to finish task with male whose name is consistent with gender, and trait competence totally mediated the impact of gender-oriented names on willingness to cooperate. In conclusion, the current study is the first to explore gender-oriented names and gender on impression of name owners by applying the content of stereotype, and examines the influence of gender-oriented names on individual impression and behavior intention and its mechanism from the perspective of social motivation. This study provides new theoretical basis and empirical support for impression evaluation and interpersonal interaction based on names, and has important implications for the future research about name social cognition. Future research should explore the content of gender-ambiguous names and its’ effects on individual’s impression and behavior aftereffects, and combine emotion and cognition to examine the influence of names on interpersonal interaction. "
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