Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In visual search, the phenomenon that attention is attracted by task-independent salient stimulus, which leads to search efficiency reduction is called attentional capture. In the traditional theories of visual attentional capture, stimulus-driven theory and goal-driven theory were argued for nearly 20 years. According to stimulus-driven theory, attention is automatically captured by physically salient objects, and regardless of the intentions of the observers. Other researchers believe that only stimuli that match the features of the search target will capture attention. In recent years, two new hybrid models were proposed, which combined bottom-up capture and top-down control settings, called rapid disengagement hypothesis and signal suppression hypothesis. The main content of the rapid disengagement hypothesis is that a salient distractor can always capture attention in a bottom-up manner, but attention only landed on the position of the highlighted stimulus that similar to the target. If the selected stimulus does not look like the target at all, disengagement from that location would be fast and swift. In the empirical evidences of the rapid disengagement hypothesis, spatial-cueing paradigm and oculomotor disengagement paradigm were most often adopted. In those tasks, participants usually took a singleton search strategy to promote search. The signal suppression hypothesis posits that a salient object can automatically produce a bottom-up “attend-to-me” signal, but this signal can be suppressed via top-down control processes when the highlighted object does not meet the task requirements. In the empirical evidences of the signal suppression hypothesis, an additional singleton paradigm was most often adopted. In those tasks, participants were forced to take a feature search strategy. The rapid disengagement hypothesis and the signal suppression hypothesis are indispensable components of the theories of attentional capture, and there are both similarities and differences between them. The similarity lies in the fact that both two theories assume that the initial stage of the attention capture occurs automatically. However, there are different opinions about the shifting of attention during this initial stage. The rapid disengagement hypothesis holds that there is an attention shift in the initial stage of the processing of the salient stimulus, and when the attention has enough time to disengage from the highlight stimulus that does not match the target, attentional capture will not occur. Different from the above views, the signal suppression hypothesis believes that there is no attention shift in the initial stage of the highlight stimulus processing. Attention capture does not actually occur because the salience signal can be suppressed by a top-down mechanism when the salient stimulus is inconsistent with the target. Future researches would focus on the following aspects: (1) More studies adopting different stimuli and experimental methods are needed to support rapid disengagement hypothesis and signal suppression hypothesis; (2) The effects of reward and training on “attentional capture-disengagement” and “signal-suppression” should also be explored in future researches; (3) The neural bases of reactive inhibition mechanism and active inhibition mechanism that involved in rapid disengagement hypothesis and signal suppression hypothesis is a problem which deserves attention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Statistical regularity refers to the regular presentation of stimuli implicit in a task. Previous studies have shown that statistical regularity based on location can affect the judgement of subsequent stimuli presented at that location. The effect of attentional capture would decrease when the distractor frequently appears in a certain location. However, comprehensive studies on whether statistical regularity based on features can modulate attention are lacking. The current study adopted a variant of the additional singleton paradigm to investigate the influence of feature-based statistical regularity of singletons on the attentional suppression effect. Experiment 1 was a single-factor within-subject design, and the presentation of a colour singleton was manipulated (colour singleton absent vs. colour singleton present) to investigate the attentional suppression effect. During the task, the participants adopted a feature search strategy to search for a target of a specific shape (diamond or circle) and ignored the salient colour singleton. In half of the trials, all stimuli were the same colour (green or red); in the other half of the trials, one colour singleton was presented among the search sequences. Similar to Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was a single-factor within-subject design, but the statistical regularity of the singleton features was manipulated (colour singleton absent vs. low probability colour singleton present vs. high probability colour singleton present). In one-third of the trials, all stimuli were the same colour (colour singleton absent). In the trials in which a colour singleton was presented, the colour singleton frequently appeared in a specific colour (50%, called high probability colour); in the other half of the singleton-present trials, a colour singleton appeared in one of the three colours randomly (called low probability colour). The participants were asked to respond by pressing the keyboard as quickly and accurately as possible in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Based on the reaction times, the results showed that (1) in Experiment 1, when the participants were forced to adopt the feature search strategy, they responded significantly faster in the colour singleton-present trials than in the colour singleton-absent trials; (2) in Experiment 2, regardless of whether there was a high or low probability colour condition, the participants responded significantly faster when the colour singleton was present than when it was absent; (3) compared with the low probability colour condition, the high probability colour condition corresponded to significantly faster responses. These results suggest that the influence of statistical regularity on attention is not confined to location, and feature-based statistical regularity of singletons can also modulate the attentional suppression effect.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-03
Abstract：
Despite the unlimited capacity of sensory registration, visual system can still provide an efficient summary of a cluttered scene, representing the statistical properties of multiple objects rather than forming detailed representations of individual objects. There is growing interest in the behavioral study of statistical summary representations (SSRs), especially in the exploring of their automatic mechanism as well as the domain-general or domain specific ensemble mechanism. However, the neural underpinnings of SSRs have received far less attention. Future work on SSRs may use neuroimaging methods to investigate their neural substrates directly, which is also important for understanding neural computation.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-03
Abstract： Statistical regularity refers to the regular presentation of stimuli implicit in a task. Previous studies have shown that statistical regularity based on location can affect the judgement of subsequent stimuli presented at that location. The effect of attentional capture would decrease when the distractor frequently appears in a certain location. However, comprehensive studies on whether statistical regularity based on features can modulate attention are lacking. The current study adopted a variant of the additional singleton paradigm to investigate the influence of feature-based statistical regularity of singletons on the attentional suppression effect. Experiment 1 was a single-factor within-subject design, and the presentation of a colour singleton was manipulated (colour singleton absent vs. colour singleton present) to investigate the attentional suppression effect. During the task, the participants adopted a feature search strategy to search for a target of a specific shape (diamond or circle) and ignored the salient colour singleton. In half of the trials, all stimuli were the same colour (green or red); in the other half of the trials, one colour singleton was presented among the search sequences. Similar to experiment 1, experiment 2 was a single-factor within-subject design, but the statistical regularity of the singleton features was manipulated (colour singleton absent vs. low probability colour singleton present vs. high probability colour singleton present). In one-third of the trials, all stimuli were the same colour (colour singleton absent). In the trials in which a colour singleton was presented, the colour singleton frequently appeared in a specific colour (50%, called high probability colour); in the other half of the singleton-present trials, a colour singleton appeared in one of the three colours randomly (called low probability colour). The participants were asked to respond by pressing the keyboard as quickly and accurately as possible in both experiment 1 and experiment 2. Based on the reaction times, the results showed that (1) in experiment 1, when the participants were forced to adopt the feature search strategy, they responded significantly faster in the colour singleton-present trials than in the colour singleton-absent trials; (2) in experiment 2, regardless of whether there was a high or low probability colour condition, the participants responded significantly faster when the colour singleton was present than when it was absent; (3) compared with the low probability colour condition, the high probability colour condition corresponded to significantly faster responses. These results suggest that the influence of statistical regularity on attention is not confined to location, and feature-based statistical regularity of singletons can also modulate the attentional suppression effect. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-09-04
Abstract： " In the traditional theory of visual attentional capture, the stimulus-driven theory and goal-driven theory were argued for nearly 20 years. Later, two new hybrid models were proposed, which combined bottom-up capture and top-down control settings, called the rapid disengagement hypothesis and the signal suppression hypothesis. The main content of the rapid disengagement hypothesis is that attention is captured by a salient distractor but is immediately disengaged when the distractor does not contain target’s defining attribute. Signal suppression hypothesis posits that a salient distractor can automatically produce a bottom-up “attend-to-me” signal, but this signal can be suppressed via top-down control processes so that it does not actually capture attention. The empirical evidence of the rapid disengagement hypothesis indicated that the spatial-cuing paradigm and oculomotor disengagement paradigm were most often adopted, and participants took the singleton search strategy. The empirical evidence of the signal suppression hypothesis indicated that the additional singleton paradigm was most often adopted, and participants were forced to take the feature search strategy. In the future, more studies adopting different stimuli and experimental methods are needed to support those two hybrid models. The effects of reward and training on “attentional capture-disengagement” and “signal-suppression” should also be explored in future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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