Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-26
Abstract： Narcissism leadership is a common phenomenon in organizations. It is important to study whether narcissistic leaders can effectively integrate knowledge in their teams to foster creativity. Draw on the review of the existing research, we adopted the aggregation, process, and social network perspectives to comprehensively clarify the influence of narcissism leadership on team creativity. Specifically, the perspective of aggregation emphasizes the important role of individual creativity in the development of team creativity, the perspective of process emphasizes that the interaction among team members is critical in enhancing team creativity, and the perspective of social network focuses on the team members’ relative positions as well as their internal and external relations. These three perspectives complemented each other to clarify the mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationship between narcissism leadership and team creativity. This study provides implications regarding the intervention strategies for work teams that are managed by narcissistic leaders. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-25
Abstract： In the process of reading, readers mainly obtain information through the fovea region—in particular, the parafovea plays an important role in information acquisition. Readers can obtain certain information from the parafovea through previewing processing, thus promoting the improvement of reading efficiency, which is called the “previewing effect”. The effect of the processing load of the fovea on the previewing effect of parafovea has become a popular research focus of late. For example, studies based on alphabetic languages have found that the previewing effect of the parafovea is greater for high-frequency and short words than for low-frequency and the long words. While Tibetan is an analphabetic language, it also belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and has many similarities with Chinese. However, it is still largely unclear how to reflect the above role in the process of Tibetan reading. Will it only show the common characters of alphabetic languages or will it show some Chinese characteristics? The present study aimed to provide experimental evidence to respond to these research questions. Two experiments were carried out on 119 Tibetan undergraduate students. More specifically, participants were asked to read Tibetan sentences and their eye movements during reading were recorded using an SR Research EyeLink 1000Plus eye tracker (sampling rate = 1000 Hz). Experiment 1 manipulated the fovea word frequency (i.e., high vs. low frequency) to investigate the word frequency effect and word frequency delay effect of fovea words in Tibetan reading. The results showed a word frequency effect and a word frequency delay effect in Tibetan reading. Experiment 2 manipulated both fovea word frequency and parafovea previewing word types with the aid of boundary paradigm to investigate the previewing effect of parafovea and the effect of fovea word frequency on the previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading. The results showed a previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading and that, when compared with low-frequency fovea words, high-frequency fovea words had a greater promoting effect on the previewing effect of parafovea. The primary findings can be summarized as follows: (1)significant word frequency effect exists in Tibetan reading, which is reflected in the whole process of vocabulary processing; (2)there is a significant word frequency delay effect in Tibetan reading, which runs through the whole process of vocabulary processing; (3)there is a significant previewing effect of parafovea in Tibetan reading, through which the reader can extract speech and font information; and(4)in Tibetan reading, fovea word frequency affects the size of the previewing effect of parafovea—moreover, word frequency only affects the extraction of shape previewing information in the early stage of lexical processing, that is, the previewing effect of high-frequency words is greater under the condition of shape previewing. In conclusion, the effect of the processing load of the fovea on the previewing effect of parafovea shows the common characteristics of alphabetic languages in Tibetan reading. In addition, this study found that reading Tibetan involves the word frequency delay effect and the previewing effect of parafovea; these findings support the theory of parafovea sequence processing in the E-Z reader model.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-25
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-05-25
Abstract： With the popularity of computer-based testings, the collection of item response times (RTs) and other process data has become a routine in large- and small-scale psychological and educational assessments. RTs not only provide information about the processing speed of respondents but also could be utilized to improve the measurement accuracy because the RTs are considered to convey a more synoptic depiction of the participants’ performance beyond responses alone. In multidimensional assessments, various skills are often required to answer questions. The speed at which persons were applying a set of skills reflecting distinct cognitive dimensions could be considered as multidimensional as well. In other words, each latent ability was measured simultaneously with its corresponding working efficiency of applying a facet of skills in a multidimensional test. For example, the latent speed corresponding to the latent ability of decoding of an algebra question may differ from encoding. Therefore, a multidimensional RT model is needed to accommodate this scenario, which extends various currently proposed RT models assuming unidimensional processing speed.? To model the multidimensional structure of the latent processing speed, this study proposed a multidimensional log-normal response time model (MLRT) model, which is an extension of the unidimensional log-normal response time model (ULRTM) proposed by van der Linden (2006). Model parameters were estimated via the full Bayesian approach with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). A PISA 2012 computer-based mathematics RT dataset was analyzed as a real data example. This dataset contains RTs of 1581 participants for 9 items. A Q-matrix (see Table 1) was prespecified based on the PISA 2012 mathematics assessment framework (see Zhan, Jiao, Liao, 2018); three dimensions were defined based on the mathematical content knowledge, which are: 1) change and relationships (θ1), 2) space and shape (θ2), and, 3) uncertainty and data (θ3). One thing to note is that the defined Q-matrix served as a bridge to link items to the corresponding latent abilities, which shows the multidimensional structure of latent abilities. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with the real dataset to manifest the multidimensional structure of the processing speed. Second, two RT models, i.e., the ULRTM and the MLRTM, were fitted to the data, and the results were compared. Third, a simulation study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the proposed model. The results of the EFA indicated that the latent processing speed has a three-dimensional structure, which matches with the theoretical multidimensional structure of the latent abilities (i.e., the Q-matrix in Table 1). Furthermore, the ULRTM and the MLRTM yield adequate model data fits according to the posterior predictive model checking values (ppp?= 0.597 for the ULRTM and?ppp?= 0.633 for the MLRTM). Furthermore, by comparing the values of the –2LL, DIC, and WAIC across the ULRTM and the MLRTM, the results indicate that the MLRTM fits the data better. In addition, the results show that (1) the correlations among three dimensions vary from medium to large (from 0.751 to 0.855); (2) the time-intensity parameters estimates of the two models were similar to each other. However, in terms of the time-discrimination parameters, the estimates of the ULRTM were slightly lower than the MLRTM. Moreover, the results from the simulation study show: 1) the model parameters were fully recovered with the Bayesian MCMC estimation algorithm; 2) the item time-discrimination parameter could be underestimated if the multidimensionality of the latent processing speed gets ignored, which meets our expectation, whereas the item time-intensity parameter stayed the same. Overall, the proposed MLRTM performed well with the empirical data and was verified by the simulation study. In addition, the proposed model could facilitate practitioners in the use of the RT data to understand participants' complex behavioral characteristics."
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-05-24
Abstract：人们普遍拥有“期待不朽、被人铭记”的传承动机，文章通过四个实验探讨了该动机如何通过未来自我连续性的影响作用于个体的金融冒险行为。实验1发现传承动机能够提升个体对未来自我的连续性感知。实验2在此基础上发现传承动机会弱化个体金融冒险行为(2a)，并且该效应被自我连续性感知中介(2b)。实验3进一步考察个体社会经济地位对上述中介效应的调节，结果发现上述中介效应只出现在社会经济地位相对较高(vs. 较低)的个体身上。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-23
Abstract： Testosterone is an androgen synthesized and secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes in men, the thecal cells of the ovaries and placenta of women. It can mediate various physiological, morphological, and behavioral processes, and is vital to human survival and reproduction. A large number of studies have shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between testosterone and social behavior. Testosterone can regulate various social behaviors, which in turn feedback and affect the testosterone level. Early research showed that individuals with high testosterone level are more aggressive. According to the challenge hypothesis and the biosocial status model, recent studies have revealed that testosterone is highly responsive to competitive interactions. In addition, by reviewing these studies, we suggest that changes in testosterone can affect aggressive behavior by enhancing the reactivity of the amygdala or reducing PFC-amygdala functional coupling. Future research could consider the potential role of other hormones (such as cortisol) and personality traits in regulating the relationship between testosterone and human aggressive behavior, as well as related biological mechanisms.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-23
Abstract： Early research on power has provided considerable evidence for the negative effects of power on prosocial behavior and its internal mechanisms. Although an increasing number of studies have attempted to test the positive effects of power on prosocial behavior, the mechanism of this positive effect is still not clear. By reviewing and integrating the relevant literature, sense of responsibility has been identified as a critical mediator in this positive effect. In addition, individuals with high levels of power may increase their sense of responsibility because of different reasons. Given the individual's own needs, relationships with others as well as organization, we systematically figure out that need for power maintenance, perception of dependency, and organizational identification would lead to high levels of responsibility, which then triggers powerful individuals to conduct more prosocial behaviors. Moreover, we also identified potential moderators at individual level, interpersonal level, and organizational level. Future research could focus on how power results in increased sense of responsibility from various ways including exploring this relationship in Chinese culture, adopting multiple research designs beyond experimental studies, as well as manipulating interventions for helping powerful individuals increase their levels of sense of responsibility.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-20
Abstract： The ground-surface reference frame is important in space perception. The sequential surface integration process (SSIP) hypothesis firstly speculated on its formation process. The core viewpoints and relevant evidences of SSIP hypothesis include three aspects: the representation principle of the ground, the integration conditions and the representation results. Although it has been supported by a large number of studies, the existing supporting evidence of SSIP hypothesis still has insufficient methodology, little attention to psychological mechanism, and some opposing evidence, which makes it unable to completely clarify the representation process of ground reference framework. Future research needs to be combined with technology based on process inspection and explore the formation mechanism of ground reference framework directly, and consider its application in national defense.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-05-16
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-14
Abstract： Taste is one of the indispensable feelings for human survival, and has substantially extended beyond the direct feeling of “tongue tip.” Taste affects individual perceptions and judgment of interpersonal relationship and ethics, and changes individual decision-making on risk-taking and consumption. Emotional intermediary, embodied metaphor, evolutionary, and social construction hypotheses are different perspectives used to explain the influence of taste on judgment and decision-making. The existing research has some limitations, such as individual differences in taste perception, difficulty in ensuring the validity of taste measurement, lack of unified research paradigm in taste experiment. Hence, future research should continue to verify the taste metaphor and apply it to the fields of sensory marketing and psychological therapy. The current study intensively analyzes taste from the aspects of physiology, psychology, and society, and discuses all facets of the mechanism and effects of taste on judgment and decision-making.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-05-14
Abstract： Psychological researches focus on describing, explaining and predicting behavior, and having a good understanding of the association between variables is an essential part of this process. Regression analysis, a method to evaluate the relationship between variables, is widely used in psychological studies. However, due to its highly focus on the interpretation of sample data, the traditional ordinary least squares regression has several drawbacks, such as over-fitting problem and limitation on dealing with multicollinearity, which may undermine the generalizability of the model. These drawbacks have an inevitable influence on the promotion and prediction of the model conclusion. With the rapid development of methodology, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression has been emerged to better compensate for the limitations of traditional methods. By introducing a penalty term in the model and shrinking the regression coefficients to zero, Lasso regression can achieve a higher accuracy of model prediction and model generalizability with the cost of a certain estimation bias. Besides, Lasso regression can also effectively deal with the multicollinearity problem. Therefore, it has been widely used in medicine, economics, neuroscience and other fields. In psychology, due to the limitations of computer computing power, researchers used to mainly rely on hypothesis testing to understand the association among variables to verify theories. Now, with the rapid development of machine learning, a shift from focusing on interpretation of the regression coefficients to improving the prediction of the model has emerged and become more and more important. Therefore, based on fundamental theories and real data analysis, the aim of this paper is to introduce the principles, implementation steps and advantages of the Lasso regression. With the help of statistic science, it is promising that more and more applied researchers will be called upon to focus on the emerging statistical tools to promote the development of psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2020-05-12
Abstract：变点分析法(change point analysis, CPA)近些年才引入心理与教育测量学，相较于传统方法，CPA不仅可以侦查异常作答被试，还能自动精确地定位变点位置，高效清洗作答数据。其原理在于：判断作答序列中是否存在可将该序列划分为具有不同统计学属性两部分的点(即变点)，并且需使用被试拟合统计量(person-fit statistic, PFS)来量化两个子序列之间的差异。未来可将单变点分析拓展至多变点，结合反应时等信息，构建非参数化指标以及将现有指标拓展至多级计分或多维测验，以提高CPA的适用广度及效力。
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-10
Abstract： Fake emotion refers to the process of emotional interaction that people show positive or negative emotions in disguise to amplify or suppress the original emotions. Fake emotion is the result of a strategic choice. The emotion displayed may not happen at the moment, but sometimes it can be persuasive. Fake emotions are common in daily life, but the present research on it is relatively scattered, and there are still some disputes about the interpersonal influence of fake emotion as well as its mechanism. The existing literature mainly concerns four aspects of the interpersonal effect of fake emotion, including the game process, pro-social behavior situation, organizational situation, and leadership effect. The related mechanisms include the affective reaction of the emotion receivers and the inner process of "speculating others’ emotions by their own standard". Future research can focus more on the deep and systematic study of fake emotion on the emotional receiver, group fake emotion, the valence of fake emotion, cognitive neural mechanism, culture background, and so on. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-08
Abstract： The ability to pre-process information from the parafovea, a hallmark component of skilled reading (Blythe, & Joseph, 2011), refers to the fact that readers visually and linguistically analyse upcoming words prior to their direct fixation. Previous findings regarding depth of pre-processing effects that are based on alphabetic language reading are mixed. One very important reason is that there is considerable variability in the length of target words in those studies conducted on alphabetic reading scripts. By contrast it is possible to conduct such studies in Chinese to allow for parafoveal processing of text to be operationalized over characters without length variability. Chinese is a language with characteristics that are optimal for investigating parafoveal processing. The present project will take advantage of Chinese text characteristics to examine three aspects of parafoveal processing by using the eye tracking technique: (1) the first study aims at exploring how parafoveal load affects the spatial extent of pre-processing, (2) the second study attempts to examine whether and how foveal load influences the spatial extent and depth of pre-processing; On the basis of the first two studies, (3) the third study will investigate how reading skill modulates the spatial and depth effects of parafoveal processing, and also how reading efficiency interacts with spatial extent and depth of pre-processing. The findings of the current project will seek to illuminate currently controversial issues on parafoveal processing, and will be beneficial for examining and extending the current reading models of eye movement control (e.g., E-Z reader model, SWIFT model)." "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： Scanmatch is an emerging method of eye movement data analysis in recent years. The method includes four steps of preprocessing of gaze data, division and encoding of interest regions, formation of eye track strings, and calculation of similarity scores. The researcher used scanmatch to study the decision process theory and related influencing factors, and verified the feasibility and accuracy of scanmatch in the decision research field. Future research should use scanmatch to conduct in-depth research on various decision-making theories and influencing factors to reveal the essence of decision-making process and construct a more complete decision theory model. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： Depending on how closely it connects with environmental health，behavioral response as a result of air pollution can be classified into two types: direct behavior and social behavior (or spillover behavior). In this regard, this paper reviewed previous literature on how air pollution influences these two types of behaviors. Further, we summarized several mechanisms underlying these two behaviors. Specifically, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Action Process Approach were proposed to model direct behavior; anxiety and ego depletion were proposed to predict social behavior. More comprehensive investigations into the behavioral mechanisms will benefit future designing of more effective measures against air pollution. Future researchers may consider adopting a longitudinal paradigm and conduct in-depth analyses of behavioral mechanisms, in order to improve individuals’ behaviors in response to risks." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： Statistical learning (SL), which was first addressed in the seminal study on speech segmentation of infants by Saffran et al. (1996), is a process of detecting the statistical regularities such as transitional probability in continuous flow of stimuli. Previous studies have proven the general existence of SL, and in recent years close attention has been placed on its specificity and its impact on other cognitive activities, especially revealing the cognitive neural mechanisms of SL and its interaction with language by exploring the process and the specificity of SL. According to the multimodal data from brain and behavior measures, future studies should seek more behavioral and neural indexes to evaluate the performance of SL, to explore the dynamic changes in neural activities of different types of SL and to construct the connection between neural correlates and behavioral performance, which will help to have an in-depth understanding of SL. Based on previous discoveries on the interaction between SL and language, future studies could determine whether SL is an effective intervention to improve language acquisition and how it works in the improvement, through exploring the effect of music SL training on second language learning of adult learners.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： " People overestimate the intensity and duration of their affective reactions to events in the future. This is called impact bias (Wilson & Gilbert, 2003). Impact bias influences individuals’ satisfaction with their decision making. Few studies have shed light on how to reduce impact bias in affective forecast based on dual-process theories. According to dual-process theories of human thinking, there are two distinct but interacting systems for information processing. System 1 relies on frugal heuristics and produces intuitive responses, while System 2 relies on deliberative analytical processing. System 2 often overrides the input of System 1 when analytical thinking is activated. Thus, we here hypothesize that analytical thinking reduces the impact bias in affective forecasting. In experiment 1, a total of 240 undergraduates were assigned to play an ultimatum game as proposers and asked to predict how they would feel when their proposals were accepted or rejected by responders. At random, they were told their proposals were accepted or rejected. As soon as they knew the result, they were asked to report how they felt. Before the ultimatum game began, participants were randomly assigned to view pictures of The Thinker to prime analytical thinking or geometric figures as a control condition. The results showed that analytical thinking reduced impact bias in affective forecasting by reducing the intensity of predicted emotions. In experiment 2, a total of 52 undergraduates took part in a memory test. They were asked to predict how they would feel if their score on a memory test exceeded 90% or not before they took the test. As soon as they knew the result that they did not exceed 90%, they were asked to report how they felt. Before taking the memory test, participants were randomly assigned to perform a verbal fluency task with words related to analytical thinking to prime analytical thinking or to a verbal fluency task with words not related to analytical thinking as a control condition. The results showed that analytical thinking reduced impact bias in affective forecasting by reducing the intensity of predicted emotions. In experiment 3, a total of 111 women who had only one child were asked to predict how they would feel if they had a second. Before predicting their feelings, they were randomly assigned to view pictures of The Thinker to prime analytical thinking or geometric figures as a control condition. Results showed that analytical thinking reduced the positive affect of having the second child but not the negative affect of having the second child. In sum, the present research shows that analytical thinking reduces impact bias in affective forecasting by reducing the intensity of predicted emotions. It can help us reduce impact bias in affective forecasting when making decisions and promote satisfaction with those decisions. Limitations and further research are here discussed as well.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-06
Abstract： Parafoveal pre-processing contributes to highly efficient reading for skilled readers (Ashby et al., 2012; Rayner, 2009). Research has demonstrated that high-skilled or fast readers extract more parafoveal information from a wider parafoveal region more efficiently compared to less-skilled or slow readers (e.g., Ashby et al., 2012; Chace et al., 2005; Rayner et al., 2010; Veldre & Andrews, 2015a). It is argued that individual differences in parafoveal preview are due to high-skilled or fast readers focusing less of their attention on foveal word processing than less-skilled or slow readers (Rayner, 1986; Veldre & Andrews, 2014). In other words, foveal processing difficulty might modulate an individual’s amount of parafoveal preview (Foveal Load Hypothesis, Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). However, few studies have provided evidence in support of this claim. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore whether and how foveal lexical processing load modulates parafoveal preview of readers with different reading speeds (a commonly used measurement of reading skill or reading proficiency). By using a three-minute reading comprehension task, 28 groups of fast and slow readers were selected from 300 participants (234 were valid) according to their reading speed in the current study. Participants were then asked to read sentences while their eye movements were recorded using an Eyelink 1000 eyetracker. Each experimental sentence contained a pre-target word that varied in lexical frequency to manipulate foveal processing load (low load: high frequency; high load: low frequency), and a target word manipulated for preview (identical or pseudo-character) within the boundary paradigm (Rayner 1975). Global analyses showed that, although fast readers had similar accuracy of reading comprehension to slow readers, they had shorter reading times, longer forward saccades, made less fixations and regressions, and had higher reading speeds compared to slow readers, indicating that our selection of fast and slow readers was highly effective. The pre-target word analyses showed that there was a main effect of word frequency on first-pass reading times, indicating an effective manipulation of foveal load. Additionally, there was an interactive effect between reading group and word frequency for first fixation and single fixation durations, showing that fast readers fixated high frequency pre-target words for less time than low frequency pre-target words, while slow readers made similar duration fixations on the high and low frequency pre-target words. However, the target word analyses did not show any three-way or two-way interactions for the first-pass reading times as well as for skipping probability. To be specific, the first-pass reading times were shorter at the target word with identical previews in relation to pseudocharacter previews (i.e. preview benefit effects); importantly, similar size effects occurred for both fast readers and slow readers. The findings in the present study suggest that lexical information from the currently fixated word can be extracted and can be used quickly for fast readers, while such information is used later for slow readers. This, however, does not result in more (or less) preview benefit for fast readers in relation to slow readers. In conclusion, foveal lexical processing does not modulate preview benefit for fast and slow readers, and the present results provide no support for the Foveal Load Hypothesis. Our findings of foveal load effects on parafoveal preview for fast and slow readers cannot be readily explained by current computational models (e.g., E-Z Reader model and SWIFT model).
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-04
Abstract： In exploring the brain mechanism of interval timing, animal research, compared with human subjects, can provide more evidence in pharmacology, molecular biology, single neuron electrophysiology and optogenetics. At present, the commonly used animal research paradigms of interval timing include temporal bisection task, peak-interval procedure and differential reinforcement of low rates. To be well fit for different research need, animal research paradigms are often adjusted. Animal research of interval timing were discussed from two aspects: (1) the introduction and comparison of the commonly used animal research paradigms of interval timing; (2) the research progress of neural mechanism of interval timing based on these paradigms, to provide a reference for further psychological research on time perception. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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