Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-01-29
Abstract： " Collective psychological ownership has been studies as the latest issue in the field of psychology. Existing studies have not yet explored the mechanism of how collective psychological ownership affects team creativity. This study aims to address the above gaps by examining whether, when and how Collective psychological ownership has impacted on team creativity. Based on the Motived Information Processing in Group Model, this paper first empirically explores the mechanism of collective psychological ownership on team creativity. This study theorizes that collective psychological ownership could affect information elaboration, and in turn enhanced team creativity. At the same time, criteria for status promotion would moderated the positive relationship that collective psychological ownership affects team creativity through information elaboration. In order to test our hypothesized model, we invited 101 Knowledge–based team leaders and their 800 subordinates who came from 16 big companies located in Wuhan, Zhengzhou and Guangzhou to participate in this research survey. In the end, we got 91 leader–followers dyads. As for scale to measure criteria for status promotion, we learned from Liu et al. (2013) measurement method of how to measure criteria for status promotion. Also, we adopte two items which are Adapted from the scale of Pierce et al (2004) to measure collective psychological ownership ,as well as other measurements were well–established scales. Confirmatory factor analyses showed satisfactory model fit indices. Inter–rated agreement(Rwg) and intra–class correlation (ICC) value justified the aggregation of team information elaboration, Collective psychological ownership, Relationship conflict, Team Learning Behavior and Team Creativity. A hierarchical regression analysis method is adopted to test the hypothesized model. Results showed that collective psychology ownership has a positive impact on team creativity, and information elaboration mediates the relationship between collective psychological ownership and team creativity. Criteria for status promotion moderates the relationship between collective psychological ownership and information elaboration. However, criteria for status promotion does not significantly moderates the relationship between collective psychological ownership and team creativity through information elaboration. The present research makes some contributions to the Existing literature. First, by examining the positive effect of Collective psychological ownership on team creativity, this research proves the effectiveness of Collective psychological ownership beyond past literatures. Second, this study indicates the mediating role of information elaboration as well as its boundary conditions. For the practical implications, this research suggests that strengthening awareness of collective psychological ownership is conducive to the promotion of information elaboration and team creativity, also leaders should realize that criteria for status promotion will lead to different levels of competition, which impacts the relationship between collective psychological ownership and information elaboration. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-01-28
Abstract： Although previous studies have found that a conformity effect exists widely, whether people are affected by groups in the evaluation of creative products, the new products with the basic characteristics of novelty and practicability, remains a question to be studied. Compared to artistic products, such products are closely related to real life, reflecting actual creativity, and they are typical creative products in life. Although such products reveal new perspectives for consumers, they also promote a sense of uncertainty. Research shows that when faced with uncertainty, participants are more likely to follow others. Almost all studies on this subject have involved the evaluation of creativity, yet novelty and practicability are two important aspects of creativity. Researchers have studied the characteristics of creativity or creative products; however, creative products can be divided into innovative products and renovative products according to their originality. Therefore, we plan to compare the conformity effect of the two kinds of creative products in the evaluation of novelty and practicability in this study. An “initial evaluation–conformity induced–delay re-evaluation” paradigm was used in Experiment 1, in which participants were first asked to evaluate the practicability (or novelty) of creative products; then the 200 undergraduates' average rating and the participants' own ratings were revealed. The group rating would be revealed as higher or lower than or similar to the participants' rating. Thirty-minutes later, participants evaluated the task again were entirely unexpected. To further analyze the difference in conformity degree between the two types of creative products, the subjects were required to make a certainty judgment on the novelty and practicality of the product in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 revealed that participants had decreased their practicability (or novelty) ratings when the group rating was lower than their first rating, increased their practicability (or novelty) ratings when the group rating was higher than their first rating, and did not change their ratings significantly when the group rating was comparable to their first rating. In the evaluation of practicability, it was found that the conformity of variation (the second rating–the first rating) of innovative products was significantly higher than that of renovative products. Nevertheless, in the evaluation of novelty, the two types of creative products had the same conformity of variation. Similarly, Experiment 2 found that the uncertainty of the evaluation of the practicability of the innovative product was greater than that of the renovative product. In the evaluation of the novelty of the two kinds of products, the degree of uncertainty was the same. In summary, both the evaluation of novelty and the practicability of creative products had a conformity effect. In the practicality evaluation of innovative products, it was easier for respondents to follow others, which might be caused by the greater uncertainty in the practical evaluation of innovative products than in that of renovative products. Nevertheless, in the absence of knowledge of new things, blindly following the crowd is likely to have unimaginable consequences. For long-term development, we should fully understand that innovative products are practical and decide what to do the next. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-01-26
Abstract： " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-01-24
Abstract： The question of whether the activation of stereotype is automatic activation (automatic activation) or controlled (inhibition) has been controversial. With the in-depth study, “stereotype activation is a cognitive process which is influenced by many cognitive factors, and the conditional automation process” has attracted more and more attention. Among them, the most discussed factors are category information, prompt clue, directional attention and so on. In addition to, it also involves interpersonal trust, perspective taking, cognitive psychology, imagination, perception of their age and other factors. In recent years, researchers have explained how social categories start stereotyped information from the perspective of perceived conflict. Stereotype information processing can help activate stereotype. So, does stereotype activation affect impression control strategies? When stereotype information is disturbed by other information and even affected by counter stereotyped information, does the stereotype associated with it automatically activate? When the two types of conflict information are subliminal priming, does cognitive control, which regulates the formation of impressions, have an effective inhibitory effect on stereotype activation? In response to these questions, the researchers began to focus on the influence of other people’s visual cues on impression formation to others. These studies controlling the stimulus presentation time and masking stimuli, so that part of the subliminal stimuli presented in the other part, stimuli presented in the above threshold. As a result, we can compare the similarities and differences between the effects of subliminal cues and subliminal cues on cognitive control. Studies have shown that when the participants are initiated by relevant cues, they acquire attributes about a social group in the long-term memory system. This information processing process is a rapid and implicit process of perceptual preparation, which consists of two stages: the social classification based on stereotyped information and the stereotype activation based on the extracted social categories. The two stages of information processing are divided into two parallel processing cognitive systems: the previous stage involves the intentional operating system, and the latter stage relates to the automatic monitoring system. Can the two cognitive systems be regarded as the carriers of active control and reactive control in the whole process of impression formation? At present, few studies have directly related to the relationship between stereotype processing and cognitive control strategies. In view of this, this study assumes that: (1) When there is a perceived conflict stereotype information and counterstereotype information, and the perceptual load is high, the impression formed by the effects of the reactive control to activate counterstereotype; and when the perceptual load is low, the impression formed by the proactive control of the role of prone to stereotype bias. (2) Cognitive control takes a “double-edged sword” model for conflict information of different intensity (stereotyped information vs. counterstereotyped information). That means that when he processing method is controlled by the proactive control of the intentional operating system (the conscious, conscious processing) is performed and when the two classes of information start simultaneously at the threshold, the processing mode is controlled by the reactive control of the automatic monitoring system(the processing of the unconscious and unconscious control). In this study, we used stereotype information and counterstereotyped information as an example and the experimental tasks were divided into two levels: high or low perceptual load or threshold, and subliminal priming by using the word sense Stroop paradigm and masked version of goal priming paradigm. Experiment 1 explored the impression control strategy in the context of conflict between stereotype information and counterstereotyped information perception. Using 2 (perceived load: high vs. low) × 2 (gender specific words and gender attributes word perception: conflict vs. compatibility) mix design. Using word meaning Stroop paradigm of to divided manipulation of perceptual load into two categories: gender traits (target) displayed above the same gender attribute words (such as “grumpy-male”) in the low perceptual load task and gender words each side presents a gender attribute words and are compatible with the gender words or conflict (such as male-grumpy-female) in the high perceptual load task. Experiment 2 explored the conflict information intensity of stereotype information and counterstereotyped information impacted on the impression control strategy. A hybrid design using 2 (conflict information intensity: subliminal priming vs. subliminal priming) × 2 (two types of gender trait words perception: conflict vs. compatibility). Using masked version of the start-target paradigm and affective error attribution program to make a part of other people’s information is shown in subliminal manner, while another part of others’ information is presented in a threshold manner by controlling the presentation time of two kinds of information and masking stimuli. So that we can investigate how the cognitive control strategy of stereotype formation is affected by conflict intensity. In Experiment 1, the dynamic changes of perceptual load determine the individual’s impression control strategy of stereotyped information and counterstereotyped information. The results showed the dynamic change of conflict information intensity and perceived load determines individual’s impression control strategy of stereotyped information and counterstereotyped information. Reactive control consumes less cognitive resources, to make processing of stereotype consistent information more quickly, to make processing of stereotype conflict information more slowly, and to activate counterstereotype easily. On the contrary, proactive control consumes such more cognitive resources as to slower processing of stereotype consistent information, to quicken processing of stereotype conflict information and to prone to stereotype bias easily. In Experiment 2, cognitive control takes a “double-edged sword” model of stereotyped information and counterstereotyped information. When stereotyped information and counterstereotyped information start simultaneously on threshold, the processing mode is controlled by the initiative of the intentional operating system which is the processing of involuntary, unconscious control. And when the two types of information start simultaneously at the threshold, the processing mode is controlled by the automatic monitoring system which is the processing of unconscious and unconscious control. The activation and expression of stereotype are closely related to the monitoring and coordination of cognitive control. In particular, people need stronger cognitive control in their daily life to avoid biased judgments caused by stereotyped information. As the saying goes, “Standers-by see more than gamesters.” Actor/observer effects show that the processing of the impression of others is determined by their own cognitive control mechanism. This phenomenon can be explained by experiment 1 and Experiment 2 respectively. These results indicate that the individual, individuals can flexibly balance among the two cognitive control systems (intentional operating system vs. automatic monitoring system) and adjust their weights (either initiate active control or bias reactive control), thus forming the most favorable impression processing strategy for others. Even under the threshold of perception, individuals can process the impression of others through unconscious cognitive control. According to Gestalt theory, group entity makes stereotyped group impression stereotype by influencing people’s conformity processing of group members’ information. Subsequently, stereotyped group impression has strong social significance because of social factors and group classification. So they can be maintained and strengthened continuously, and eventually become stereotyped. Then, whether group entity is a moderator variable contained in the cognitive control mechanism, and how is it related to cognitive control? In this regard, follow-up studies can further develop the study of the dynamic construction of impression formation cognitive control. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-22
Abstract： Construal Level Theory holds that the spatial and temporal difference affect the individual’s representation of events, leading to different levels of emotional intensity. According to the theory of psychological typhoon eye, with the increase of spatial distance, the emotional intensity of individuals becomes stronger, and those at the center of events become more calm. The study is based on Weibo and adopts the research method of big data. We select two fatal accidents of female passengers on DiDi ride-hailing service as research objects to analyze effects of psychological distance on negative emotions, in which psychological distance can be divided into two dimensions: temporal distance and spatial distance. The study found that the further away from the unethical event, the longer after the event, the higher intensity of negative emotions generated by individuals. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-22
Abstract： With the development of the Internet, more and more attention has been paid to online verbal aggressive and prosocial behavior, both of which are essentially the expression of individual emotions and are closely related to the changes of individual emotions. In this paper, we crawled the data from Microblog the most popular social software in China, obtaining the word frequency data of aggressive and prosocial behavior, and analyzed the time trend with seasonal differences of these two behaviors. The results show that the time trends of aggressive and prosocial behavior are highly consistent in a year. The frequency of aggressive words in Microblog is significantly different in different seasons (F=2.935, P= 037), in which the frequency of words in winter is significantly higher than that in autumn; the frequency of prosocial words is also significantly different in different seasons (F=14.51, P<0.05), in which the frequency of words in winter is significantly higher than that in other seasons. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-22
Abstract： Players preferences for different types of games are influenced by their own characteristics. The number of players determines that the mode of single player game is more independent, while the mode of online game mode is more collaborative. Given that individualism individuals tend to emphasize independence, collectivism individuals emphasize collaboration. We hypothesized that players’ individualism-collectivism tendency may affect their preference for single player game or online game. This study used Weibo user’s data to explore whether there was a difference in individualism-collectivism words expressions between single player game players and online game players. Then we used these features to predict players single player or online game preferences. The result showed that single player game players expressed more individualism words in Weibo, while online game players expressed more collectivism words. Using machine learning method, individualism-collectivism words expressions could predict players type, but accuracy of the model was low. This study provided preliminary evidence for using Weibo data to identify users preference for games, thus had certain application value.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： 人们在思考或行动上所偏好的时间方向在一定程度上影响行为，而行为会影响生活状态，据此我们希望探讨时间取向与人的主观幸福感是否有关。本研究利用微博大数据，收集了2010至2017年共64160名活跃用户的微博，通过关键词提取以及数据分析发现，主观幸福感与未来词频之间存在中等强度的相关（r = 0.404, p < 0.01），与现在词频及过去词频之间呈弱相关；将用户按时间取向词频分组后，高词频组的主观幸福感显著高于低词频组（t = 67.442 , p < 0.001），同时我们也发现了主观幸福感与时间取向词频均有逐年下降的趋势。研究结果说明未来时间取向可作为主观幸福感的预测指标，本研究为利用微博大数据预测心理健康提供了新的方向。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： [Objective] Explore the characteristics of emotional expression of "empty nest youth" and "non-empty nest youth" using Weibo data. [Methods] This study selected the "empty nest youth" group and the "non-empty nest youth" group from 1 million active users which are based on the activity status of Weibo users, and compared the differences in emotional expression between the two groups of users in the Weibo. [Results] From the results of independent sample t-test and two-way analysis of variance, it can be seen that the emotional expressions of "empty nest youth" group and "non-empty nest youth" are significantly different. According to regional and gender division, it can be found that there are also differences in emotional expression. [Limitations] The word frequency analysis is not completely equivalent to the emotion measured by the psychometric scale. Although the word frequency analysis based on the Weibo data provides an efficient analysis method, it cannot completely replace the strict psychological measurement. [Conclusions] The "empty nest" state affects emotional expression; "empty nest youth" tends to express inner emotions. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： " The Microblog behavioral data of typical disaster-stricken areas under the Impact of Typhoon Mangosteen (Guangdong) and non-disaster areas (Anhui) were selected to test the psychological typhoon eye effect from two dimensions of time and space with the method of big data analysis. The results show that there are differences of attention degree in the time dimension, but there is no "high-low-high" psychological typhoon eye pattern in the affected areas. Specifically, the attention of the affected areas after the transit of typhoon is higher than that before the transit of typhoon, while there is no significant difference of the attention of typhoon between the time periods before, during and after the transit. There is no significant difference between the disaster-stricken areas and the non-disaster areas in the dimension of spatial. Limitations of the study are mainly analyzed in order to provide relevant thinking and reference for future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Safety Science and Technology >> Safety Social Science submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： "The Microblog behavioral data of typical disaster-stricken areas under the Impact of Typhoon Mangosteen (Guangdong) and non-disaster areas (Anhui) were selected to test the psychological typhoon eye effect from two dimensions of time and space with the method of big data analysis. The results show that there are differences of attention degree in the time dimension, but there is no "high-low-high" psychological typhoon eye pattern in the affected areas. Specifically, the attention of the affected areas after the transit of typhoon is higher than that before the transit of typhoon, while there is no significant difference of the attention of typhoon between the time periods before, during and after the transit. There is no significant difference between the disaster-stricken areas and the non-disaster areas in the dimension of spatial. Limitations of the study are mainly analyzed in order to provide relevant thinking and reference for future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-01-14
Abstract： " It has been widely recognized that the social order of human societies is largely maintained by social norms. However, we still know little about the cognitive and emotional foundations which shape social norms, making it hard (if not impossible) to understand how social norms are generated and maintained. Prior neural studies, which mainly perform second-party punishment based on the ultimatum framework, rarely explore the relevant brain areas as well as the neural mechanisms of third-party punishment driven by social norms. In the current study, we try to provide evidences which support that two types of mechanisms (i.e., negative emotions and self-interest mechanisms) influence social norms compliance of third-parties with opposite directions. Meanwhile, right dorsolateral prefrontal area (DLPFC) plays a crucial role in this process. In this study, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to investigate whether effects of increased or decreased right DLPFC excitability influenced third-party punishment in a dictator game. Following an experimental design of “between-subject (tDCS treatments: anodal, cathodal, sham) × within-subject (cost of punishment treatments: without cost, with cost)”, ninety participants were first randomly assigned to receive either anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation of 15 min, then they performed two dictator game tasks as third-parties. In Task Ⅰ (without cost) participants did not need to bear any costs for their punishments (none cost task), while in Task Ⅱ (with cost) they were required to pay for their punishment actions. The results are given as follows. We first performed repeated measured ANOVA and one-way ANOVA to examine the effect of tDCS stimulation treatments (anodal, cathodal and sham) on emotion response. We found significant main effects of tDCS on the emotion response. Meanwhile, post hoc analysis (SNK) showed that the anodal stimulation decreased the negative emotions while the cathodal stimulation enhanced the negative emotions. Second, results of repeated measured ANOVA and one-way ANOVA showed significant main effects of tDCS on punishments in the none cost Task Ⅰ, and post hoc analysis (SNK) showed that the cathodal stimulation significantly increased punishments while the results of anodal stimulation were insignificant. Third, We also conducted repeated measured ANOVA and one-way ANOVA to test whether the difference of punishments between two tasks differed in tDCS groups, and found main effects of tDCS were significant. Moreover, post hoc analysis (SNK) showed that the difference of punishments between two tasks was significantly higher in the cathodal stimulation than that in the sham stimulation, while the results of anodal stimulation were insignificant compared to that in the sham stimulation. The present study provides one of the first neural evidences for the role of right DLPFC in third-parties’ social norm compliance, and supports mechanism explanations of negative emotions and self-interest. The outcomes indicate that DLPFC, by affecting the processes of negative emotions and self-interest, is an important brain area of social norm compliance. When third-parties are confronted with violations of social norms, their brain first releases negative emotions, which drives third-parties to punish violators. Further, if third-parties need to pay for their compliance with social norms, their rational goals about self-interest will weaken negative emotional impulses, and finally make their compliance with social norms depends on the trade-offs between negative emotions and self-interest mechanisms. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2019-01-10
Abstract： " Abstract In recent years, extracurricular classes have always been hot topics of research in areas such as Education, Economics and Sociology. Taking extracurricular classes have become an important part of student lives.There are two types of curricula for students: (1) the enhancement classes which aim to improve the learning abilities and academic performance; (2) the enrichment classes which focus on developing the comprehensive abilities, such as interests and specialties. Recent studies have shown that enrichment classes of various kinds are much more popular than enhancement classes targeted for improvement of academic performances.Primary school students and their parents tend to choose enrichment classes which are more enjoyable than enhance classes which have long-term benefit academically. How can we achieve the balance in choosing between the two types of curricula? Guided by the theoretic framework of the Nudge Effect of the two response options - Accept and Reject, this work explores the task-type effect of accept and reject as different options to influence the selection of different types of classes through three experiments. Experiment 1 observes the difference in class selection strategy categorized by generations as three groups (students/parents/grand-parents) of different families under the two response options. Experiment 2 observes the difference in class selection strategy by three generations of the same family under the two response options.The design and procedures of the two experiments are similar except participants are invited under the laboratory scenario. It adopts a 2 (response options: accept/reject; between-subjects variable) × 2 (curricula types: enhancement classes / enrichment classes; within-subjects variable) × 3 (types of decision makers: primary school students / primary school parents / grandparents; between-subjects variable) mixed design.Results show that (1) people in the parent group tend to select more classes than that of both the student group and the grand-parent group; (2) all three groups tend to select more enrichment classes than academic enhancement classes no matter which response option is used; and (3) when comparing the two response options, all three groups tend to select more number of classes under the reject option. More specifically, under the reject option, people tend to select more enhancement classes relatively than that in the accept option.However, under the reject option, the differences between enrichment classes and enhancement classes are narrowed, which means the selection of enrichment classes and academic enhancement classes are more balanced under the reject option. Experiment 3 is conducted as field studies to directly talk to people who are submitting applications for extracurricular classes to see whether the use of different response options can indeed influence their decision making on the spot.It adopts a 2 (response options: accept/reject; between-subjects variable) × 2 (curricula types: enhancement classes / enrichment classes; within-subjects variable) mixed design.Consistent with those results of Experiment 1& 2,Experiment 3 shows that parents tend to select more classes in the rejection response condition than in the acceptance response condition. Participantsalso tend to select enrichment classes in both response conditions. However, their preference to enhancement classes in the rejection response condition was significantly higher than that in the acceptance response condition. All the three experiments show that the rejection response option has a significant boost to a more balanced selection of primary school parents. This study successfully proved that the use the reject option is also applicable to decision making strategies of child education. The result of this work can serve as a direct reference to both educators as well as student families when making choices on extracurricular classes. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-01-09
Abstract： Age of Acquisition (AoA) refers to the age at which a concept is learned. Early-acquired words have an advantage over late-acquired words in processing accuracy and speed. Which stage of AoA playing its role in spoken word production remains controversial. The phonological completeness hypothesis assumes that AoA may have a phonological locus, while the semantic hypothesis assumes that AoA affects semantic processing (i.e., conceptual preparation, lexical selection). The network plasticity hypothesis assumes that AoA arises at multiple processing levels, in spoken word production.In a picture naming task, we used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to examine the loci of AoA effect in object and action pictures naming. Twenty-eight participants (9 males, mean range: 22.18, SD: 2.56) participated in this study. We selected a total of 188 words and their corresponding black and white line pictures, half of which were object pictures, and half were action pictures. Within each type of picture, half were early acquired, and half were late acquired. Therefore, the age of acquisition of picture names (early vs. late) and word type (noun vs. verb) served as within-participants variables. During the experiment, participants were asked to name each picture as accurately and quickly as possible. Behavioral data indicated a typical AoA effect in object pictures naming, showing that object pictures corresponding to early-acquired nouns were named faster than those corresponding to late-acquired ones. In contrast, action pictures corresponding to early-acquired verbs were named slower than those corresponding to late-acquired verbs. ERP data also showed distinct AoA effect patterns in object and action picture naming. For object picture naming, late-acquired nouns elicited a larger positivity than early-acquired nouns between 250~300 ms over left-prefrontal regions. In contrast, for action picture naming, early-acquired verbs evoked a larger positivity than late-acquired verbs within 200~250 ms, 300~400 ms and 450~600 ms time windows over the left hemisphere. We suggest that the AoA effect in object naming may originate in the lexical selection of spoken word production, supporting the semantic hypothesis. In contrast, the AoA effects in action naming may originate in multiple processes, such as lexical selection, phonological encoding and phonetic encoding, supporting the network plasticity hypothesis. The distinct AoA effects between the naming of object and action pictures probably relate to the distinct semantic networks that represent objects and actions. Therefore, the AoA effect in action picture naming is much more complicated than in object picture naming and needs further investigation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2019-01-08
Abstract： One of the most puzzling findings in decision research field is the disjunction effect. Several studies demonstrate that the disjunction effect exists in a two-person prisoner’s dilemma game. This effect violates the sure-thing principle and cannot be explained by classical decision-making models. During the recent decade, quantum decision making models have been established on the basis of the mathematical structure and methodologies of quantum mechanics. Owing to their special theoretical structures, quantum decision-making models are well suited for explaining the disjunction effect, although these models continue to encounter difficulties. This study aims to overcome the difficulties in existing quantum decision-making models by developing a modified model. To achieve this goal, the deficiencies of the previous models were analyzed. We concluded three deficiencies: 1) Although previous quantum decision-making models can account for the disjunction effect, they can also obtain findings that defy the experimental results and common sense. 2) They cannot explain the disjunction effect with large values in certain experiments (e.g., the experiment of Shafir & Tversky, 1992). 3) They cannot properly illustrate the relationship between the utility of decision maker’s pay off and the scale of the disjunction effect. The reasons for these difficulties were investigated. An important reason is that previous quantum decision-making models ignore that the decision maker may consider another’s pay off based on different decision conditions. Another reason is the over-simplicity of the utility function. With the above analyses as basis, we adopted the equate-to-differentiate method to rebuild the quantum decision-making model. In this new model, whether the decision maker considers another’s pay off or not based on a specific decision condition is determined with the equate-to-differentiate method. In addition, the utility function is redefined by value function and hyperbolic tangent transformation. Results revealed that the new quantum decision-making model overcomes the difficulties in previous quantum decision-making models. The proposed model is an integration of heuristic and computational or mathematical models. This ideal model integration deserves much attention and has good theoretical significance and application prospects. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-01-02
Abstract： Previous social neuroscience studies focused mainly on the neural networks that sustain an understanding of a single individual’s neutral or negative intentions. However, few studies have explored those of different types of social interactive intentions performed by two or a number of individuals and their whole body movements. In addition, the spatio-temporal dynamics of understanding the kind and hostile intentions in the human brain also remain unclear. In order to address the above issue, the electroencephalograph (EEG) technique was employed to explore the dissociative neural correlates of understanding kind versus hostile intention. Twenty healthy participants were recruited for the experiment. Their behavioral data (accuracy and reaction time) and electrical brain activities were recorded while they were watching colorful photos depicting two actors’ actions and performing an intention inference task (IIT). There were three different types of action intentions: kindness, hostility and non-interactiveness (neutrality). The ERP data was analyzed using the Scan and sLoreta software in an off-line way. The Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures of mean accuracy showed no significant difference among three conditions, while a main effect of condition existed for reaction time. The reaction times of hostile intention were shorter than those of the kind and neutral intentions, while no significant difference was found between the latter two conditions. The ERP data were analyzed using a three-way repeated measure ANOVA. The ANOVA factors were intention condition (kindness, hostility and neutrality), laterality (left, midline and right areas) and caudality (frontal, central and parietal areas). Electrophysiological results showed, over the frontal area, a significantly more negative amplitude of N250 (170~270 ms) for neutral intention compared to kind and hostile intentions, and the N250 amplitudes for kind intention were also more negative than those for hostile intention, especially on the FZ electrode site. The source localization showed maximum activation in Broadman 10(BA10), in the vicinity of middle frontal gyrus, for N250 for kind and hostile intentions. At the later stage (270~450 ms), the peak amplitudes of the P300 for hostile intention were more positive than those for the kind and neutral intentions, and the P300 amplitudes for kind intention were also more positive than those for neutral intention over the central, parietal areas as well as the right hemisphere. The maximum activation for P300 of kind and hostile intentions was found in BA45, located in the vicinity of insula, and a stronger activity existed for hostile intention compared to kind intention. These findings show that there is a spatio-temporal dynamic dissociation between kind and hostile intentions understanding in the brain. Altogether, the current study provides electrophysiological evidence underlying the kind, hostile interactive intentions and non-interactive (neutral) intention understanding, and suggests a prioritized and sustained processing for hostile interactive intention. The study enriches the contents of the two-stage intention-understanding model and the putative Hierarchical & Multi-level Cognitive Framework (HMCF) in Theory of Mind." "
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment