Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2018-05-08
Abstract： Statistical inference plays a critical role in modern scientific research, however, the dominant method for statistical inference in science, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), is often misunderstood and misused, which leads to unreproducible findings. To address this issue, researchers propose to adopt the Bayes factor as an alternative to NHST. The Bayes factor is a principled Bayesian tool for model selection and hypothesis testing, and can be interpreted as the strength for both the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis H1 based on the current data. Compared to NHST, the Bayes factor has the following advantages: it quantifies the evidence that the data provide for both the H0 and the H1, it is not “violently biased” against H0, it allows one to monitor the evidence as the data accumulate, and it does not depend on sampling plans. Importantly, the recently developed open software JASP makes the calculation of Bayes factor accessible for most researchers in psychology, as we demonstrated for the t-test. Given these advantages, adopting the Bayes factor will improve psychological researchers’ statistical inferences. Nevertheless, to make the analysis more reproducible, researchers should keep their data analysis transparent and open.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2020-02-29
Abstract： We noticed an unusual increase of first-time patients with schizophrenia (F20) in January 2020 since the outbreak of COVID-19. The aim of this retrospective study is to validate this observation and find potential risk factors, if applicable. A total number of 13,783 records from outpatients in January 2020 were investigated thoroughly. Comparisons between incidence of schizophrenia in outpatients in January 2020 and similar periods of 2017-2019 were made to minimize seasonal influence. Relationship of incidence of schizophrenia and COVID-19 infections in China was calculated. Limited personal information (age, gender, approximate residence) was analyzed to find risk factors.After excluding seasonal factors such as Spring festival, a positive relationship between incidence of schizophrenia in first-time patients and countrywide epidemic situation was found. Statistical results further showed a significant increase of median age from 39 to 50 for first-time patients diagnosed with schizophrenia which is unusual. Meanwhile, a slight but not significant change was found in distribution of gender and approximate residence (urban/suburb). Our data supported that COVID-19 outbreak increased risk of schizophrenia in aged adults which is consistent with the fact that COVID-19 is more lethal to elders. We strongly appeal that public healthcare in countries either with or without infected patients should prepare in advance for potential risks in public mental health. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-05-14
Abstract： Psychological researches focus on describing, explaining and predicting behavior, and having a good understanding of the association between variables is an essential part of this process. Regression analysis, a method to evaluate the relationship between variables, is widely used in psychological studies. However, due to its highly focus on the interpretation of sample data, the traditional ordinary least squares regression has several drawbacks, such as over-fitting problem and limitation on dealing with multicollinearity, which may undermine the generalizability of the model. These drawbacks have an inevitable influence on the promotion and prediction of the model conclusion. With the rapid development of methodology, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression has been emerged to better compensate for the limitations of traditional methods. By introducing a penalty term in the model and shrinking the regression coefficients to zero, Lasso regression can achieve a higher accuracy of model prediction and model generalizability with the cost of a certain estimation bias. Besides, Lasso regression can also effectively deal with the multicollinearity problem. Therefore, it has been widely used in medicine, economics, neuroscience and other fields. In psychology, due to the limitations of computer computing power, researchers used to mainly rely on hypothesis testing to understand the association among variables to verify theories. Now, with the rapid development of machine learning, a shift from focusing on interpretation of the regression coefficients to improving the prediction of the model has emerged and become more and more important. Therefore, based on fundamental theories and real data analysis, the aim of this paper is to introduce the principles, implementation steps and advantages of the Lasso regression. With the help of statistic science, it is promising that more and more applied researchers will be called upon to focus on the emerging statistical tools to promote the development of psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2018-02-12
Abstract：[目的]从心理学的角度全面分析金庸小说人物人格与创作阶段、性别之间的关系。[方法]本文通过创作阶段对金庸15部小说进行划分，采用基于数据挖掘的文学智能分析方法，通过中文心理分析系统对人物对话进行处理，得到人物的大五人格预测分数。[结果] 女性人物的神经质倾向高于男性人物；创作阶段影响小说人物的尽责性、外向性倾向。[局限]仅仅对小说中的人物进行了分析，没有和金庸本人生平经历和创作时代特点相结合。[结论]本文从心理学人格理论出发探讨金庸小说的人物描写特点，丰富了“金学”的研究成果，为研究金庸的人物刻画风格与偏好提供了新的视角。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Legality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-11-05
Abstract： Behavioral and neuroscientific methods have uniquely contributed to our understanding of human mind and behavior. The advance in neuroscience and its potential implications (e.g., in legal systems) have attracted attention from both academia and society. However, researchers found that, when providing statements supported by either neuroscientific or behavioral/psychophysiological results, even if these neuroscientific results were logically irrelevant to the statements, participants still considered statements with neuroscientific results as more trustworthy. This phenomenon was termed as neuroscience bias. By systematically reviewing empirical studies on neuroscience bias, we revealed that: (1) the reproducibility of neuroscience bias was debated, but the effect exists; (2) neuroscience bias could be attributed to people’s preference for the reductionism and psychological essentialism. Neuroscience bias is one of many biases people may have when interpreting scientific results; future studies should further explore the psychological mechanisms of these biases and thereby provide guidelines for correctly interpreting and using scientific results." " " " " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2022-07-30
Abstract： Meta-analysis is a crucial tool for accumulating evidence in basic and applied research. In the open science era, meta-analysis becomes an important way for integrating open data from different sources. Meanwhile, because of the great researchers’ degree introduced by multiple-step and multiple-choices in each step of meta-analysis, the openness and transparency are crucial for reproducing results of meta-analysis. To (1) understand the transparency and openness of meta-analysis reports published in Chinese journals and (2) improve the transparency and openness of future meta-analysis by Chinese researchers, we developed a Chinese version of checklist for meta-analysis, which was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocols (PRISMA) and the principle of openness and transparency, and then surveyed the methods and results of 68 meta-analysis papers in mainstream Chinese psychological journals in last five years. Our results revealed that openness and transparency of Chinese meta-analysis reports need to be improved, especially in the following aspects: the date/time and limitation of literature search, the details of screening and data collection, the flow chart of article screening, the details of effect size transformation, and the evaluation of individual research bias. The checklist we present, which lists almost all aspects that an open meta-analysis should include, can be used as a guide for future meta-analysis.
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2018-12-27
Abstract： Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been widely used in psychological researches to investigate the casual relationship among latent variables. Model estimation can be conducted under both the frequentist framework (e.g., maximum-likelihood approach) and the Bayesian framework. In recent years, with the prevalence of Bayesian statistics and its advantages in dealing with small samples, missing data and complex models in SEM, Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) has developed rapidly. However, in China its application in the field of psychology is still insufficient. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on presenting this new research method to applied researchers. We explain the theoretical and methodological basis of BSEM, as well as its advantages and disadvantages compared with the traditional frequentist approach. We also introduce several commonly used BSEM models and their applications. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-03-04
Zheng JIN
Kaibin ZHAO
Yanyu XIA
Ruijun CHEN
Huan YU
Timothy TAMUNANG TAMUTANA1
Jeffrey SHERMAN
Christina BERMEITINGER
Pamela BAESS
Abstract： " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-09-05
Abstract： 采用反驳文本范式对患方进行知识修正，提升患方对医方的信任和道德判断。预实验编制反驳文本并验证其有效性，实验1验证反驳文本可以显著提高患方的对医信任和道德判断，并发现医疗结果是影响患方信任和对医道德判断的重要因素。实验2和实验3探究了反驳文本有效性的作用机制及适用普遍性，发现不确定性容忍度和宽容度在反驳文本和患方信任及道德判断之间呈链式中介作用，且反驳文本可脱离医学情境提升普遍患方信任。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-06-20
Abstract： Stereotypes are vital for social interaction by facilitating social decision making as well as conserving limited time and cognitive resources. Previous studies on stereotype activation mainly focus specific social groups, such as gender, race, etc. However, exactly how stereotypes are activated among various social groups remains unknown. To fill this gap, we classified social groups into four clusters according to stereotype content model in the present study, measuring for perceptions of warmth and competence. These clusters form a four-way axis, that is, high warmth-high competence (HW-HC), high warmth-low competence (HW-LC), low warmth-high competence (LW-HC) and low warmth-low competence (LW-LC). Two experiments were conducted to investigate the behavioral patterns of stereotype activation among these four clusters. We predicted that the stereotype activation pattern would be similar among these four clusters. In the first experiment, we employed a sequential priming paradigm to explore stereotype activation explicitly. The prime stimuli were 24 social groups equally attributed to these four clusters and the target stimuli were stereotype trait words of these 24 social groups. All of the prime stimuli and target stimuli were obtained from pilot study. The participants were instructed to judge whether the target word was consistent with the stereotypes of the prime social group. Fifty undergraduates (35 female, 19-25 years old, M = 20.68, SD = 2.08) were recruited for this experiment. In the second experiment, to validate the findings of Experiment 1, we utilized a lexical decision task to further investigate the stereotype activation patterns among the four clusters implicitly, using the same stimuli from Experiment 1. Pseudowords were also added, corresponding to the target words of Experiment 1. Participants were asked to identify whether the target word as a real word or pseudoword. Forty eight undergraduates (32 female, 19-25 years old, M = 20.64, SD = 1.93) participated in Experiment 2. Four (Social groups: HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC, LW-LC) × 2 (Consistency: consistent vs. inconsistent) repeated measure ANOVA were examined for response time and accuracy in both experiments. The results of Experiment 1 revealed classical stereotype activation patterns for HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC social groups while showing a reverse pattern for LW-LC social groups. Specifically, the participants responded more quickly and more accurately on consistent condition than on inconsistent condition for the former three clusters. However, when the prime stimuli were LW-LC social groups, the reverse was true; faster and more accurate response was shown for inconsistent condition rather than consistent condition. In Experiment 2, only real word trails were analyzed. The results of Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Therefore, classical stereotype activation patterns for HW-HC, HW-LC, LW-HC social groups and the reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC were relatively robust, both explicitly and implicitly, demonstrating the great differences among the stereotype activation patterns among these four clusters. The results of these two experiments partially support our hypothesis, while revealing an unforeseen reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC social groups. We hypothesize that this may be due to disgust elicited by LW-LC social groups. The present study expanded the research framework of stereotype activation and provided new behavioral evidence for the specificity of LW-LC. The mechanism underlying the reverse pattern of stereotype activation for LW-LC should be examined in the future.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-02-20
Abstract： 神经组织行为学是指通过探究组织现象背后的生物学运作机理，从神经生理视角发展并重构组织行为学框架的新兴多领域交叉学科。多维范式下的神经组织行为学包括从还原论到涌现论的哲学基础，基于社会情境认知理论、跨层次研究和逆向推理的理论框架，以及神经成像法和ANS测量法并行的研究方法。未来研究应注意神经组织行为学可能给组织理论带来的变革，以及研究方法的未来走向。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-07-14
Abstract： China has undergone unprecedented societal transformations over the past decades. A large body of research has examined the impacts of the rapid societal change on Chinese culture and psychology, including values, personality, self, emotion, motivation, parenting, trust, Guanxi, happiness, mental health, and other social attitudes and behaviors. On the one hand, individualism in general was on the rise. On the other hand, while collectivism in general is declining, as manifested in diverse values, self-construals, personalities, parenting styles and social attitudes, some traditional values persist (e.g. filial piety). Some specific findings include that 1) general trust declined; 2) negative emotions, motivation to avoid failure, and the importance of Guanxi were on the rise; 3) mental health overall was on the rise but it was getting worse for some specific groups (e.g. students in elementary and middle schools); 4) subjective well-being was decreasing in 1990s and started to rise recently. Many changes, however, varied across time and people with different demographic and social backgrounds, suggesting co-existence of multi-cultures. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications. Future study needs to extend the current research scope and examine the causes, outcomes, and mechanisms of the changes. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2018-03-05
Abstract：[目的] 利用微博大数据探索熬夜和焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。 [方法] 本研究根据微博用户在夜间的活动状态, 把100万活跃用户分为熬夜组和非熬夜组，比较两组用户在所发微博中出现的体现焦虑和抑郁情绪的相关词词频。 [结果] 独立样本t检验结果显示，熬夜组的焦虑相关词词频显著高于非熬夜组，t=36.86，p<0.001；熬夜组的抑郁相关词词频显著高于非熬夜组，t=49.71，p<0.001。 [局限] 词频分析与用心理测量量表测量抑郁和焦虑的情感无法完全等同，基于大数据的词频分析虽然提供了一种高效的分析方法，但不能完全替代严格的心理测量。 [结论] 入睡时间过晚会影响睡眠质量；熬夜人群更容易受到焦虑和抑郁情绪的困扰。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-09-12
Abstract： " Moral self, which is a core part of self-concept, is the overall self-evaluation in the moral domain. Previous studies in social psychology has shown that moral self is closely related to individual’s moral behaviors. Interestingly, recent studies found that moral self showed advantages over other aspects of self. For example, it was reported that self-enhancement effect in moral domain is stronger than that in other domains. However, it is still unknown whether moral self related information were processed preferentially during cognitive process. To answer this question, the current study investigated the enhancement effect of moral-self in perceptual processing, by adopting a cognitive neuroscience approach. Based on our behavioral (Chapter 2 ~ 4) and neural (Chapter 5) results, we proposed that moral self served as internal reference for individual’s cognitive processing. Firstly, the current study confirmed that the moral related information is processed preferentially during perceptual processing by three experiments (Chapter 2). Also, we excluded the cofounding factors such as familiarity of words. We reasoned that if moral self is the inner reference for information processing, then this effect should modulated by self-relatedness. Thus, if we explicitly compared the moral, neutral and immoral aspect of self and strangers, advantage of moral information should only occur on moral self. This hypothesis was confirmed by experiment 4. To further explore the interaction between morality and self-relatedness, we rendered the morality (experiment 5) or self-related (experiment 6) information as task-irrelevant information, and the interactions were found, suggesting that the moral self could be implicitly modulate the perceptual processing. To validate the stability of the effect , we conducted an meta-analysis of 6 studies, and found that the effect size of the modulation of moral self on perceptual processing is about Cohen’s d = 0.5, a moderate effect size. To further explore the mechanism underlying the facilitation effect of moral self, the current study employed cognitive modeling methods. We re-analyzed the data from the experiment 4, 5 and 6, by using drift diffusion model (DDM). The results showed that the facilitation effect of the moral-self occur primarily on drift rate, which means faster information accumulating speed. These results suggest that the perceptual salience of moral self is similar to those of physical salience. To examine the cross-task stability of the advantage of moral self, we conducted a new experiment in which participants required to finish a perceptual matching task and a perceptual categorization task. Using ex-Gaussian model and DDM, we found that the advantage of moral self is cross task stable. In the second part of this study, we explored the neural basis of moral self by Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) and meta-analysis. The VBM study explored the correlation between moral self-evaluation and volume of grey matters in the brain. We didn’t found any significant cluster that correlated to moral-self. We also used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of fMRI studies of moral judgment and self-referential task, because these two tasks could potentially involve moral self-referential processing. Our meta-analysis found that dorsal medial frontal cortex and frontal pole are share by both moral judgment and self-referential processing, suggesting that these two brain regions may play an important role in moral self. In sum, the current study systematically investigated the cognitive mechanism and neural basis of moral self. From the perspective of computational modelling, we explore the mechanism of moral self form all three levels: function, algorithm and hardware. Our results showed that moral self is perceptual salient, and this saliency is cross-task stable. The cognitive mechanism behind this advantage lies in the higher information accumulation rate, and the dorsal medial frontal cortex and frontal pole maybe the neural basis of moral self. The study of moral self connected social psychology, cognitive psychology, social neuroscience, and computational modeling, providing solid foundation for future studies. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-05-07
Abstract： Depending on how closely it connects with environmental health，behavioral response as a result of air pollution can be classified into two types: direct behavior and social behavior (or spillover behavior). In this regard, this paper reviewed previous literature on how air pollution influences these two types of behaviors. Further, we summarized several mechanisms underlying these two behaviors. Specifically, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Action Process Approach were proposed to model direct behavior; anxiety and ego depletion were proposed to predict social behavior. More comprehensive investigations into the behavioral mechanisms will benefit future designing of more effective measures against air pollution. Future researchers may consider adopting a longitudinal paradigm and conduct in-depth analyses of behavioral mechanisms, in order to improve individuals’ behaviors in response to risks." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-03-26
Abstract： Different methodologies have been developed and adopted in the field of empathy study, due to the lack of a clear operational definition of empathy. Integrating these methods and interpreting results from different measurement levels are important, as it would deepen our understanding of empathy and its psychological mechanisms. Until now, a lot of progress has been made on empathy research based on different methodologies, including questionnaires, behavioral paradigms, and physiological signals. However, any of the existing methodologies has its own advantages and disadvantages, and how to compile the findings at different measurement levels is still a challenging issue. Therefore, for further studies, different methodologies should be combined to achieve a comprehensive understanding of empathy, and more naturalistic paradigms should be developed to reveal the interactions among different empathic subprocesses. " " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2019-04-15
Abstract： The recent replication crisis in psychology has motivated many researchers to reform the methods they used in research, reporting effect sizes (ES) and their confidence intervals (CIs) becomes a new standard in mainstream journals. However, a practical tutorial for calculating CIs is still lacking. In this primer, we introduced theoretical basis of CIs of the two most widely-used effect size, Cohen's d and η2, in plain language. The CIs of both Cohen's d and η2 are calculated under the condition that the alternative hypothesis (H1) is true, and both rely on the estimation of non-centrality parameters of non-central distributions by using iterative approximations. More specifically, non-central t-distribution for Cohen's d and non-central F-distribution for η2. Then, we illustrated how to calculate them in R and JASP with real data. This practical primer may help Chinese psychological researchers understand the CIs better and report CIs in their own research. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2018-03-15
Abstract： 理清“一带一路”沿线国家或地区的民心特点，并找到有效的合作交往模式，是关系到国家战略实施的重大问题。但是，由于地域辽阔、民族众多，且地缘政治、经济、文化因素（如原苏联影响、欧美国家殖民、宗教传统等）异常复杂，传统的分析方法往往难以奏效。该研究结合文化心理学和大数据分析技术，利用社交媒体Twitter数据来分析“一带一路”沿线国家或地区的自我表征特点（独立性或个人主义），并建立自我表征与社会信任（普遍信任、特殊信任）的预测模型，以探究与“一带一路”沿线国家或地区合作交往的行为模式，即：自我表征是独立，还是互依；人际关系偏好是陌生人之间的普遍信任，还是熟人间的特殊信任。结果表明，“一带一路”沿线国家或地区在自我独立性这一个人主义文化指标上存在较大的变异，且主要受欧美国家殖民历史和当地宗教传统的影响；此外，针对陌生人、外国人的普遍信任与针对家人、熟人的特殊信任，可以通过个人主义指标来预测。总之，“一带一路”沿线的文化是多样的，可以通过社交媒体产生的海量语料库快速计算其个人主义指标，并以此来建立自我表征与社会信任的预测模型。该研究为分析“一带一路”战略区域的“民心”特点、探索当地合作交往的行为模式提供了新的技术路径。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-08-13 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： 变量间的网络分析模型近年来被广泛应用于心理学研究。本文目的在于介绍网 络分析的基本原理与常用指标，并进一步介绍此方法在多个领域中的实证研究，旨在推 进研究者对网络分析模型的理解与应用。不同于潜变量模型将潜变量作为观测变量的共 同先导因素， 网络分析模型将观测变量作为初级指标，采用图论的方法建立观测变量之 间的关系网络，故使观测变量之间的联系不再受到潜变量模型的局限。通过变量网络中 基于各个节点特征的指标(如中心性)以及基于整体结构特征的指标(如小世界性)，网络 分析为研究各种心理现象提供了新的可视化描述方式和理解视角。 本文详细介绍了此方 法目前在人格心理学、社会心理学和临床心理学等领域的应用， 进一步讨论了在未来研 究者可以发展和完善网络分析模型的方向，以使之运用到更多的数据类型和更多的研究 领域。
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2019-10-15
Abstract： Poverty remains one of the most pressing and vexing issues facing the world today. Although progress has been made in alleviating poverty in China, more efforts are needed to manage the intractable generations that have been affected by poverty. Endogenous power is the core psychological resource for low-income individuals to move out of poverty. However, there is a lack of a research framework for the endogenous power of poverty elimination in the Chinese context, which may result in a scarcity of relevant empirical research and the neglect of psychological factors in the formulation of poverty alleviation policies. This study deploys qualitative research methods to explore the psychological structure and key influencing factors of endogenous power of generations of low-income individuals with a goal of providing proposals on psychologically targeted poverty alleviation. The researchers utilized an intensity sampling method to obtain study participants, and grounded theory, based on in-depth interviews, was adopted as research methodology. Participants comprised individuals who had successfully (seven people) or unsuccessfully (ten people) pulled themselves out of poverty as well as poverty alleviation cadres (four cadres) from a deeply impoverished village on Hainan Island. This study attempts to construct an integral endogenous power depletion model for intergenerational poverty from the perspectives of endogenous power for poverty elimination and the integration of endogenous and exogenous driving forces. The study followed the standard procedure of grounded theory, and we analyzed the data with Nvivo 11.0. Based on grounded theory, preliminary analysis, generic analysis, and theoretical construction of the collected data were conducted. Inspections of the participants and non-participants were used to verify the research results’ validity. The findings of the study fall into three categories. First, the “Three-factor Onion Model” with negative values, negative self-concept, and the behavioral tendencies of passive anti-poverty as the core factors was found to be the endogenous driving force of generations of low-income individuals. Second, perceived control loss as a psychosocial driving force is an important cause of the lack of endogenous power among those poverty-stricken people for generations, and the combination of a lack of market rationality and campaign-style poverty alleviation are external causes of perceived control loss. Third, under the influence of the construction of inner capacities, parenting capabilities become an important internal driving force, as they take an intermediate role during the promotion of endogenous powers to their offspring and help cultivate positive psychological resources for the family. This paper attempts to place the internal psychological factors and external key factors that lead to generational poverty into a holistic research framework. Although some enlightening views have been obtained, the results are constrained by the complexity of the theme and the limitations of the data, and only a general exploration could be made. In the future, quantitative research methods may be adopted to verify the accuracy of the Internal Motivation Depletion Model for intergenerational poverty. "
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