分类： 心理学 >> 实验心理学 提交时间： 2024-03-13
摘要： Abstract：Individuals have been observed to show higher propensity to make risk investments using non-labor income compared to labor income, although the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, we proposed that non-labor income leads to a higher prior expectation of risky investment and a reduced sensitivity towards losses. To quantitatively test this hypothesis, we employed computational modeling. A total 103 participants were recruited and completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with an equal monetary endowment, either as a token for completion of survey questionnaires (labor income) or as a prize from a lucky draw game (non-labor income). We found that individuals endowed with non-labor income made more risky investments in the BART compared to those with labor income. To formally compare the differences in the dynamic risk investment process between individuals with different source of income, we built four candidate computational models (Bayesian Sequential Risk-taking Model, Target Model, Scaled Target Learning Model and Scaled Target Learning with Decay Model (STL-D)). Through computational modeling, we found that within STL-D, the optimal model, the non-labor income group preset a higher targeted number of pumps at the beginning, showed a lower learning rate towards loss trials where the balloon exploded, and had lower behavioral consistency. Our study suggests that the increased tendency for risky investments with non-labor income can be attributed to an increase in prior expectations on risk-taking and a diminished sensitivity towards loss. These findings provide potential intervention targets to mitigate irrational investments associated with non-labor income.
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要： Background: While psychosocial stressors trigger neuroendocrine responses and affect task performance, many studies overlook the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process. Goal: This study aims to explore whether subjective appraisals at various time points can interpret individual stress responses, both behaviorally and physiologically, using controlled laboratory conditions. Methods: A total of 137 effective participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social stress Test (TSST). Subjective appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal). Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented. Results: Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal doesn't significantly impact task performance, whereas retrospective appraisal markedly affects performance of the corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only the retrospective appraisal of the speech task accounted for the observed variance in cortisol response under stress. Discussion: The data suggests that retrospective appraisals are more indicative of behavioral and physiological responses to psychosocial stressors than anticipatory appraisals. These findings lend empirical support to refining the biopsychosocial model and underscore the utility of retrospective appraisal in capturing individual stress response variations.
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-08-18
摘要： Preis, Moat, Stanley, and Bishop (2012) introduced the Future Orientation Index (FOI) via Google Trends to gauge a countrys future orientation, measuring how much individuals prioritize the future in their thoughts and actions. Their research found that a higher FOI, marked by greater search interest in the upcoming year compared to the past, correlated with elevated economic success, indicated by higher per capita GDP. Despite its widespread use in cross-cultural studies, due to the evolving nature of the Internet in the past decade, it remains uncertain whether the FOI can still reliably measure future orientation. Our study aimed to replicate and extend correlations between FOI and key development indicators, such as GDP and the Human Development Index (HDI), across countries with different dominant search engines (from Google to Baidu), across time periods (from 2012 to 2021), and across levels (inter-country to intra-country and individual). Our results successfully replicated the findings from Preis et al. (2012): the Baidu-based FOI consistently demonstrated a positive correlation with province-level GDP (r = .719 ~ .860, ps 100) and HDI (r = .635 ~ .867, ps 100) from 2012 to 2021 in China. However, for exploratory generalization, the FOI did not predict individual-level patience ( = -0.038, p = .402). Our findings, alongside the open dataset of the Baidu-based FOI, provide an easily accessible index and a practical example to investigate intra-cultural differences in future orientation within China. Furthermore, our results underscore two prerequisites for utilizing the FOI as a measure of future orientation in future research: 1) Choose a locally dominant search engine and unambiguous keywords to calculate the FOI, and 2) Apply the FOI within a group-level context rather than an individual-level one.
分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2023-08-15
摘要： Uncommon personal names have become increasingly popular in many countries and cultures over the past decades. However, little is known about the causes. We propose that the emphasis on uniqueness, manifested both as a cultural value at the macro level and as an individual need at the micro level, may account for the widely observed increase in unique-naming practices. We tested these hypotheses in China. Study 1 found that the increasing cultural emphasis on uniqueness (rather than on independence or competition), as a Granger cause, explained the increasing name uniqueness. Study 2 revealed that the increasing individual need for uniqueness (rather than narcissism or self-esteem) explained the higher preference for unique baby names among younger than older generations. Study 3 showed that, in actual naming practices, younger parents emphasized name uniqueness (rather than modernity, positivity, or other features) more than older cohorts. These findings convergently support our hypotheses, highlighting the importance of identifying specific mechanisms underlying psychological and behavioral changes, rather than assuming the rising individualism as a general explanation.
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-05-12
摘要： 身体经验和条件关乎社会发展和人类的幸福体验，然而以往研究在COVID-19对消极身体意象的影响上尚未达成一致。为了探究COVID-19与消极身体意象的真实关系，本研究构建了消极身体意象词典，从海量微博数据中获取2010年1月至2022年5月中国31个省/市/自治区的身体意象面板数据，比较了疫情前后不同年份间消极身体意象水平的差异，并探究了疫情严重程度对消极身体意象的影响关系。结果发现，疫情爆发后，消极身体形象水平显著下降，并在两年内保持稳定。且在控制区域效应和时间效应后，新冠疫情的严重程度能够负向预测消极身体意象水平。本研究表明，在封锁期间，群众可能出于对死亡的恐惧和生活习惯的改变更容易接纳身体外观。研究结果对从宏观层面理解重大公共卫生事件影响下的大众身体意象的变化有重要意义。
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2022-03-19
摘要： 目的：身体姿势表情刺激集为情绪研究提供了一套标准化的刺激材料，该刺激集在西方成人的一致性已经得到了验证，但是该刺激集在中国人群中的一致性尚不清楚。因此本研究从原始的254张图片中选取了快乐、悲伤、恐惧和愤怒各42张图片来验证该刺激集在中国人群中的适用性。 方法：31名中国大学生和41名中国学龄前儿童参加了这项研究。所有被试都被要求完成情绪识别和判断任务。 结果：结果表明，成人的评定一致性较高，而儿童的一致性处于中等水平。对于成人来说，悲伤最容易识别，其次是恐惧，愤怒和幸福最难识别。对于儿童来说，恐惧最容易识别，愤怒和悲伤次之，快乐最难识别。与此同时，成人对快乐和悲伤的准确率高于儿童。对于成人来说，他们更容易将积极的情绪与消极情绪混淆。他们倾向于将悲伤、恐惧和愤怒误认为是快乐。对于儿童来说，他们更容易将悲伤识别为恐惧和快乐。他们也容易将愤怒识别为恐惧。 局限：恐惧和愤怒情绪图片适用于5岁的儿童，而悲伤和快乐情绪，尤其是快乐情绪图片的适用性并不理想。在未来可以通过结合中国人的实际生活重新拍摄传达快乐和悲伤情绪的身体姿势图片，并且可以选择年龄更小的孩子探查改良后的图片适用性。 结论：这些结果表明，中国和西方成人对身体姿势表情刺激集的识别模式大致相同。但是，在相同的文化背景下，成人和儿童的识别模式差异很大，并且成人的识别准确率高于儿童。
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2021-07-22
摘要： Depression is theoretically associated with poor social functioning and social impairments, but empirical evidence for poor trust or cooperative behavior among depressed patients is scarce and severely under-researched. Based on a revised version of Trust Game, the present study aimed to clarify the equivocal relationships between depression, trust and altruistic cooperative behaviors, whilst taking into consideration of the potentially confounding effects of trait propensity to trust and locus of control. In the new version of Trust Game, each pairs of participant played the role of an investor and a trustee respectively. The investor player first receives an endowment of a given amount of money and decides how much he/she would like to invest. The invested endowment is then tripled and given to the trustee, played by the other participant who decides how much repayment he would like to return. This procedure is repeated for 10 rounds, trust behavior and altruistic cooperative behavior are then quantified as the averaged invested endowments and repayments, respectively. Results revealed that depressive symptoms negatively predicted invested endowments (i.e., the trust behavior) after the trait propensity to trust was controlled for, but a positive relationship between depressive symptoms and repayments (i.e., the altruistic cooperative behavior) was found, which was significantly moderated by the external locus of control. Specifically, in those with higher scores in externality, depressive symptoms actually resulted in a decrease (rather than an increase) in altruistic cooperation. This work, for the first time, clarified the relationships between depression and trust and altruistic cooperation by introducing trait factors such as propensity to trust and locus of controls, providing a new sight of exploring the effects of depressive symptoms on social functions.
分类： 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间： 2021-07-22
摘要： We examined the relationship between supervisor-subordinate guanxi (SSG) and employee silence (ES), and the moderating role of self-regulatory focus (SRF) works on such relationship. With both three dimensions of SSG (deference to supervisor, personal-life inclusion, and affective attachment) and two kinds of SRF (promotion and prevention focus) controlled by scenarios, the results from a survey of 230 part-time MPA program students in Mainland China indicated that (1) ES is positively related to deference to supervisor, affective attachment, and to a lesser extent, personal-life inclusion, and (2) the moderating effect of SRF is significant for the relationships between each dimension of SSG and ES, and specifically, there is less possibility for promotive subordinate to be silent than those with prevention focus in the workplace. The implications of our findings are discussed and suggestions made for future studies.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2021-04-27
摘要： Multisensory integration, which enhances the stimulus saliency at the early stage of processing hierarchy, is recently shown to produce a larger pupil size than its unisensory constituents. Theoretically, any modulation on pupil size ought to be associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that are sensitive to lights. But it remains poorly understood how pupillary light reflex is changed in a multisensory context. The present study evoked an oscillation of pupillary light reflex by periodically changing the luminance of a visual stimulus at 1.25 Hz. It was found that such induced pupil oscillation was substantially attenuated when the bright but not the dark phase of the visual flicker was periodically and synchronously presented with a burst of tones. This inhibition effect persisted when the visual flicker was task-irrelevant and out of attentional focus, but disappeared when the visual flicker was moved from the central field to the periphery. These findings not only offer a comprehensive characterization of the multisensory impact on pupil response to lightness, but also provide valuable clues to the individual contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to multisensory modulation of pupil size.
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2021-02-25
摘要： The neural mechanism of orthographic-phonological integration was influenced by the temporal relationship of cross-modal stimuli. However, previous studies mainly investigated the neural mechanism of letter-speech sound integration in precise temporal synchrony or small temporal asynchrony conditions. In this study, character-speech sound integration was investigated in a relatively wide temporal window. Chinese characters were presented synchronously to the onset of speech sounds or before speech sound by 300 or 600 ms (referred as AV0, AV300 and AV600). ERP responses evoked by congruent condition (speech sounds were paired with congruent visual characters) and baseline condition (speech sounds were paired with Korean characters) were compared. Different electrophysiological markers were found in the temporal synchrony and temporal asynchrony conditions. In the AV0 condition, developing dyslexia (DD) and typically developing (TD) children showed similar congruency effect on P1, N170 and N300 components, demonstrating the influence of speech sound on visual character processing. In the AV300 condition, DD group showed left-lateralized congruency effect on N200, whereas TD children showed bilateral congruency effect on N200. Both groups showed bilateral congruency effect on N200 in the AV600 condition. We speculate that the insufficient character-speech sound integration exhibited by dyslexic children in the AV300 condition was probably caused by their slow visual processing speed. The results provide unique insight into the neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a wide temporal window and point out the necessity to investigate neural mechanism of print-speech integration in a relatively wide temporal window.
分类： 心理学 >> 心理测量 分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2020-12-03
摘要： One’s propensity to trust others and others’ trustworthiness are two important aspects of interpersonal trust. Both theory and research suggest that it is possible to distinguish between an individual’s propensity to trust (one’s ‘trustingness’ or the extent to which one feels able to trust others) and their other-focused trust (the extent to which one feels that others are worthy of our trust). However, there is as yet no measure that distinguishes between these two components of trust. In three studies, we examined the psychometrics of a proposed two-dimensional measure of trust that encompasses propensity to trust and other-focused trust components. To test discriminant validity, we also administered measures of personality, personal self-esteem, social capital, propensity to like people, perceived social support, as well as general and personal beliefs in a just world. Factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model for the new trust measure. Further analyses supported the difference between these measures.
分类： 心理学 >> 发展心理学 提交时间： 2020-10-10
摘要： Building robust letter-to-sound correspondences is a prerequisite for reading, and such audiovisual integration becomes progressively automatic with development. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the development of audiovisual integration for reading are largely unknown. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a lexical decision task to investigate the changes of brain functional networks that support audiovisual integration for reading between normally developing children (9-12 years old) and adults (20-28 years old). The identified networks were further examined in children with developmental dyslexia (9-12 years old). Results revealed that adults enhanced connectivity in a prefrontal-superior temporal network relative to children, reflecting the attentional modulation to the development of audiovisual integration. Moreover, this network was disrupted in dyslexics, confirming its essential role in audiovisual integration for reading. This study, for the first time, elucidates the neural basis underlying the development of audiovisual integration for reading.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-07-27
摘要： Delay discounting (DD) is the phenomenon that individuals prefer to choose an immediate but smaller reward than a delayed but larger reward. Larger DD is considered as an indicator of impulsivity, the increased DD rate is also seen as a behavior indictor of various psychiatric disorders. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is the ability to project oneself into the future to pre-experience the future events, which can be used to reduce DD. The present study provided a meta-analysis on the efficiency of EFT in reducing DD and examined potential moderators. Thirty-seven studies including 48 contrasts were included, results showed that EFT reduced DD significantly. Moderator and meta-regression analyses revealed that positive EFT was more efficient in reducing DD. In addition, several factors related to DD task (e.g., whether the DD money is hypothetical or potential real, whether the delay reward is fixed or variable, and the indexes of DD) were related to the efficiency of EFT in reducing DD. These results have implications for using EFT to reduce DD in the future.
分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2020-07-10
摘要： Justice is one of fundamental principles in human evolution, and justice sensitivity, both from the proself perspective (e.g., as victim) and the prosocial perspective (e.g., as observer, beneficiary, and perpetrator), matters in mental wellness and social interaction. However, it remains unclear to what extent individual difference in justice sensitivity is influenced by genetic versus environmental factors. Using a sample with 244 twin pairs, the present research was an attempt to determine what extent genetic factor plays a role in the inter-individual difference of justice sensitivity as well as whether different facets of justice sensitivity, namely, proself and prosocial perspective, share common genetic basis. Results showed that (1) all the four facets of justice sensitivity were moderately heritable (21%–33%) and that the non-shared environmental factors accounted for the rest variations (67%–79%); (2) associations between the prosocial facets of justice sensitivity were driven by common genetics (rg: .50–.65) and non-shared environmental (re: .24–.65) influences, whereas no strong evidence supported a genetic correlation between proself and prosocial justice sensitivity. The current findings provide novel evidence that sensitivity to injustice, especially to others’ suffering, is fundamentally grounded upon genetic origin, thus shedding light on the nature and nurture aspects of justice behavior.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-06-30
摘要： Metacognition refers to the ability to introspect our cognitive ability, which plays an essential role in guiding and optimizing our activities. However, little is known about metacognitive capacity for highly practiced motor behaviors and its neural correlates. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the present study examined the brain substrates underlying individual differences in self-awareness of handwriting in adults, a highly practiced visuomotor skill. Results showed that adult writers generally overestimate their handwriting skill, which is more pronounced in males relative to females. The extent of overestimation of handwriting quality was positively correlated with grey matter volume in the left fusiform gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus and right precuneus. Moreover, the activation of these regions in a handwriting task was not correlation with self-awareness of handwriting, confirming that the identified connection between brain structures and handwriting self-awareness is independent of task performances. The left fusiform gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus are thought to represent domain-specific brain mechanisms for handwriting self-awareness, while the right precuneus is likely to be a domain-general brain mechanism, suggesting that the ability of introspect practiced visuomotor skills relies on both domain-general and domain-specific brain systems. Together, this study is the first to reveal the neuroanatomical correlates of a highly practiced motor behavior, extending our understanding about the neural basis of human metacognition.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-06-17
摘要： This study aimed to examine the brain mechanisms underlying the distinctions between automatic and controlled handwriting. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while adult participants (n = 53) performed a copying task with varying speed control demands. Network analysis showed significant differences in functional connectivity within and between the frontoparietal network (FPN), the default mode network (DMN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the somatomotor network (SMN) and the visual network (VN) between automatic and speed-controlled handwriting irrespective of written materials, which are thought to reflect general executive control and task-relevant visuomotor operations. However, there were no differences in brain activation between automatic and controlled handwriting. These results suggest that reconfiguration of functional network architecture, rather than regional activation, underlies the dissociations between automatic and controlled handwriting. Our findings shed new light on the neural mechanisms of handwriting mastery and handwriting impairments in individuals with neurological disorders.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 分类： 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间： 2020-03-05
Chen, Li-Zhen
Yuan, Xinru
Zhang, Yuanchao
Zhang, Shu
Zou, Liye
Yang, Lin
Chang, Yu-Kai
Xia, Qixin
Wang, Yiqun
Wei, Gao-Xia
摘要： Objective: To investigate the effect of long-term Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) practice on practitioners’ brain functional specialization compare with the TCC novices. Methods: 22 TCC practitioners (52.4 ± 6.8 years; 7 males; educated years:12.18 ± 3.03 years) and 18 healthy controls (54.8 ± 6.8 years; 8 males; education years:11.78 ± 2.90 years) matched by age, sex, and education were enrolled. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and cognitive test to measure the differences in functional specialization and cognitive function. Functional specialization was evaluated by voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method. Results: Lower middle frontal gyrus (MFG) VMHC in TCC practitioners compared to controls. For TCC practitioners, the longer they practice, the lower their VMHC in precentral and precuneus. TCC practitioners showed better cognition performance. Limitations: Relatively small sample size. Conclusions: Changed VMHC indicated that TCC practice could enhance functional specialization in the middle frontal cortex of practitioners, which may be associated with higher-order cognitive ability.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2020-02-05
摘要： BACKGROUND: Saccade-induced retrieval enhancement (SIRE) refers to the phenomenon that active engaging of horizontal eye movements before recall would enhance subsequent memory performance. This effect is generally thought to be the result of interhemispheric interaction stimulated by saccades. Nonetheless, recent findings do not fully support this hypothesis. An alternative explanation is that saccades promote memory retrieval by improving top-down attention control. Thus, the mechanisms of SIRE are unclear, the present meta-analysis quantitatively analyzed the effect of saccades on memory performance and examined the mechanisms of SIRE through moderator analysis. METHODS: We searched "Web of Science", "PubMed", and "Springer" for peer reviewed papers using the keywords "eye movements + memory" and "saccades + memory". Twenty-two papers were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant facilitation of horizontal saccades on overall memory performance, with a pooled effect size (Cohen’s d) of 0.45 (p < 0.001). However, the overall effect of vertical saccades was not significant (d = 0.1, p = 0.14). Moderation analysis showed that the handedness of participants was a significant moderator of the SIRE, with strongly right-handed individuals benefited more from horizontal saccades than non-strongly right-handed individuals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Horizontal saccades improved memory performances, particularly for the strongly right-handed individuals, these results support the interhemispheric interaction hypothesis.
分类： 心理学 >> 医学心理学 提交时间： 2019-11-05
摘要： Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a wide range of cognitive impairments. Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to mentally re-experience past events and pre-experience possible future events. Studies have shown MTT impairments in individuals with ASD, however, these findings may be confounded by a number of factors including verbal ability to report MTT, factors related to MTT task and demographic factors of participants. The present study provided a meta-analysis on MTT deficits in individuals with ASD and examined the potential moderating variables for these impairments. Twenty-six studies were included, and the participants comprised 667 individuals with ASD and 671 healthy controls. Results showed significant overall MTT impairments (Cohen’s d = −0.95) in individuals with ASD. Moderator and meta-regression analyses revealed that verbal IQ was significantly related to MTT impairments; type of MTT, type of task, measurement indices of MTT, age of participants, gender ratio and full IQ did not explain the MTT impairments. These findings suggest that MTT is severely impaired in individuals with ASD, verbal IQ contributed to MTT impairments, and task characteristics did not affect the degree of impairments.
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2019-09-18
摘要： Age-related differences in affective meanings of words are widely used by researchers studying emotions, word recognition, attention, memory and text -based sentiment analysis. However, no Chinese affective norms for older adults are available. This article firstly presents the available large-scale Chinese affective norms for 2, 061 4-character words rated in labs by 114 older and 150 younger adults (CAN4Age) who evaluated these words on four dimensions: valence, arousal, dominance, and familiarity. We also compiled 4 lexical variables for each word, including word frequency, word complexity, character frequency and character complexity. In general, older adults tend to evaluate emotional words more extremely than younger adults do. That is, they rate positive words as more positive and negative words as more negative than younger adults do. Specifically, older adults tend to perceive positive words as more arousing and less controllable and negative words as less arousing and more controllable than that of younger adults. This age-related database will enable researchers to study how emotional characteristics of words influence their cognitive processing, and how this influence evolves with age in Chinese. This age-related difference study on affective norms not only provides insights to cognitive neuroscience, gerontology and psychology in experimental studies, but the produced affective word collection also has great value as a resource for affective analysis in natural language processing applications. These norms can be downloaded as supplemental materials with this published article.
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