Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Reciprocity reflects the resource circulation between “giving” and “reciprocating”, which widely exists in the consumption field in various forms. Previous studies largely focus on reciprocity’s impact in scopes of anthropology, sociology, economics and organizational behavior. However, the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior has not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, the current research aims to build a consumers behavioral response model to reciprocal relationships. From perspectives of reciprocal exchange, equivalence principle and moral norm, the framework shows that reciprocal relationships can affect three dimensions of consumers’ response - subject, nature and level of behavior. Transitivity is reciprocity’s first feature. As a binary relationship, reciprocal relationships not only affect cooperators’ decision-making in existing relationships, but also predict the attitude and behavior of third parties outside the relationship. The double-edged sword is reciprocity’s second feature. As an equivalent exchange, the valence of reciprocity does not decide the positive and negative nature of consumers' responses. Positive reciprocity may lead to negative outcomes, and negative reciprocity may have positive effects. Asymmetry is reciprocity’s third feature. Even though the nature of consumers’ responses is congruent with reciprocity’s valence, reciprocal relationships may generate asymmetric responses in quantity and quality. The research further found that (un)conscious decision-making, result-/deontology-orientation, and social exchange respectively play the underlying mechanisms of transitivity, double-edged sword and asymmetry. These underlying mechanisms are based on theories of cultural learning, goal contagion, intertemporal decision-making, moral consistency/balance and equal exchange. Finally, the framework summarizes social and individual factors moderating the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior. Social factors include culture, communication context and other exchange forms, and individual factors include demographic variables, personality traits and cognitive state. The conceptual framework offers several limitations, which may help future researchers to extend this line of research. Future research should explore the antecedents related to reciprocity and the change of their weights from two systems of internal and external dynamics. The subject, nature and level of consumers’ response should be integrated by longitudinal study design and large-scale individual-level data analysis. Moreover, future research should continue to explore boundary conditions of reciprocal relationships affecting consumer behavior, and focus on the differences in the internal mechanism of reciprocal relationships triggered by different cooperators. Overall, by jumping out of the assumption that self-interest maximization is the only expectation of market members, the present research has three contributions. First, considering that reciprocity has multiple dimensions and forms, the framework comprehensively categorizes the antecedents of reciprocity that drive consumers’ behavior, shedding light upon the conceptual discrepancies and outlining future paths for discovery. Second, the framework summarizes and refines the consumers’ response in reciprocal relationships, which not only helps to systematically grasp the macroscopic law of consumer behavior in social exchange, but also promotes the sustainable evolution of consumption. Third, the framework further discusses the situations where reciprocity, together with social and individual factors, simultaneously affect individual behavior, which expands the traditional framework of interdependent decision-making.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： With the fast growth of the Chinese economy, the Chinese language has become one of the most widely spoken world languages. There is a steady growth of empirical studies on the neural mechanisms underlying the learning of Chinese as a second language (L2). Yet, research on the specific brain mechanisms and the corresponding theoretical models for Chinese L2 learning are still in their infancy. Research in the past two decades has revealed that: 1) Chinese tone learning relies on the brain areas of the right superior temporal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus when learners are at a lower L2 proficiency, and then shifts to the left superior temporal gyrus as they reach advanced proficiency; 2) Chinese character learning is related to the inferior frontal gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus, whereas Chinese phonological learning is closely related to the left temporal-parietal areas; 3) Overall, Chinese L2 learning relies more on right-hemisphere brain regions (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus, fusiform gyrus) at the early stages of L2 learning, and the reliance decreases with the improvement of L2 competence. To sum up, Chinese L2 learning undergoes a dynamic neural change from an early stage of right-hemisphere reliance to a later stage of left-lateralization or bilateralization. The findings support the Assimilation Hypothesis in the Assimilation-Accommodation Hypothesis (Perfetti & Liu, 2005) which argues that extra right-hemisphere brain regions are activated in L2 learning when the typical left-hemisphere regions for first language processing cannot adapt to L2 input processing. The findings above also support the Dynamic Restructuring Model (Pliatsikas et al., 2020), which states that learners’ brain functions and neural structures go through dynamic changes at different stages of L2 learning. Furthermore, L2 learning strategies and learners’ auditory perception abilities are found to influence brain functions, neural structures, and connectivity networks. These findings are in line with the prediction of the Unifying the Bilingual Experience Trajectories model (DeLuca et al., 2020) which claims that bilinguals’ linguistic and cognitive representations are strongly influenced by their language experiences (e.g., language typology, language usage, code-switching frequency, proficiency, and age of acquisition). The current theoretical models of L2 Chinese learning can be further strengthened by considering factors such as L1-L2 characteristics, individual differences, learning strategies, and learning contexts. Future research on Chinese L2 learning can investigate learners of varying characteristics (e.g., young learners and high-proficiency learners), triangulate research paradigms, and synthesize behavioural, functional and structural brain imaging data of language processing and production. Meanwhile, new neuroscience techniques have created the opportunity to investigate the socio-cognitive mechanisms of L2 learning under different interaction situations, such as teacher-student, student-student, and computer-student interactions. More future research in this field can advance the current theoretical models and understanding of neuroplasticity in Chinese L2 learning.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Much evidence shows that people living in low socioeconomic conditions often engage in "short-sighted behavior". They seem to focus on meeting short-term needs and aspirations rather than long-term benefits and returns, such as investing less in education, saving too little, and borrowing too much. These choices may further deepen their disadvantage and cause them to fall into the trap of "low socioeconomic status-behavioral decision-making-low socioeconomic status". Why are people living in low socioeconomic conditions more likely to be short-sighted? Previous studies believe that low socioeconomic status shapes individual preferences and values and impairs self-control. These defects make them more likely to make irrational behavioral decisions. However, in recent years, researchers have pointed out that the seemingly irrational behavior of people living in low socioeconomic conditions is an adaptive response to a threatening environment. People who live in low socioeconomic conditions always face various risks and threats, such as resource scarcity, environmental instability and unpredictability, and a bad childhood environment. If the current demand is high and the future is uncertain, it is more beneficial to obtain the smaller benefits available at present than to wait for the larger returns in the future. Scarcity theory, construction level theory, and life history theory are three representative theoretical viewpoints that answer the mechanism behind the “short-sighted behavior” of the people who live in low socioeconomic conditions from the perspective of the interaction between individual and the environment. The psychological shift model integrates them from the perspective of threat, regards the "short-sighted" behavior of the people living in low socioeconomic conditions as the product of the operation of the general social and psychological mechanism, and points out that the psychological shift triggered by threat perception is the internal mechanism of low socioeconomic status affecting intertemporal choice. Specifically, the experience of living in low socioeconomic conditions induces a “psychological shift” in response to socioecological cues. At the cognitive level, they focus on things related to scarcity when facing the threat of scarcity. At the level of thinking, they represent events concretely and contextually when facing uncertain threats. At the behavioral strategy level, once the threat cues appear, people who experience low socioeconomic conditions in childhood may notice the threat faster and switch to the fast life history strategy. These psychological shifts lead to the occurrence of "short-sighted behavior". To attribute a more practical policy value to the psychological shift model, future research can be carried out from the following aspects: First, the research perspective that "short-sightedness" is the survival strategy of people living in low socioeconomic conditions in a threatening environment needs to be further popularized. This adaptive perspective more comprehensively and accurately describes the intertemporal choice process of people living in low socioeconomic conditions, reduces the stigmatization of people living in low socioeconomic conditions to a great extent. Second, the mechanism of poverty affecting intertemporal choice needs to be further studied. The novel and enlightening psychological shift model from the perspective of threat needs much empirical research to confirm. The multilevel relationship between low socioeconomic status and intertemporal choice in different development stages still needs to be discussed. Finally, “short-sighted behavior” intervention for people living in low socioeconomic conditions needs to be carried out widely and deeply. Based on the core mechanism of eliminating threats to reduce short-sighted behavior, future studies should combine the valuable experience accumulated in the process of poverty alleviation and the internationally agreed strategies that can significantly reduce the “short-sightedness” of the people living in low socioeconomic conditions. These actions may help develop an effective intervention program in line with China's national conditions, so as to provide scientific psychological paths for realizing common prosperity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Having lower socioeconomic status is one of the most well-established social predictors of poor health. However, little is known about why some lower-class individuals maintain good physical health despite experiencing adversity. From a large number of empirical studies, researchers have found that psychological factors such as the “shift-and-persist” strategy can effectively protect the health of lower-class individuals in adversity and prevent them from developing certain diseases. The present study shows that in the midst of adversity, some individuals find role models who teach them to trust others, better regulate their emotions, and focus on their future. A role model is any individual who serves as an attachment figure and provides inspiration to a child and can be a parent, extended family member, or teacher. Over a lifetime, lower-class individuals with such role models develop an approach to coping with stress that helps them accept pressures and reappraisals (shift) while enduring adversity by maintaining a sense of meaning and optimism (persist). In contrast, among higher-class individuals, proactive efforts to cope aimed at eliminating stressors and the pursuit of future goals may be more effective, given such individuals' greater access to resources for engaging in preventive behaviors, resolving situations, and influencing outcomes. The “shift-and-persist” model proposes that for lower-class individuals, developing a way of life that values changing oneself in coping with pressure while insisting on enduring adversity with strength and maintaining optimism and hope for the future can reduce the stress response, thereby protecting one's health. Why can the “shift-and-persist” strategy effectively protect the health of the lower class? Researchers have explained how a “shift-and-persist” strategy can affect the health of the lower class in reference to physiology and behavior. Specifically, the approach balances adaptation to stress and persistence at the same time, changes the physiological pathway of stress, and inhibits the physiological stress response of the lower-class in the face of adversity. In other words, the “shift-and-persist” strategy reduces responses to stress, thereby reducing the acute physiological activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Over time, this prevents the development of the pathogenic process and ultimately slows pathogenic disease processes over the long term among lower-class individuals. Specifically, first, a “shift-and-persist” strategy can effectively reduce the repeated activation of the HPA axis among lower-class individuals and then play a protective role in health. Cortisol, the end product of the HPA axis, is one of the most widely used physiological indicators of psychosocial stress, and researchers often use it as an indicator of HPA axis activity. Second, a “shift-and-persist” strategy can effectively regulate the inflammatory process of lower-class individuals to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. Low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis and expression of several chronic diseases associated with aging. Lower-class individuals are also more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, sedentary lifestyles and following a high-fat diet. These unhealthy behaviors increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cancer and of early death. Preliminary evidence shows that different dimensions of the “shift-and-persist” strategy can reduce the health-threatening behavior of lower-class individuals to reduce the risk of disease. In sum, the “shift-and-persist” strategy has drawn interest from researchers, its theoretical and practical value has been continuously examined, and it presents good development prospects. To address the problem of health poverty in a period of relative-poverty in China and better serve the health of lower-class individuals, future research can focus on the following aspects. First, research must be conducted in a longitudinal fashion to establish whether “shift-and-persist” strategies can predict health trajectories over time in children and adults. Second, from a multilevel and multipath perspective, studies must comprehensively investigate the mechanism by which a “shift-and-persist” strategy affects the health of lower-class individuals. Finally, future studies should vigorously develop intervention programs to promote a “shift-and-persist” strategy.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-15
Abstract：
Reciprocity reflects the resource circulation between “giving” and “reciprocating”, which widely affects the consumption field in various forms. However, the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior has not been systematically reviewed. By reviewing related literature in marketing, a framework for consumers' behavioral responses to reciprocal relationships was built. From three perspectives of reciprocal exchange, equivalence principle and moral norm, the framework shows that reciprocal relations can affect the subject, nature and level of consumer behavior. It further explores the underlying mechanism of (un)conscious decision-making, result-/deontology-orientation, equal exchange, and summarized social and individual factors moderating the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior. Finally, it offers directions for future research from the perspective of reciprocal antecedents, integrated consumer behavior, boundary conditions and mechanism differences of reciprocal subjects.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-01-22
Abstract：
After eliminating absolute poverty, China still faces the arduous problem of relative poverty. Recently, studies on poverty psychology have found that unfavorable living conditions will trigger a series of special psychological processes, which in turn will make individuals engage in behaviors that are difficult to get rid of poverty and cause them to fall into the trap of "poverty-behavioral decision-making-poverty". People living in poverty have higher delay discount rate, tend to choose smaller-sooner gains, instead of larger-later returns, and often make “short-sighted” behavioral decisions, such as investing less in education, saving too little, and borrowing too much. These choices may further deepen their poverty. The psychological shift caused by threat perception, namely cognitive function failure, proximal thinking and fast life history strategy, is considered to be an important reason for the “short-sightedness”. In addition to more in-depth exploring the formation mechanism of the behavioral decision-making trap of poverty, the future research should develop effective intervention programs in line with China's national conditions, to attribute a more practical policy value to the theory of poverty psychology.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2021-12-17
Abstract： " Having lower socioeconomic status is one of the most well-established social predictors of poor health. However, little is known about why some lower-class individuals maintain good physical health despite experiencing adversity. From a large number of empirical studies, researchers have found that psychological factors such as the "shift-and-persist" strategy can effectively protect the health of lower-class individuals in adversity and prevent them from developing certain diseases. Specifically,the “shift-and-persist” strategy reduces responses to stress, thereby reducing the acute physiological activation of the HPA axis. Over time, this prevents the development of the pathogenic process and ultimately slows pathogenic disease processes over the long term among lower-class individuals. Meanwhile, Preliminary evidence shows that different dimensions of the “shift-and-persist” strategy can reduce the health-threatening behavior of lower-class individuals to reduce the risk of disease.To address the problem of health poverty in a period of relative-poverty in China and better serve the health of lower-class individuals, future research should vigorously develop intervention programs on the basis of in-depth exploration of the core mechanism. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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