Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Chinese is a writing system widely used by Chinese people worldwide and has many distinct characteristics. Due to its uniqueness, theories and models of alphabetic languages cannot be directly applied to Chinese. Previous Chinese studies lack systematic computational models for lexical and semantic processing. To address this issue, this study first plans to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous literature. Next, computational models will be constructed to simulate the processing of Chinese word presented in isolation and during natural reading. The model has the following characteristics: a) it can process both single-character and multi-character words; b) it can simulate orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of words, as well as their interactions; c) it can simulate the impact of contextual cues on word processing during sentence comprehension. Finally, the assumptions and predictions of the model are planned to be validated in experimental studies. The established model can guide experimental research and has significant theoretical significance. The research findings will help clarify the cognitive mechanisms of Chinese reading and the dynamic process of lexical processing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-10-13
Abstract： Patching one eye of an adult human for a few hours has been found to promote the dominance of the patched eye, which is called short-term monocular deprivation effect. Interestingly, recent work has reported that prolonged eye-specific attention can also cause a shift of ocular dominance towards the unattended eye though visual inputs during adaptation are balanced across the eyes. Considering that patching blocks all input information from one eye, attention is undoubtedly deployed to the opposite eye. Therefore, the short-term monocular deprivation effect might to some extent be contributed by the eye-specific attentional modulation, which remains largely unknown. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether attention can modulate the short-term monocular deprivation effect in adults.
Twenty adult participants took part in the present study. We asked participants to perform an attentive tracking task throughout the monocular patching. During the tracking, the primary stimuli consisted of two types of chromatic gratings, red-green gratings (R-G) and yellow-blue (Y-B) gratings, one of which was defined as the target gratings (attended stimuli) and the other as the distractor gratings (unattended stimuli). Target gratings and distractor gratings were distinct from each other in fundamental visual features such as color, shape, and spatial frequency. We instructed participants to continuously attend to and track the movement of the target grating in the attentive tracking task. Before and after one hour of monocular patching, we measured participants’ ocular dominance using a binocular rivalry task in which both target gratings and distractor gratings served as testing stimuli.
In case there lacks of comparability in binocular rivalry performance measured with different types of testing stimuli, we focused on the comparison of the monocular deprivation effect for the same testing stimuli between different attention conditions. Our results generally support the notion of attentional modulation on the monocular deprivation effect. To be specific, we observed a larger shift of ocular dominance towards the deprived eye when the binocular rivalry testing gratings shared features with the target gratings during the tracking compared to when they shared features with the distractor gratings. For testing with Y-B gratings, there was a significantly greater monocular deprivation effect when Y-B gratings were attended during the patching compared to when R-G gratings were attended. For testing with R-G gratings, we detected a similar trend, though it did not reach statistical significance.
In conclusion, the present study provides some preliminary evidence supporting the modulatory role of attention in the effect of typical monocular deprivation. Our work suggests that short-term ocular dominance plasticity is not solely determined by imbalanced visual feedforward inputs, but also affected by top-down attentional feedbacks, discovering potential interplays between higher-level cognitive functions and lower-level visual processing in this phenomenon. Because monocular deprivation has recently been used to treat amblyopia, our finding of attentional modulation on this effect may provide useful clues on how to optimize such treatment in future work.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Future self-continuity refers to the degree of perceived connectedness between one’s present self and future self. A large body of research has demonstrated the significant role of future self-continuity in influencing temporal decision making, saving and consuming behaviors, academic achievements, social behaviors and exercise behavior. Future research may examine the neural basis of future self-continuity, explore its factors, and expand its potential applications.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-02-03
Abstract：
As a kind of affect state that individuals ideally want to experience, ideal affect is closely associated with culture. While people from individualistic culture prefer high arousal positive affect (i.e., enthusiastic, excited, elated), people from collectivistic culture prefer low arousal positive affect (i.e., calm, relaxed, peaceful). Society and culture, however, are not static. How would ideal affects shift along with massive sociocultural change? For the first time, we addressed this issue by examining the change of ideal affects in China, a collectivistic nation that has experienced huge social transformation and witnessed a rise in individualism in recent decades. In doing this, we focused on three main kinds of widely studied ideal affects: high arousal positive affects (HAP), low arousal positive affects (LAP) and positive affects (P; i.e., happy, satisfied, content). We conducted three studies, using cross-time comparison, cross-generational comparison and cross-regional comparison in each of the three studies, respectively.
In Study 1, a total of 84 participants who were born before 1966 and have experienced the whole process of Chinese reform and opening-up were recruited. They were asked to assess the extent to which Chinese people prefer each of 9 affections as listed above at beginning of 1980, 2000, 2020. Results showed that the preferences for HAP, LAP and P have been rising among Chinese since 1980.
In Study 2, a total of 1561 college students were asked to assess the extent to which people from each of the three generations (i.e., their grandparents generation, their parents generation and their own generation) prefer the 9 affects. Results showed that the youngest generation manifested higher preferences for HAP, LAP and P than old generations.
In Study 3, a large sample of college students from 31 provinces in China participated in the survey (N = 26209). They were asked to indicate the extent to which they prefer the 9 affects. Their cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism were also assessed as control variables. Results indicated that students from urban areas reported higher preference for HAP, LAP and P than those from rural areas after controlling their main demographic information and cultural orientations; moreover, HAP, LAP and P were positively correlated with each other at both individual and provincial levels.
Together, by using three different comparisons and assessing ideal affects from both inter-subjective (Study 1 and Study 2) and intra-subjective perspectives (Study 3), our three studies convergently showed that preferences for HAP, LAP and P have been rising in recent decades. The simultaneous rises of HAP and LAP as well as the positive correlation between them form a sharp contrast with the existing theoretical conceptualization and empirical findings about HAP and LAP, which suggest that HAP and LAP should be negatively correlated and manifest opposite shifting trends. Our findings, however, dovetail well with Chinese traditional culture of naïve dialecticism, according to which two seemingly contradictory opposites could coexist and even facilitate each other in some circumstances. Hence, theories originated from the West may not be applicable in China and novel theories may be needed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Computer Science >> Natural Language Understanding and Machine Translation submitted time 2023-01-30
Abstract： As a basic technique in natural language processing (NLP), word embedding represents a word with a low-dimensional, dense, and continuous numeric vector (i.e., word vector). Word embeddings can be obtained by using neural network algorithms to predict words from the surrounding words or vice versa (Word2Vec and FastText) or words’ probability of co-occurrence (GloVe) in large-scale text corpora. In this case, the values of dimensions of a word vector denote the pattern of how a word can be predicted in a context, substantially connoting its semantic information. Therefore, word embeddings can be utilized for semantic analyses of text. In recent years, word embeddings have been rapidly employed to study human psychology, including human semantic processing, cognitive judgment, individual divergent thinking (creativity), group-level social cognition, sociocultural changes, and so forth. We have developed the R package “PsychWordVec” to help researchers utilize and analyze word embeddings in a tidy approach. Future research using word embeddings should (1) distinguish between implicit and explicit components of social cognition, (2) train fine-grained word vectors in terms of time and region to facilitate cross-temporal and cross-cultural research, and (3) deepen and expand the application of contextualized word embeddings and large pre-trained language models such as GPT and BERT.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-09-01
Abstract：
In recent years, impacts of social change on human culture and psychology have become a cutting-edge research area in cultural psychology. This research often implicates three effects: time or period effect, cohort or generation effect, and age or maturation effect, among which the former two are related to societal change, whereas the last one usually constitutes a confounder. In examining cultural and psychological changes as well as its sources, widely used research designs include cross-time comparison, cross-generation comparison and cross-regional comparison (or historical reconstruction) and widely used statistic methods includes traditional correlation and regression analyses and modern time series analyses (e.g. cross-lagged correlation analysis, Granger causality tests). Since each design has specific pros and cons, researchers need to choose suitable design in terms of research question and data collection possibility. If possible, it is highly recommended to pursue convergent evidence by conducting multiple studies with multiple research designs.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-03-08
Abstract：
Interpersonal synchrony has been treated as critical element to build up social communication system. Systematic study of
neuroscience literature showed interpersonal synchrony decreased or disrupted at different levels for children who have been identified
autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including behavior level, intelligence level and emotional level. Furthermore, magnetoencephalography
neuroimaging evidences show that the reduction or interruption of brain synchronous coordination response between ASD children and
peers. It is difficult to realize the sharing of implicit mental state and the synchronization of explicit interactive behavior. Future studies
related to propose modelling of interpersonal synchrony for ASD individual from three aspects, including cognitive solidification,
behavioral disharmony and emotional expression imbalance, and explore whether the atypical interpersonal synchronization of ASD
children is the product of impaired social function or the potential mechanism of impaired social function.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-03-08
Abstract：
"Children’s resource allocation in group context is affected by group factors such as
group identification, group status and group norms. Faced with the conflicts between group factors
and fairness, some children stick to fairness, while others vary their decisions. These three group
factors influence children’s allocation decisions respectively. In addition, individual factors are
also involved when children allocating resources in group context. Future studies should take
group factors into consideration, especially how the three factors interact with each other to make
more sense of distributive justice in group context. Individual factors that matter in group context
are also to be explored.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-03-25
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-03-02
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-26
Abstract： The perception of prosodic boundaries is critical to spoken language comprehension, and it has become a primary research topic among psychologists and psycholinguists in the past decade. Utterances are chunked into prosodic units of different strengths. The boundaries between prosodic units are mainly signaled by acoustic cues like pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. Previous cognitive, linguistic, developmental, and neuroimaging studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the processing of prosodic boundaries. We now know that listeners use a perceptual weighting strategy to process prosodic boundary cues, and there are specific brain mechanisms for prosodic boundary processing. The ability to processing prosodic boundaries steadily develops with age in young children and transfers to a second language, but it generally decreases with age in older adults. Future studies should expand the investigation of prosodic boundaries to more pragmatic genres and focus on revealing the cognitive mechanisms underlying prosodic boundary processing, the relationship between prosodic boundary and syntax processing, and the development of prosodic boundary perception in second language learners.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-09-27
Abstract： Interpersonal trust has permeated all aspects of social exchange. It is the foundation of promoting and maintaining social corporation. Using the trust game paradigm, previous studies have investigated the theoretical models, biological bases and influential factors of interpersonal trust. In recent years, computational modeling has been increasingly applied to the research field of interpersonal trust. It enables researchers to explore the psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal trust. Combining computational modeling with neuroimaging technology can deepen our understanding of the brain mechanisms of trust behaviors. The current application of the computational modeling to the trust game primarily aimed to answer the question of "how trust is formed”. Future researchers could further combine advanced computational modeling techniques with non-invasive brain stimulation technologies to uncover the unique process of trust formation among patients with mental disorders. By doing so, we hope to gain a better understanding about the differences in the psychological and neural mechanisms of trust formation between healthy population and patients with mental disorders. " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-08-15
Abstract： Binocular disparity, a critical cue to stereopsis, is defined as the small horizontal displacement between the two corresponding images projected onto the retina of the two eyes. The study of binocular disparity can be dated back to the early 18th century. Recent studies on binocular disparity have advanced our understanding in two aspects. The first is using electrophysiological and brain imaging technique to investigate the functional specialization in disparity processing in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways, which reveals hierarchical and parallel processing principles in the visual system. The second is about learning-induced plasticity. Future research needs to combine brain imaging, neuromodulation and other cutting-edge techniques to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying binocular disparity, its learning effect, and the interaction between binocular disparity and other depth clues. On the application side, future research needs to optimize training paradigms (e.g., with virtual reality technique) for rehabilitation and enhancement in the binocular disparity performance. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-08-07
Abstract： " The theory of Behavioral Immune System (BIS) posits that to cope with pandemic stress, human beings have evolved a series of behavioral responses, including vigilance to and disgust of disease cues, preference for healthy mate and collectivism, prejudice against out-groups and so on. For the first time, the existing studies were reviewed according to research level (individual vs. group). A large body of supportive evidence for BIS at both levels was identified, though many inconsistent and/or conflicting findings exist. Reasons leading to such inconsistencies include inadequacies of research methods, theory basis, and applicability in modern society. Future research should examine the boundary conditions of existing findings and theory; extend the scope of the current research; explore the underlying biological and physiological mechanism of BIS."
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Safety Science and Technology >> Public Safety submitted time 2020-07-14
Abstract： Terrorist attacks can occur anywhere. As the threat of terrorism develops, the China–Eurasia Expo held in Urumqi, China, is attracting fewer potential visitors. A nationwide survey of 2034 residents from 31 provinces/municipalities in China was conducted to examine the relation between the distance to respondents’ city of residence from Urumqi and their levels of concern for safety and security concerning the expo. The two were found to be positively related: the closer the respondents lived to ?rümqi, the less concerned they were with the safety and security of the expo. This is consistent with the ‘psychological typhoon eye’ effect, which states that people living closer to the centre of an unfortunate event (whether natural or man-made hazards) are less concerned with the event’s negative consequences. This effect appears to hold for terrorism. There are implications of this finding for international counter-terrorism practice, tourism, and research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-23
Abstract： According to the positive temporal discounting theory and our relevant observations, when faced with future losses, people should, and do, prefer delayed negative events (e.g., deferring paying taxes, debts, or tickets), which can lead to substantial individual and societal costs. However, a counterexample has been identified and it appears to depart from the prediction of positive temporal discounting when faced with negative events. This study proposed and investigated the novel free from care account for the reverse preference. Results of five laboratory and field studies showed that students preferred an immediate negative event (i.e., an English oral exam) when “something tying one up”was imposed, in which coping with a distraction induced by such a situation could play a mediating role. In particular, the addition of“something tying one up” was found to be an effective behavioral nudge in terms of reliability and reproducibility and should be simple for potential users to follow. Specifically, the association between being tied up and undergoing a negative event immediately in the present studies mirrored the association between outgroup threat and intergroup cooperation in the Robbers Cave experiment.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2020-03-03
Abstract： Eye-movement technique has been widely used in the studies of cognitive psychology. The application of eye-movement technique in researching individual differences in cognitive ability has also attracted researchers' attention. Previous studies have successfully identified individuals with psychological disorders (such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia) by using eye-movement analysis. Whether eye-movement characteristics can accurately reflect the cognitive ability of normal people is worth exploring. In this review, we first introduced the good reliability of individual’s eye-movement characteristics. Studies indicated that eye-movement characteristics have good test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability, which lays the foundation for using eye-movement characteristics to measure cognitive abilities. Subsequently, we systematically summarized the relationship between eye-movement characteristics and cognitive abilities from three aspects: fixation and saccade related indicators, scan patterns, and pupil size. These studies provided substantial evidence that eye-movement characteristics could reflect individual’s cognitive abilities such as intelligence and working memory. To be specific, individuals with high cognitive abilities show more efficient information processing in eye-movement tasks such as visual searching and reading, reflecting in longer saccade amplitude and lower proportion of long fixation duration. In intelligence tests, individuals with high cognitive abilities tend to select the more efficient strategies according to test’s rules. Take Raven's advanced progressive matrices test as an example, high intelligence individuals spend longer time on encoding the problem and demonstrate less toggling rate between problem area and response alternatives area. In addition, studies focusing on scan patterns developed powerful quantitative analysis tools in recent years, which brings new vitality to qualitative scan patterns. These studies found that indicators based on quantitative scan patterns perform better than conventional fixation or saccade indicators in predicting individual’s cognitive abilities. Moreover, pupil size, a more physiological indicator indirectly reflecting the activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, also has close relations with cognitive abilities. However, the correlation between cognitive abilities and tonic (baseline) pupil size remained controversial for several reasons, such as the diverging definition of baseline and different measurements for cognitive abilities. The correlation between phasic (task-related) pupil size and cognitive abilities was close to agreement according to the control hypothesis. For tasks that require more exploration, individuals with high cognitive abilities tend to fully utilize their cognitive resources to complete these tasks, causing their phasic pupil size to dilate more that low cognitive abilities individuals. In contrast, for tasks that require more exploitation, they tend to utilize fewer resources to efficiently complete these tasks, causing their phasic pupil size to dilate smaller than individuals with low cognitive abilities. Studies have revealed the close relationship between various eye-movement characteristics and cognitive abilities, indicating eye-movement technique is a promising tool for measuring individual cognitive differences with good reliability and validity. Future studies need to further explore the causal relationship, internal cognitive mechanism, and underlying neurobiological basis between eye-movement characteristics and cognitive abilities. Also, the influences of possible moderating variables (e.g., age, task type, task difficulty and physical properties of stimulus materials) should be fully considered in relative studies. Furthermore, it is worth exploring to develop reliable and valid cognitive ability tests combined with artificial intelligence algorithm based on eye-movement characteristics.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Safety Science and Technology >> Safety Social Science submitted time 2019-01-21
Abstract： "The Microblog behavioral data of typical disaster-stricken areas under the Impact of Typhoon Mangosteen (Guangdong) and non-disaster areas (Anhui) were selected to test the psychological typhoon eye effect from two dimensions of time and space with the method of big data analysis. The results show that there are differences of attention degree in the time dimension, but there is no "high-low-high" psychological typhoon eye pattern in the affected areas. Specifically, the attention of the affected areas after the transit of typhoon is higher than that before the transit of typhoon, while there is no significant difference of the attention of typhoon between the time periods before, during and after the transit. There is no significant difference between the disaster-stricken areas and the non-disaster areas in the dimension of spatial. Limitations of the study are mainly analyzed in order to provide relevant thinking and reference for future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2018-03-31
Abstract： Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a mainstream functional brain imaging modality with myriad applications in mental disorder studies, due to its non-invasiveness, high spatial–temporal resolution, ease of use, and amenability to aggregate big data across studies and sites. However, the small effect size and low reproducibility of resting-state fMRI restricted its clinical applications in diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. In my opinion, there were several ways to advance resting-state fMRI towards aiding clinical practice: refining resting-state spontaneous thoughts and improving the paradigm of resting-state fMRI, clarifying the physiological mechanism of resting-state fMRI measures and developing new measures which reflect neuronal signals better, accumulating big imaging data and training deep learning classifiers for clinical diagnosis, as well as designing longitudinal studies to improve the treatment of mental disorders.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-03-29
Abstract：在生活中，我们时常会选取或接受一个导致明显损失的选项（如，无酬加班）。主流决策理论不会将此选择预测或解释为我们主动做出的行为选择，反倒是中国古语“吃亏是福”这一信条不仅对此进行了阐释，而且还大力推崇这类行为。为了探索“吃亏是福”信条起作用的机制，我们自创了一个基于成功人士吃亏轶事的量表，用于测量“吃亏似然性”。考虑到“福”可分为“主观”与“客观”之福；“报”可分为“现报”与“后报”，我们发现（1）当下吃亏似然性分数越高的人，当下拥有的社会经济地位指数（SEI）越高、主观幸福感（SWB）越强；（2）真金白银的当前社会经济地位指数（SEI）既可以被当下的吃亏似然性所预测，也可以被想象的多年前吃亏似然性所预测（即以前吃的亏能预测现在受的福），且想象以前吃亏的年代越久远，预测的效果越佳。我们的发现提示“吃亏是福”不是传说而是现实。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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