Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Immoral contagion refers to the process where a moral transgressor as a source of contagion directly or with the help of a morally neutral agent indirectly transfers the negative moral essence to a target, causing emotional, cognitive or physiological changes. The present review aims to, firstly, clarify the mental mechanism under immoral contagion -- disgust, on the basis of which the impact immoral contagion has on the field of moral psychology (moral emotion and moral cognition) is illustrated; then we expand the perspective to embodied cognition, organization and management as well as interpersonal interaction in order to explore the universal impact of immoral contagion on human society. Finally, future research is guided toward cross-cultural comparison, personal differences, the neural mechanism of dynamic process of contagion and positive moral contagion for a more thorough understanding of moral contagion.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Corporate social responsibility (CSR) attributions refer to the process through which individuals make subjective judgments regarding a company’s motivations for implementing CSR practices. CSR attributions are crucial for CSR practices to have their intended positive effects. We review the literature on CSR attributions in order to summarize the individual, leadership, and organizational factors influencing CSR attributions. In addition, from the perspectives of social exchange and social identity theories, the influence mechanisms of CSR attributions on employee attitudes and behaviors are discussed. We provide suggestions for future research including: (1) Clarify the unique antecedents and outcomes of different corporate social responsibility attributions; (2) Draw on attribution theory to explore the mechanisms through which CSR attributions are formed; (3) Explore how multiple factors influence CSR attributions at the same time; (4) Investigate how attributions influence CSR fairness heuristics; (5) Conduct localized research on CSR attributions in the Chinese context.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The advantage of executive control brought by bilingual experience has long attracted much attention. However, the theoretical explanation and specific performance of the bilingual advantage are inconsistent. Some studies suggest that only some components of executive control exist bilingual advantage effect, which is conditional or there is no bilingual advantage effect on executive control. The present study suggests that the contradicted results of previous studies are probably due to an incongruent division on the components of executive control, especially confusing the concepts and task paradigms of interference control and response inhibition. In order to further clarify the internal mechanism of the bilingual advantage effect on executive control and identify which components of the executive control have a bilingual advantage, the current study distinguished interference control and response inhibition from traditional classification of inhibitory control and mainly focused on the bilingual advantage effect of interference control, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. At the same time, neglected variables such as age and language family, which were added to the study as moderators for the first time, as well as sample size, the proficiency of a second language, the acquisition age of a second language, and socioeconomic status were also included as moderating variables to explore their respective influences on the bilingual advantage effect of executive control. 牋Finally, the meta-analysis of 102 works of literature found that the bilingual advantage of executive control was marginally significant (g = 0.11), but the bilingual advantage disappeared after controlling for publication bias. Furthermore, the bilingual advantage of the interference control component was marginally significant (g = 0.08) without significant modulating effect. The bilingual advantage of the response inhibition component was significant (g = 0.21), and was moderated by proficiency of a second language. That is to say, the skilled bilinguals were more likely to show bilingual advantage compared to non-proficient bilinguals. Nevertheless, the bilingual advantage effect disappeared after controlling for publication bias. At the same time, the cognitive flexibility component was moderated by age and publication year. To be more specific, a bilingual advantage was found in child bilinguals while not in adult bilinguals, and there was a more significant result of the bilingual advantage in recent publication years. In addition, whether native and second languages belong to the same language family also influenced the bilingual advantage effect on executive control to some extent. Different language families had larger effect size than the same language family, and response inhibition showed a bilingual advantage when the native and second language belonged to different language families. This suggests language family is an important moderating variable that has been overlooked in previous studies. Future research should further explore the influence of the distance between the native and second language on the bilingual advantage of executive control. 牋In summary, this study not only found a bilingual advantage effect on executive control, but more importantly, tested the need to separate interference control and response inhibition from traditional inhibitory control. After separation, a stable bilingual advantage effect was found only for the interference control component, and an unstable bilingual advantage effect was found for the response inhibition component. Given that no study has yet hypothesized a bilingual advantage effect on interference control component alone, the findings provide new ideas and certain references for future exploration in the related field. Moreover, in explaining whether bilingual experience can lead to generalized cognitive advantage, the specific effects of language characteristics and the language using subjects, on different cognitive components of executive control should be fully considered.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： It is a fundamental feature of human cognition to understand the abstract concept of time through space. As far as the direction of metaphorical mapping is concerned, space-time mappings in the 'front-back' direction are the most common. At present, most studies have confirmed the psychological reality of spatiotemporal mapping. However, research on implicit space-time mapping in mental thinking and its influencing factors are still controversial. The Temporal Focus Hypothesis (TFH) holds that language is not the only factor affecting the implicit space-time mapping, and that the attention individuals pay to past or future time, namely, Temporal Focus, is the key factor shaping the implicit space-time mapping. Temporal focus refers to the extent to which individuals allocate their attention to past, present and future time periods, and is influenced by a variety of factors such as culture, individual differences, and cognitive training. Life history strategy is a stable pattern of psychological behavior. It is a variable belonging to the category of individual differences. This study builds on existing research by introducing life history strategies, which are stable patterns of mental behavior that individuals develop through trade-offs in order to survive and adapt, and are variables that fall under the category of individual differences. Those with a slow life history strategy attach more importance to events related to the future and show a preference for “future thinking”, while those with a fast life history strategy focus on the present and have no obvious preference for "future thinking" or "past thinking". This study adopts a time-focus questionnaire, a time-diagramming task and a time-word categorization task to explore the temporal focus and implicit temporal mapping preferences of subjects with different life history strategies, and the effects of life history strategies and time-focus on implicit temporal mapping.In this paper, we examine the temporal focus and implicit temporal mapping preferences of individuals with different life-history strategies, and further verify the stability and applicable boundary conditions of the temporal focus hypothesis through three studies. In Study 1, the Life History Strategy Questionnaire and Time Focus Scale were used to explore the relationship between life history strategy and time focus. Study 2 explored the relationship between life history strategy type and implicit temporal mapping direction using a temporal diagramming task and a temporal word decision task, respectively. Experiment 3 further tested the stability of the temporal focus hypothesis by initiating different temporal focus in individuals with fast and slow life history strategies. The results showed that the fast-strategy subjects had no obvious preference for temporal focus and implicit temporal mapping, while the slow-strategy subjects preferred future temporal focus and “future-front, past-back” implicit temporal mapping associations. The intervention of temporal focus shaped the implicit space-time mappings direction of fast-strategic individuals with a metaphorical consistency effect, whereas for slow-strategic subjects, the intervention had a limited effect.The entire study demonstrates that life history strategies can influence temporal focus and implicit space-time mapping from an evolutionary adaptive perspective. And the temporal focus hypothesis has boundary conditions.#the metaphor congruency effect, life history strategy, temporal focus, implicit space-time mappings
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-01-03
Abstract：
The executive control advantage brought by bilingual experience has long attracted much attention. However, the theoretical explanation and specific performance of the bilingual advantage effect are still inconsistent. In order to further clarify the internal mechanism of bilingual advantage effect, the current research distinguished interference control and response inhibition, as well as included moderating variables of both age and languages family. Finally, through the meta–analysis of 102 literatures, it was found that the bilingual advantage of executive control was significant, albeit marginal (g = 0.11), but the bilingual advantage disappeared after controlling the publication bias. Furthermore, the bilingual advantage of interference control component was significant, albeit marginal (g = 0.08). After controlling the publication bias, the bilingual advantage of response inhibition component disappeared. The bilingual advantage of cognitive flexibility was moderated by the subjects' age and the year of publication. To sum up, the results suggest future research can pay more attention to the differences between interference control and response inhibition in the bilingual advantage effect and their internal mechanism, as well as the influence of bilingual age and the language distance between the second language and the mother tongue on the bilingual advantage of executive control.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-05-06
Abstract：
The embodied semantic view of metaphors holds that the processing of verbal metaphors relies on sensorimotor simulation, as the verbal metaphors are grounded in the physical body and sensorimotor system. However, in the psycholinguistic literature on this topic, the dominant assumption is that metaphorical representation is processed as abstractions rather than concrete representations. Abstractions are conceptual representations that are less specified than their literal-concrete counterparts. In recent years, some studies have proven that besides sensorimotor simulation, the comprehension of verbal metaphors also requires semantic abstraction. But the interaction between simulation and abstraction, as well as the time course of metaphorical meaning integration, is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate whether embodiment or abstraction, or both, are employed in the processing of verbal metaphor, and the time course of metaphorical meaning integration. We assume that besides sensorimotor simulation, the comprehension of verbal metaphors also requires semantic abstraction, and the semantic integration of verbal metaphors occurs immediately with the unfolding of sentence meaning. To test the above hypothesis, we employed behavioral and ERP technology to explore at phrase level and sentence level respectively.
Experiment 1: The purpose is to explore whether the literal - concrete and literal - abstract meanings will be activated by the processing of verbal metaphor from the perspective of phrases. Verbal metaphorical phrases, abstract verbs, abstract-control verbs, concrete verbs and concrete-control verbs were used as experimental items. A sentence priming paradigm was used. A total of forty-eight right-handed participants (23 males) aged from 18 to 24 years old took part in this study. A Latin square method was adopted to balance different experimental treatments of the same phrase between participants. The experimental materials were divided into 4 lists, and the subjects were randomly assigned to one of the lists to judge true or false words. Results: In the priming of verbal metaphorical phrasal, the reaction times of abstract verbs were significantly shorter than that of concrete verbs and control verbs, and there was no significant difference between concrete verbs and control verbs.
Experiment 2: The purpose is to explore the processing and integration timing of verbal metaphor from the perspective of a sentence by using event-related potential (ERP) technique. The participants were asked to read subject-verb metaphorical sentences, verb-object metaphorical sentences, literal-concrete sentences and literal-abstract sentences. Thirty-eight participants (17 males) were recruited in this study. To ensure the participants read sentences in the experiment carefully, 40% of the experimental items were selected to set the sentence comprehension task. The Latin square method was adopted to balance subjects and stimuli. Brain electrical activity was recorded by a 64-channel system composed of tin electrodes mounted in an elastic cap according to the international 10-20 System. The N400 and P600/LPC components were selected as indicators of the processing stages of the target verb and object. The results showed that the N400 effect induced by the verb-object metaphor sentences in the predicate stage is similar to the literal-concrete sentences, and the P600/LPC effect induced by the subject-verb metaphor sentences in the predicate stage is similar to the literal-abstract sentences. Subject-verb metaphor sentences induced more positive P600/LPC amplitude in the predicate phase compared to predicate-object verb metaphor sentences, while there was no significant difference in the average amplitude of P600/LPC between the two at the object stage.
The present results suggested that verbal metaphor is processed both by simulation and abstraction, and the metaphorical meaning is integrated immediately with the unfolding of the sentence meaning. The position where the semantic conflict lies in a sentence (verb vs. object) modulates the time course of metaphor sentence comprehension.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-02-05
Abstract： Corporate social responsibility (CSR) attributions refer to the process through which individuals make subjective judgments regarding a company’s motivations for implementing CSR practices. CSR attributions are crucial for CSR practices to have their intended positive effects. We review the literature on CSR attributions in order to summarize the individual, leadership, and organizational factors influencing CSR attributions. In addition, from the perspectives of social exchange and social identity theories, the influence mechanisms of CSR attributions on employee attitudes and behaviors are discussed. We provide suggestions for future research including: (1) Clarify the unique antecedents and outcomes of different corporate social responsibility attributions; (2) Draw on attribution theory to explore the mechanisms through which CSR attributions are formed; (3) Explore how multiple factors influence CSR attributions at the same time; (4) Investigate how attributions influence CSR fairness heuristics; (5) Conduct localized research on CSR attributions in the Chinese context.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-03-11
Abstract： The processing of moral metaphors is essentially a dynamic process of mapping a concrete source domain with sensorimotor experience to an abstract target domain and representing abstract moral concepts. And it should also be regarded as a result of interactive activity amid physical experience and moral emotions. Researches on the neural mechanism of moral metaphors showed that physical and emotional experience influence the processing of moral metaphors, and discussed the effects of moral emotions on the metaphorical mapping of morality. Future researches should enrich the range of subject and directions of mapping, and improve the ecological validity and cross-cultural validity by modifying the experimental paradigms in social interactions.
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