Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-11-24
Abstract：
Shame is a typical moral emotion, and its effects on prosocial behavior have been inconsistent in previous studies. In this study, a three-level meta-analysis technique was used for the first time to integrate relevant empirical studies to examine the effects of shame on prosocial behavior and the moderating variables in the relationship. Through literature search and screening, a total of 26 literatures with 85 effect sizes were included, and the total sample size was 5823 participants. The main effect test found that the shame group showed more prosocial behavior than the control group, which means shame can promote the generation of prosocial behavior. The moderating effect test showed that the moderating effect of generation situation of prosocial behavior (exposure situation or masking situation) was significant, that is, shame could promote more prosocial behavior in the exposure situation than in the masking situation. While the moderating effects of those variables including age, cultural background, shame-induced method, the type of shame, and the type of prosocial behavior were not significant. The use of three-level meta-analysis in this study ensured the integrity of the included literature information, so as to draw more comprehensive and reliable conclusions on the effects of shame on prosocial behavior and the role of moderating variables in the relationship between the two. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between shame and prosocial behavior and the moderating mechanisms. Subsequent research could further explore the role of cognitive factors and individual characteristics in the influence of shame on prosocial behavior, and investigate the differences between the effects of shame and other moral emotions on prosocial behavior.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-04-25
Abstract：
Time personality refers to personality differences in time, mainly including types of temporal insight, temporal orientation, and procrastination. Time personality not only reflects people's different attitudes toward time, but also is one of the most important temporal factors that influence and predict intertemporal decision-making. Intertemporal decision-making requires people to weigh the costs and benefits of different time points. With the accelerated pace of society, short videos, academic work and life pressure have largely changed people's attitudes toward time. Therefore, when people make decisions across time, differences in attitudes toward time will influence the outcome of the decision. Most studies have found that time perspective, time orientation and procrastination can predict the outcome of individual intertemporal decision-making. Temporal insight and temporal orientation negatively predicted the outcome of intertemporal decision-making. Those who do not procrastinate are more likely to have long-term goal plans than those who procrastinate. Therefore, non-procrastinators will prefer smaller, immediate rewards. There are many explanations for these phenomena. (1) Perceived time based model (PTBM) suggests that individual perception of delay is a direct influence on intertemporal decision-making, but differences in time personality can cause changes in time perception and further influence the outcome of the decision. (2) Attentional resource theory (AST) suggests that attention is a psychological resource necessary to accomplish intertemporal decision-making tasks. The allocation of resources affects the degree of patience with which individuals view time, and therefore affects the outcome of the decision. (3) Temporal motivational theory (TMT) is used to explain why time personality evokes individuals' motivation to choose immediate or delayed rewards (4) Construal level theory (CLT) suggests that construct level is closely related to the clarity of an individual's anticipated decision scenario. The outcome of intertemporal decision-making depends on the differences in individual construct levels resulting from time personality. However, time personality will not accurately predict the outcome of intertemporal decision-making under all conditions. There are two reasons for this: (1) analytical processing and holistic processing are the two ways in which individuals obtain information for decision-making. People are bound to feel very vague when they anticipate the distant future compared to the present, when holistic processing may become the main mode of processing decision information. However, time personality at this time can enhance the level of analytical processing and make people's decisions more rational. This effect may be very weak if it occurs at shorter delay intervals. Therefore, the shorter the delay interval, the lower the validity of predicting intertemporal decisions by time personality. (2) The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region shared by time personality and intertemporal decision-making, influences the degree of clarity of the expected decision scenarios. The clearer the presented decision scenario is, the stronger the activation of the vmPFC region is likely to be. At this point, the stronger the connection between time personality and intertemporal decision-making is likely to be. Therefore the more ambiguous the decision scenario is, the lower the validity of predicting intertemporal decision-making through time personality. In conclusion, time personality is one of the main factors in predicting intertemporal decision-making. However, we have to recognize the limitations of the role of time personality as a predictor. In the future, we need to clarify the psychological mechanism of its influence on intertemporal decision-making and propose a special theory to explain the role played by time personality.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-12-07
Abstract： "Time" is the "necessity" of intertemporal decision‐making. People's perception of time delay determines the result of intertemporal decision‐making. In recent years, researchers have discovered that “time length perception”, “time resource perception” and “time frame perception” are the main ways that time perception affects intertemporal decision‐making. The neural mechanism of action of time perception contains both micro‐level and macro‐level. The "logarithmic/exponential time discount model", "perceptual time base model" and "multimodal drift diffusion model" provide behavioral explanations for the way time perception works. However, the existing theoretical models still have many limitations, which are mainly embodied in two aspects: "prediction deviation of long and short time interval" and "deviation of actual decision and expected decision". Therefore, it is essential to explore in‐depth the fundamental ways in which time perception affects intertemporal decision‐making, analyze the limitations of existing theoretical models, and propose a mechanism framework for integration. Future research urgently needs to further integrate the theoretical models of time perception, and carry out research on brain mechanisms and applications, to more fully expose the nature of time perception and help individuals and society make more rational decisions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-11-12
Abstract： Antisocial punishment in the game refers to the phenomenon that the game participants implements economic punishment (with monetary cost), negative evaluation, or exclusion and suppression on others who exhibit high contributions or cooperation of prosocial behavior. Previous studies, using classic game paradigms with punishment, have proved that antisocial punishment is deeply influenced by a variety of individual and environmental factors, and put forward five hypotheses to explain its generation mechanism from the perspective of aggression, revenge, social comparison, deviation from group norms, and evolutionary strategies. Future researches can further clarify the concept and measurement indicators, innovate research methods, expand studies of influencing factors, explicate the generating mechanism, and conduct targeted intervention studies. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-08-08
Abstract： Academics have different opinions regarding the sex difference in trust level. One group of researchers holds the view of sex differences in trust levels, where risk preference theory supports the view that men have a higher level of trust, and the advantages over the women in the prosocial field provide support for women to have a higher level of trust. However, another group of scholars believe that there is no sex difference in trust level, which is based on the gender similarities hypothesis. Although the views of the two groups and their theoretical foundations have been supported to a certain extent; however, they need to be comprehensively analyzed and clarified about their rationality from the perspectives of research paradigms and cultural differences between the East and the West. Future research use trust measurement methods need to be more rationally, then clarify the sex characteristics of trust in the dynamic process of change, and deepen the research on the neurophysiological mechanism of the trust difference between the sexes, thus fundamentally better reveal the issue of sex differences in trust levels.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-08-02
Abstract： Moral injury refers to the long-lasting psychological, biological, spiritual, behavioral and social impact on an individual after the exposure to morally injurious events, which entail “perpetrating, failing to prevent, bearing witness to, or learning about acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations” (Litz et al., 2009). Since Litz et al. (2009) redefined this concept from the perspective of psychology, moral injury has attracted extensive attention in the fields of psychology, ethics, psychiatry, and sociology. At present, researchers have developed a number of multi-dimensional scales to measure the events or symptoms of moral injury and have used cognitive behavior therapy, cognitive processing therapy, mindfulness therapies, and adaptive disclosure therapy based on CBT developed specifically for moral injury to intervene.Future researches can continue to explore the mechanism of moral injury further, establish the diagnostic criteria of moral injury, widen the application of moral injury, and enrich the connotation of moral injury, so as to improve the breadth and depth of researches on moral injury. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-02-08
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-08-29
Abstract： "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-30
Abstract： Mindfulness in an intimate relationship indicates the conscious attention to feelings or thoughts paid by individuals that may affect the relationship. It has gradually attracted academic attention in theory and applications research because of its contributions to improve relationship satisfaction and buffer conflicts. The theoretical framework of interaction patterns between partners helps to understand the process and outcomes of intimate relationships at the level of the dyad. Researchers usually use self-report questionnaires, laboratory-based inductions and mindfulness interventions to explore the effects of mindfulness on intimate relationships. Since mindfulness intervention has a protective and remedial function for intimate relationships, it is applied to different relationship states such as relative happiness, facing challenges, and falling into crisis. Future research consists of four aspects. Firstly, constructing the theory based on the staged characteristics and possible reverse effects; secondly, conceptualizing the theoretical definition from multi-dimensional as well as dynamic perspective by relying on the interaction pattern and staged characteristics of the intimate relationship following by the measurement through the mutual evaluation or observational coding; thirdly, using robust designs to clarify the effects of interventions and finally paying attention to potential adverse effects.
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