Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Doctor-patient shared decision-making (SDM) is widely advocated as ideal for making medical decisions because it is believed to yield good results. Previous researchers have summarized the influencing factors of SDM from various perspectives; however, they have not systematically focused on the psychological mechanism of how these factors operate. Based on implicit leadership and followership prototypes, this paper introduces the perspective of implicit prototypes in doctor-patient SDM and proposes implicit SDM prototypes of doctors and patients for themselves and their counterparts. The implicit SDM prototype of doctors and patients is a set of cognitive schemas that they develop about “their own or their counterparts’ SDM behaviors,” which reflect the extent to which they expect themselves or their counterparts to exhibit SDM behaviors. Moreover, doctors and patients do not have the same implicit SDM prototypes for themselves or their counterparts and, hence, have different expectations about whether the patient or doctor needs to engage in SDM. This paper clarifies the implicit prototype psychological pathways in which individual characteristics affect SDM (individual characteristics of doctors and patients → their potential psychological states → their implicit SDM prototypes → their SDM). Individual characteristics may influence the psychological states of doctors and patients, their implicit SDM prototypes, and their SDM. Dividing the four implicit SDM prototype psychological paths, this paper reviews the previous studies that have focused on the effect of individual characteristics of doctors and patients on SDM. First, studies focusing on the effect of the individual characteristics of doctors and patients on SDM have found that patients’ and doctors’ characteristics influence SDM by seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, such as emotions, outcomes, and interpersonal feedback or experienced power states. This paper proposes that patients’ and doctors’ motivations and experienced power states may influence SDM through their implicit SDM prototypes for themselves. Second, studies focusing on the effect of individual characteristics of doctors and patients on their counterparts’ SDM have found that doctors’ medical service and interaction characteristics with patients influence patients’ SDM through the relative deprivation and psychological empowerment experienced by patients and that patients’ individual characteristics influence doctors’ SDM through their heuristic cognitive judgments of patients. This paper proposes that the relative deprivation and psychological empowerment experienced by patients may influence their SDM through their implicit SDM prototypes for doctors. Doctors’ heuristic cognitive judgments of patients may influence their SDM through their implicit SDM prototypes for patients. Finally, according to the implicit SDM prototype research framework, several potential topics are discussed for future studies, including but not limited to exploring individual characteristics of doctors and patients that influence SDM, investigating the potential psychological states of doctors and patients influenced by their individual characteristics, testing the role of doctors’ and patients’ implicit SDM prototypes, and focusing on the moderators of the effect of individual characteristics of doctors and patients.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Cognitive reappraisal plays an important role in regulating negative emotions. However, traditional cognitive reappraisal has some issues, such as a lower reconstruction degree and a lower emotion regulation effect. Considering these issues, we propose an effective emotion regulation strategy called creative cognitive reappraisal, which refers to a novel and unique interpretation that is highly creative and appropriate for current emotional stimuli. During the emotion regulation process, an individual suddenly experiences an "Aha!" moment when combining the interpretation with the stimulus situation. This study found a dramatic shift from negative to positive emotions and a long-lasting regulatory effect. According to imaging results, creative cognitive reappraisal was associated with the formation of a novel association in the hippocampus and positive emotional arousal in the amygdala. However, the guided reappraisal used in this work was more akin to an understanding of reappraisal interpretation than active emotion regulation, which has lower ecological validity. Furthermore, it is difficult to generate high creative reappraisal on one’s own, making the application of creative cognitive reappraisal challenging. Thus, the goal of this project is to teach participants how to learn the method of creative cognitive reappraisal and then transfer and apply this strategy to specific negative emotion regulation in daily life, i.e., to establish a "learn and then use" emotion regulation mode that can truly play the role of creative cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation. Furthermore, because teenagers have more serious mood problems but also have higher creativity, this project intends to apply a creative cognitive reappraisal strategy for emotion regulation to teenagers while also teaching them creative emotion regulation strategies to assist them in learning cognitive transformations and reconstructions. This method can teach teenagers how to use positive emotional regulation strategies to deal with negative life events while also preserving their creativity. The specific research contents are as follows: 1) exploring the transfer effect of creative cognitive reappraisal in negative emotion regulation of college students and adolescents; 2) investigating changes in brain activation and representation patterns before and after creative cognitive reappraisal transfer; and 3) examining the similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of creative cognitive reappraisal transfer between adolescents and adults. This project is an extension and expansion of the applicant's existing work, and it would establish a theoretical foundation for verifying and promoting creative cognitive reappraisal as a learnable, usable and efficient emotional regulation strategy.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： It is widely accepted that unitization can promote familiarity-based associative recognition, but its effect on recognition of individual components remains unclear. A few studies have focused on this question and shown two different accounts: One is “benefits and costs” account which argues that unitization promote associative recognition at the cost of item recognition, the other is “benefits-only” account which holds that unitization can promote associative recognition without impairing item recognition. In the current study, we aimed to explore how unitization influence associative and item recognition. Twenty-nine participants took part in the study. To avoid fatigue effects, three study-test cycles were completed with a short break (2 min) in between. For each cycle, 96 word pairs were encoded at a rate of 4 s each, with a 900~1100 ms fixation cross between trials. Forty-eight word pairs were presented in compound word pairs (CW) and 48 word pairs were presented in non-compound word pairs (NCW). After a 2-min distracting phase, participants took part in an associative recognition test, in which 64 word pairs were presented: (1) CW-intact word pairs, (2) CW-rearranged word pairs, (3) NCW-intact word pairs, and (4) NCW-rearranged word pairs. In order to matched the level of unitzation between the studied and tested word pairs, two compound word pairs were rearranged into a new compound word pairs, and the same is true of non-compound word pairs. The remaining four words were used as old stimuli in item recognition test. After all three cycles are completed, participants then took part in an item recognition test. The item test was also divided into three cycles. For each cycle, 96 single words were presented: (1) Compound-old words, (2) Non-compound-old words, and (3) new words. In both associative and item recognition tests, participants were instructed to press the “F” if the word pairs or words had been learned at encoding and to press the “J” otherwise. Meanwhile, the EEG was recorded. First, the results showed higher level of unitization and faster RTs for compound word pairs than for non-compound word pairs at encoding. It indicated that the manipulation of unitization was effective in the current study. Second, concerning associative recognition, an enhanced recognition performance, with a larger familiarity-related FN400 effect and recollection-related LPC effect, was observed for compound word pairs than for non-compound word pairs. This results suggested that unitization could improve associative recognition performance through increasing the contribution of familiarity and recollection simultaneously. And finally, an equivalent item recognition performance between the two word pairs was found, despite the compound word pairs elicited a larger FN400 effect than the non-compound word pairs. This indicated that unitization did not impair the item recognition performance. In summary, the current study suggests that unitization not only facilitates associative recognition but also does not impair item recognition, supporting the “benefits-only” account. Importantly, familiarity can support associative recognition when the two items were unitized into a new presentation. This means that unitization is an effective strategy for improving associative memory, especially for groups with impaired recollection.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Unitization refers to the manipulation that can integrate two or more items into a single entirety. Previous studies found that unitization facilitated associative memory, however, the effect of unitization on item memory was controversial. Some researchers argued that unitization promoted associative recognition at the cost of item recognition (the view of “benefits and cost”), others held that unitization could promote associative recognition without impairing item recognition (the view of “benefits-only”). These two views seemed to be arguing the impact of unitization on item memory, but in fact, they were discussing the relationship between associative encoding and item encoding during unitization.The present study intended to explore the relationship between associative encoding and item encoding in the process of unitization through two experiments, by examining the effects of words unitization and characters unitization on associative memory and item memory as well as the differences of neural mechanisms between the two unitization strategies. In experiment 1, we used associative recognition paradigm to explore the unitization effects on associative memory. In the study phase, participants were asked to judge whether the character pairs could form to a multiple-component character (characters unitization) or a compound word (words unitization) or couldn’t (non-unitization). In the test phase, participants were asked to judge whether the character pairs were old or rearranged. In experiment 2, the item recognition paradigm was used. The procedure of the study phase was the same as in Experiment 1. In the test phase, participants were asked to judge whether the characters were old or new. In addition, the EEG signals were recorded during the task to explore the neural mechanism during memory encoding.The behavioral results showed that: i) the encoding process of characters unitization was more difficult and had longer response time compared to words unitization; ii) the performances of associative recognition was significantly higher for the words and characters unitization conditions than the non-unitization condition, and their performances of item recognition was not decreased; iii) the performances of associative recognition and item recognition was significantly higher for the characters unitization condition than words unitization condition. The EEG results showed that: iv) the LNC during words unitization encoding was mainly distributed in the frontal area and occurred earlier than characters unitization encoding, while the LNC during characters unitization encoding was mainly located in the occipital area and occurs later than words unitization encoding; v) the desynchronization of neural oscillation within α/β band was stronger for characters unitization condition compared to words unitization condition, and the desynchronization of neural oscillation within α/β band during encoding was significantly correlated with the hit of item recognition during retrieval.These results indicate from the perspectives of memory encoding and retrieval that the manipulation of unitization does not damage the processing of items while strengthening the processing of associative information, supporting the view of “benefits-only”. This research has deepened our understanding that the brain processes multiple-component Chinese characters and compound words, and also provided a reference for the arrangement of Chinese learning materials from the perspective of empirical evidence.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2022-09-29
Abstract： Insufficient behavior control in patients with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely related to decision impulsivity, which is regulated by medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). mPFC and NAc is involved in the regulation of decision-making process and impulsivity, and the structure and function of mPFC and NAc are abnormal in ADHD. The relationship between the functional coupling of mPFC-NAc circuit and abnormal decision impulsivity in ADHD is still under debate, abnormality of this circuit may provide explanations to the neural mechanism underlying ADHD. Wistar (WIS) rats and ADHD rats (SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat) were used as subjects of this study. We recorded the local field potential (LFP) of mPFC and NAc using multi-channel electrophysiology during a delay discounting task (DDT). We further analyzed the coherence difference of Theta (4~12Hz) oscillation in expectation period (0~3s) and compared this measure between the two groups. Results: (1) SHR rats had higher decision impulsivity level than WIS group. Power spectral density between 7~9Hz of LFP in mPFC and NAc increased in both groups. (2) When choosing large/delayed rewards, coherence of mPFC-NAc activity increased compared to small/immediate rewards in WIS group. This indicates the mPFC-NAc circuit involves in decision impulsivity. (3) When choosing large/delayed rewards, mPFC-NAc activity in SHR group showed lower coherence than WIS group, indicating SHR rats have weaker mPFC-NAc functional connections. (4) Coherence of mPFC-NAc activity is higher during initial choice behavioral than continuous choice behavior. It indicated that stronger mPFC-NAc functional connections are required during controlled information processing which is dominant in initial choice behavioral, while automatic processing is dominant in continuous choice behavior. Coherence of mPFC-NAc activity is higher in WIS group than WIS group when choosing large/immediate rewards. It indicated that the decision impulsivity deficits in SHR rats results from mPFC-NAc weak functional connections. (5) Coherence of mPFC-NAc activity is higher in shift trials than continuous trials. Plus, WIS group showed an overall higher coherence than SHR group. This indicated that mPFC-NAc circuit heavily involves in controlled information processing, and SHR group has deficiency of this process. (6) Regression analysis showed that coherence difference of mPFC-NAc activity in prediction period has positive correlation with delayed large reward selection rate in WIS group, that is, the more coherence of mPFC-NAc Theta activity increased during prediction period, the less decision impulsivity WIS rats behaved during choice period. However, the coherence difference cannot predict decision impulsivity in SHR group. Conclusion: mPFC-NAc heavily involves in decision impulsivity. Increase of coherence of mPFC-NAc theta oscillation in prediction period can predict impulsivity level. Decision impulsivity in ADHD as a consequence of the dysfunction, is caused by a weak mPFC-NAc functional connection.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-06-03
Abstract：
It is widely accepted that unitization can promote familiarity-based associative recognition, but its effect on recognition of individual components remains unclear. A few studies have focused on this question and shown two different accounts: One is “benefits and costs” account which argues that unitization promote associative recognition at the cost of item recognition, the other is “benefits-only” account which holds that unitization can promote associative recognition without impairing item recognition. In the current study, we aimed to explore how unitization influence associative and item recognition.
Twenty-nine participants took part in the study. To avoid fatigue effects, three study-test cycles were completed with a short break (2 min) in between. For each cycle, 96 word pairs were encoded at a rate of 4 s each, with a 900 ~ 1100 ms fixation cross between trials. Forty-eight word pairs were presented in compound word pairs (CW) and 48 word pairs were presented in non-compound word pairs (NCW). After a 2-min distracting phase, participants took part in an associative recognition test, in which 64 word pairs were presented: (1) CW-intact word pairs, (2) CW-rearranged word pairs, (3) NCW-intact word pairs, and (4) NCW-rearranged word pairs. In order to matched the level of unitzation between the studied and tested word pairs, two compound word pairs were rearranged into a new compound word pairs, and the same is true of non-compound word pairs. The remaining four words were used as old stimuli in item recognition test. After all three cycles are completed, participants then took part in an item recognition test. The item test was also divided into three cycles. For each cycle, 96 single words were presented: (1) Compound-old words, (2) Non-compound-old words, and (3) new words. In both associative and item recognition tests, participants were instructed to press the “F” if the word pairs or words had been learned at encoding and to press the “J” otherwise. Meanwhile, the EEG was recorded.
First, the results showed higher level of unitization and faster RTs for compound word pairs than for non-compound word pairs at encoding. It indicated that the manipulation of unitization was effective in the current study. Second, concerning associative recognition, an enhanced recognition performance, with a larger familiarity-related FN400 effect and recollection-related LPC effect, was observed for compound word pairs than for non-compound word pairs. This results suggested that unitization could improve associative recognition performance through increasing the contribution of familiarity and recollection simultaneously. And finally, an equivalent item recognition performance between the two word pairs was found, despite the compound word pairs elicited a larger FN400 effect than the non-compound word pairs. This indicated that unitization did not impair the item recognition performance.
In summary, the current study suggests that unitization not only facilitates associative recognition but also does not impair item recognition, supporting the “benefits-only” account. Importantly, familiarity can support associative recognition when the two items were unitized into a new presentation. This means that unitization is an effective strategy for improving associative memory, especially for groups with impaired recollection.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-03-05
Abstract： Chinese children with developmental dyslexia (DD) have been found to show a deficit in processing multi-elements in a variety of visual tasks parallelly. Nevertheless, the potential mechanisms of this visual simultaneous processing deficit and its relation to the reading ability still remain unclear. The ability of simultaneously processes multi-character strings is restricted by different cognitive components, including perceptual processing speed, visual short-term memory capacity, selective spatial attention distribution pattern, and the ability to inhibit distractors. Therefore, this article attempted to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the visual simultaneous processing in Chinese children with DD in the framework of the theory of visual attention (TVA). Two experiments are conducted to investigate the fundamental cognitive components regarding the visual simultaneous processing skill, with further examining the relationship between these components and the Chinese reading ability from developmental perspective. 43 Chinese children with DD and 46 chronological-age matched children with normal reading ability are recruited, and the two groups respectively include students from high and low grades in primary schools for the purpose of probing into the developmental changes in these TVA-based components of the visual simultaneous processing. The two experiments separately utilize high-frequency Chinese characters as verbal materials and the symbols as nonverbal materials. A modified combined theory of visual attention (CombiTVA) paradigm is employed to collect participants’ performances during the multi-element processing. Based on the response accuracy in each level of CombiTVA task, the four parameters including processing speed (C), visual short-term memory storage (K), attentional weight (ω), and irrelevant inhibition (α) are estimated through TVA model. We first compare the four TVA parameters between groups and grades, and then conduct hierarchical regression analyses to examine the contributions of possible impaired TVA parameters of reading difficulty. The results of the two experiments illustrate that the DDs from high and low grades both exhibit reduced perceptual processing speed comparing to the controls during processing multiple elements in parallel, with a trend of developmental decrease in this component deficit. Moreover, significant differences in the selective spatial attention distribution pattern between dyslexic and normal readers are only present in Experiment 1 with Chinese characters as the stimuli rather than in Experiment 2 with the nonverbal symbols as the stimuli. In details, during multi-processing of Chinese characters, a balanced pattern in attentional distribution is observed in DDs from both two grade groups; while the attentional weight of normal readers develops from right-lateralized to balanced patterns. Further hierarchical regression analyses reveals that the impaired components of visual simultaneous processing are separately associated with different levels of Chinese reading, the component of perceptual processing speed independently and effectively accounts for the variance of the sentence reading performance regardless of material properties, while the component of selective spatial attention distribution pattern is related to the single-character reading speed. These findings unfold the modulation of language specificity of Chinese to the cognitive deficits of DDs to some extent. This research is helpful to deepen our understanding of the internal mechanism of the visual simultaneous processing deficit in Chinese dyslexic children, and contribute to designing relevant intervention targeting visual simultaneous processing skills to improve reading efficiency in the dyslexics.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-11-16
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-09-13 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：研究使用ERPs技术, 考察了双语者在联结再认中是否存在第二语言记忆优势效应。实验要求被试完成维吾尔语(L1)和汉语(L2)两类“学习−测试”任务。学习阶段要求被试学习混合呈现的复合词和无关词, 测验阶段要求被试区分“旧”、“重组”或“新”词对。行为结果发现：(1)复合词中, L2的正确率高于L1, L2的反应时快于L1; 无关词中, L2的正确率与L1无显著差异, 但L2的反应时快于L1。(2) 在L2和L1中, 复合词的正确率均高于无关词, 反应时均快于无关词。ERPs结果发现：(1)在高整合条件下, L2仅诱发了FN400效应, L1诱发了FN400效应和LPC效应; 在低整合条件下, L2和L1都只诱发了LPC效应。(2)在时间进程上, L2和L1分别在650 ms和900 ms完成联结关系的提取。上述结果表明, 在高整合条件下, 双语者在联结再认中存在L2记忆优势。此外, 实验结果也从双语角度证明了, 整合编码能促进熟悉性在维吾尔语联结再认中发挥作用。本研究结果的实践意义在于, 为我国少数民族学生习得国家通用语言文字提供了认知神经科学依据。
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