Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The contents of visual working memory (VWM) have been repeatedly found to be linked with attention allocation during visual searching. While the target representation in working memory (target template) was found to affect memory-driven attentional capture in a top-down manner, non-target representation in working memory (non-target template) can also affect attentional selection. The present article reviews existing literature on the modulation of attentional selection by non-target template stored in visual working memory. It is concluded that non-target presentations can not only automatically bias attention to information that matches the non-target template, but also benefit visual search performance by strategically suppressing items that matches the non-target template. The suppression functions of non-target template were affected by several factors including experiment paradigm, task difficulty, characteristics of stimuli and level of cognitive control. Future research should be aimed towards further investigation of its properties and promote both basic and applied research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The stimuli newly associated with the self are apt to gain perceptual saliency and display advantages in attentional attraction. Another line of studies demonstrated that perceptual saliency could facilitate active suppression through a top-down control. Therefore, we hypothesize that, if the WM feature is to be suppressed voluntarily, self-associated stimuli was more easily inhibited compared with other information in the visual search task. In current study, participants first completed an associating learning task to form four pairs of color-label links (e.g., green-self, blue-stranger, red and yellow-neutral). Then, they took a Working Memory-guided visual search task in which they needed to search a target shape among several items. Before searching, participants were asked to memorize a specific color, which was one of the four colors used in the learning task. They were informed that items with this cue color were distractors in the search task. After the search task, participants were asked to recall the memorized cue color. The results showed the RTs of the search task were significantly shorter when the informed distracter color was self-associated compared with when the color was stranger-associated or neutral, no significant difference in searching time between stranger-associated color and neural color condition. Analyses of search accuracy and memory accuracy also revealed no significant difference across conditions. These results conformed the facilitation of search performance when the known distracters were in previously link to self, participants could inhibit the distracters more easily and search target more rapidly. To summarize, although valuable objects such as self-relevant information are attractive in nature, people often encounter situations where they would prefer to aviod such distraction while focusing on the task goal. The present study confirmed our hypothesis that the self-associated information was actively suppressed more easily and thus enhanced participants’ performance in visual research. These findings demonstrate a flexible role of learned self association on cognitive control.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-10-04
Abstract： " Background. Aesthetic judgement ability of art appears to change with artistic training. Previous studies have already been demonstrate some differences between experts and laypersons when it comes to the appreciating of aesthetic stimulus (music, movies, and western oil paintings). However, to date, there has not yet been systematic research on whether art expertise modulates aesthetic processing of traditional Chinese paintings, especially the neural mechanisms is lacking. Method. The current study set out to investigate whether and how aesthetic evaluation of Chinese paintings are modulated by art expertise. To this end, thirty participants, 15 art experts and 15 laypersons (mean age = 22.3 ± 2.46 years old) were enrolled in the experiment to assess 20 Chinese paintings with different types of aesthetic qualities (10 high-beauty vs. 10 low-beauty ones). Participants were asked to accomplish Chinese paintings for beauty and liking judgment tasks on 5-point scales, as well as oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Hbo) responses were recorded in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right temporo-parietal junction (r-TPJ) by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The inter-subject correlation (ISC) and intra-brain functional connectivity (FC) were calculated in two groups during free viewing of the Chinese paintings. Results. Behaviorally, all participants showed more positive response to high-beauty Chinese paintings than low-beauty paintings and this founding both for beauty and for liking ratings. However, few differences in ratings were observed between experts and laypersons. Nevertheless, profound differences in fNIRS parameters were observed in aesthetic processing between experts and laypersons. Firstly, a higher ISC in experts than laypersons was observed in appreciating low-beauty paintings, including the left middle frontal cortex (CH14) and right superior parietal gyrus (CH24). This groups discrepancies indicated that experts seem to consistently pungent the fatal flaws of low-beauty paintings than laypersons. Moreover, there was a lower ISC during experts appreciating high-beauty paintings than appreciating low-beauty paintings in the CH14. Importantly, our results detected that the ISC in CH14 was significantly negatively correlated with experts’ beauty ratings. These findings suggested that experts’ neural activity allows to distinguish the quality of Chinese paintings. Conversely, laypersons’ ISC was failed to separate the good from the bad on Chinese paintings because we did not find an ISC difference between high-beauty paintings and low-beauty paintings, neither did any correlate with aesthetic rating detected. Secondly, experts showed a stronger functional connectivity in right TPJ compared to the laypersons. Proposed explanation for this is that the experts could conjure up more associative thoughts and try to understanding the intentions of painters during appreciating paintings, which was accompanied by enhanced connectivity in the brain areas related to theory of mind. Conclusion. Considering the art-related expertise on aesthetic appreciation discussion in aesthetic psychology, the present study achieved to combined traditional Chinese paintings concerning expertise difference with neurophysiological correlates. Our results further extend the evidence of art expertise knowledge help to aesthetic evaluation, with experts significant increased ISC in left middle frontal cortex and intra-brain FC in right-TPJ. " "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-05-09
Abstract： Self-reference can improve the memorization of stimulated information, and this is a phenomenon called the self-referential effect. Previous studies from the perspective of social distance (such as parents, friends, and strangers) show that the speed of processing or classifying stimulus and memory performance under self-reference significantly outperform the cases under other-reference. Other than social distance, another concept greatly influences individual cognition and behavior: spatial distance. However, research from the perspective of spatial distance is scant. To broaden the perspectives on the self-referential effect, we constructed different distance conditions through a 2D corridor and investigated how spatial distance affects self-referential processing through a learning-recognition paradigm and event-related potential techniques. Neutral nouns were used as the experimental materials. We designed a 2 (reference: self, other) ×2 (distance: far, near) within groups design and added a stranger reference as the alert group. The corridor has three grids: the upper, middle, and lower grids. In the learning stage, the neutral noun was randomly presented in the middle grid while the name was also shown randomly in the upper or lower grid. Two levels of the distance variable were measured by the distance between the middle and the upper or lower grids. Participants were required to press the up arrow “↑” when name (except stranger’s name) appeared in the upper grid, and press the down arrow “↓” when name (except stranger’s name) appeared below. If a stranger’s name appeared in any grid, the participants had to press “f”. And try to associate the words with the names in mind during experiment. After a simple calculation of the interference task, a surprise recognition test was conducted. The response time, accuracy rate and EEG data of the participants were recorded during the experiment. The results showed that the response time under self-reference was significantly shorter than that under other-reference, and the response time of near-distance was significantly shorter than far-distance. The main effects of distance on the amplitude of P1 and N1 components and the latency of N1 component were significant, whereas the main effects of reference on those aspects were not significant. Self-referential and other-referential processing in near-distance induced larger LPC amplitude and right frontal activation relative to the far-distance alternative. In the recognition stage, memory performance in self-reference was significantly better than that in other-reference, and such performance under the near-distance condition was significantly better than that under the far-distance situation. However, memory performances under other-reference with the far- and near-distance conditions were not significant. This study broadens our understanding of self-referential processing from the perspective of spatial distance. Compared with the far-distance condition, the near-distance counterpart enhances self-referential processing; thus, when individuals process the self-reference information in the near-distance, greater LPC amplitude and right frontal activation as well as better memory performance is achieved. This study provides implications for future exploration of the self-referential effect from the perspective of spatial distance.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 研究采用注意网络测验任务(attention network test, ANT), 分别检验自我相关信息在注意的警觉、定向和执行控制网络上的加工效率差异, 以揭示自我信息识别优势的注意机制。实验1考察了面孔类型(自我面孔或他人面孔)在3种注意网络下的加工效率差异; 实验2采用自我联结学习范式对实验1进行验证; 实验3将颜色类型(红色或绿色)作为目标刺激, 面孔类型作为背景, 以考察任务无关自我信息是否对注意网络加工效率有影响。研究结果发现, 当自我信息为目标时, 个体在注意定向网络上存在加工效率优势, 而警觉和执行控制网络上没有加工效率差异。当自我相关信息与任务无关时, 在注意的警觉、定向和执行控制网络中均未表现出加工效率优势。说明了自我信息的注意优势发生在注意定向网络上, 且受任务优先性影响。
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