Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-12-31
Abstract： The acceleration of the globalization and the occurrence of trade wars have caused people to be in an insecure state of ontology, that is, people’s ontological security is threatened. Ontological security refers to people’s confidence in the continuity of self-identity and the stability of the surrounding social and physical environment. In the marketing field, some scholars have explored how consumers cope with disruptions when their routine behaviors are disrupted. However, to date, few studies have explored the effects of ontological security threats on consumers’ brand attitudes and the underlying mechanisms. In the current study, we proposed that consumers would prefer their hometown brands when ontological security is threatened. Hometowns can provide people with a sense of security by providing routine daily life and building a personal group identity, thereby recovering their ontological security and increasing the preference for hometown brands. Thus, when people’s ontological security is threatened, they tend to increase their attachment to their hometowns. In addition, we proposed that individuals whose ontological security are threatened can be recovered from natural habitat exposure, and the differences in their hometown brand preferences would be reduced. One pretest and three formal experiments were conducted to test our hypotheses. In the pretest, we used two scenarios (i.e., economic and cultural globalization) as stimuli to examine whether the scenarios could manipulate the participants’ threat of ontological security. In Experiment 1, we tested the effect by which the threat of ontological security influences consumers’ preferences for hometown brands through a 2 (ontological security: threatened vs. not threatened) × 2 (brand: hometown vs. non-hometown) between-subject design. In Experiment 2, we examined the robustness of the effect found in Experiment 1 and tested the mediating role of hometown attachment through a 3 (threat type: ontological security threat vs. life security threat vs. control) × 2 (brand: hometown vs. non-hometown) between-subject design. In Experiment 3, we investigated the moderating role of the natural habitat exposure by a 2 (ontological security: threatened vs. not threatened) × 3 (exposure: natural habitat vs. non-habitat vs. non-nature) between-subject design. Results of the pretest and three experiments supported our predictions. Specifically, the results of the pretest showed that the scenarios we selected could successfully manipulate the participants’ threat of ontological security. Therefore, we used the scenarios in Experiments 1 and 3 for manipulations. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that when ontological security was threatened, consumers were inclined to choose their hometown brand (the willingness to visit the hometown tourist destination was higher). In Experiment 2, we found that the influence of the threat of ontological security on consumers’ preference for hometown brands was replicated in another product category (storage box). This effect was found to be mediated by hometown attachment. We also distinguished between ontological and life securities in Experiment 2. Finally, in Experiment 3, results showed that the influence of the threat of ontological security on consumers’ preference for hometown brands was moderated by natural habitat exposure. When ontological security is threatened, in comparison with non-habitat and non-nature exposure, natural habitat exposure helped people build emotional connections with nature, which could be utilized as a resource to cope with ontological security threats. Thus, people no longer need to seek a sense of security from home attachments. Therefore, no significant difference was observed in the preferences between hometown and non-hometown brands. This study provides some theoretical and practical contributions. First, this study enriches the literature on ontological security by exploring the relationship among ontological security, consumer brand preferences, and decision making. Second, this study expands the literature on brand preferences by focusing on the psychological factors that influence the preferences of hometown brands. Third, we indicate the mediating role of hometown attachment and the moderating role of natural habitat exposure. Moreover, our findings have important practical implications. When the target consumers are individuals whose ontological security is threatened (e.g., immigrants and the elderly), marketers can emphasize the hometown information of the brand, leading to a higher brand preference. Non-hometown brands can use natural habitat contextual cues (e.g., displaying natural habitat-related products and brand images in advertisements) to help consumers build a wider range of place attachments from contextual stimuli, thereby reducing their focus and dependence on hometown brands.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-12-30
Abstract： " Gender stereotype is the classic research topic in social psychology. Previous research focused on the “people” as the gender stereotypes’ research targets and achieved fruitful results. As the important obvious cues of gender, clothing reflects gender stereotypes and impacts impression formation subtly. Through three experiments, this study explored the context effect of clothing gender stereotype in view of perceivers and actors perspectively. The results showed that participants rated men in counter-gender stereotypical clothes as lower in both of warmth and competence. However, there was no significant difference between ratings in warmth of women in gender (counter-)stereotypical clothes and women in gender counter-stereotypical clothes were rated as higher in competence. From the view of perceivers, participants gave better evaluation to male targets who were consistent with gender stereotype no matter in warmth or competence needed condition. For female targets, participants rated those who were in gender stereotypical clothes as higher in warmth while those who were in gender counter-stereotypical clothes as higher in competence. Form the view of actors, male participants showed tendency to be in gender stereotypical clothes no matter in warmth or competence needed condition. Female participants were more likely to choose gender counter-stereotypical clothes in competence needed condition. What’s more, in competence needed condition, female participants who chose gender counter-stereotypical clothes rated themselves as higher in competence than warmth. In warmth needed condition, male participants who chose gender counter-stereotypical clothes rated themselves as higher in warmth than competence. Those results extended the traditional research whose targets were human into the area of clothing which as related with human. On one hand, this study contributes to the gendercounter- stereotypical behavior function model. On the other hand, it also has important implications for management of impression in area of interpersonal communication through choosing different for various conditions.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2019-12-27
Abstract： " " " " " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-12-25
Abstract： The slippery slope effect refers to the degree of the individuals’ immorality to increase gradually over time, namely, the immoral behavior is repetitive and progressive. It widely exists in the behaviors of the individuals and interpersonal interaction, which will affect the normal social interaction between individuals, and even hinder the harmonious development of society. The research methods of the slippery slope effect include experimenter manipulation and spontaneous deception. There are at least three psychological mechanisms: moral disengagement, implicit biases, and self-dehumanization. The ways to intervene in this effect are promoting preventive orientation motivation and shaping positive descriptive social norms. Future studies should further explore the scope of the slippery slope effect and its neural intervention from the perspective of psychological processes and physiological mechanisms. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-12-25
Abstract： " Team job crafting is critical for team effectiveness. Based on job design theory and team dynamic model, we develop a theoretical model about the antecedents and consequences of team job crafting, and aim to establish the nomological network of team job crafting. First, we clarify the conceptualization and measurement of team job crafting. We then propose a multilevel model that elucidates how factors such as leadership, job characteristics, team personality composition, and human resource management system influence team job crafting via team proactive motivation. Last, we explain the effect of team job crafting on team effectiveness and the underlying mechanisms
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2019-12-24
Abstract： Abstract: Children with behavioral inhibition are more likely to suffer from internalizing behavioral problems during mid-childhood and adolescence, and appear to be at higher developmental risk. Compared to children without behavioral inhibition, these children show more withdrawal motivation, longer anticipatory process and pre-attention process, less attention control, more attention bias to negative information, hyperactive error detection process and slower habituation process. These similar cognitive neurological processes are important links between behavioral inhibition and psychological disorders in children. It can be used as predictors to screen individuals with higher developmental risk. In addition to children's own characteristics, environmental factors can also influence children's developmental outcomes by shaping cognitive neurological processes. Therefore, in future studies, in order to identify protective factors for the children with behavioral inhibition from both temperamental factors and environmental factors, we may consider the differences of cognitive neurological processes between children's behavioral inhibition and psychopathology under different cultural conditions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2019-12-24
Abstract： Procedural motor learning includes sequence learning and random learning. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and primary motor cortex (M1) play significant roles in procedural motor learning; however, the connectivity between the DLPFC and M1 and its relationship with different procedural motor learning are still unclear. In this study, the serial response time task (SRTT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were used to explore the differences in left DLPFC-M1 connectivity between the different types of procedural motor learning. In experiment 1, dual-site paired-pulse TMS was used to detect the optimal interval from the DLPFC to the M1. In experiment 2, the participants were divided into two groups that underwent sequence learning or random learning. Behavioral data, motor evoked potentials from the M1 and electrophysiological data of DLPFC-M1 connectivity were assessed before and after learning. The behavioral results showed that the learning effect of the sequence learning group was better. The electrophysiological results showed that motor evoked potentials from the M1 were the same before and after learning in both groups. At the optimal interval and appropriate stimulation intensity, the DLPFC-M1 connectivity in the sequence learning group was changed, and it was related to learning performance; however that in the random learning group was not significantly changed. The results suggest that enhanced connectivity between the DLPFC and M1 may be an important explanation for the better performance in sequence learning. The results provide robust electrophysiological evidence for the role of DLPFC in motor learning. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2019-12-23
Abstract： " Interval timing refers to the time perception of hundreds of milliseconds to hours. It involves many activities in daily life and is influenced by many factors, such as arousal, attention and motivation. Pain is a multi-dimensional physiological and psychological phenomenon, including sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational and cognitive-evaluative components. Studies about interval timing in pain context comes from three aspects: (1) Time estimation of pain faces in healthy subjects; (2) Time perception of neutral stimuli in healthy subjects under experimental pain or pain expectation; (3) The change of interval timing in patients with clinical pain. Exploring the change of time perception in pain context may provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of pain occurrence and development. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-12-20
Abstract： This paper presents baseline results for the Third Facial Micro-Expression Grand Challenge (MEGC 2020). Both macro- and micro-expression intervals in CAS(ME)^2 and SAMM Long Videos are spotted by employing the method of Main Directional Maximal Difference Analysis (MDMD). The MDMD method uses the magnitude maximal difference in the main direction of optical flow features to spot facial movements. The single frame prediction results of the original MDMD method are post processed into reasonable video intervals. The metric F1-scores of baseline results are evaluated: for CAS(ME)^2, the F1-scores are 0.1196 and 0.0082 for macro- and micro-expressions respectively, and the overall F1-score is 0.0376; for SAMM Long Videos, the F1-scores are 0.0629 and 0.0364 for macro- and micro-expressions respectively, and the overall F1-score is 0.0445. The baseline project codes is publicly available at https://github.com/HeyingGithub/Baseline-project-for-MEGC2020_spotting.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2019-12-20
Abstract： [Background] Based on counting frequency of specially selected words, LIWC (known as Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) is a useful tool to analyze expressions of writings or other texts created by individuals or group, for purpose of figuring out the psychological meanings inside the texts. In ancient China, the classical style of writing has a striking difference with modern times. In order to analyze the psychological meanings of classical Chinese text, we construct a Classical Chinese version of LIWC dictionary (known as CC-LIWC), based on the 2015 edition of Simplified Chinese LIWC (known as SC-LIWC). [Objective] In this paper, we show the constructing process of CC-LIWC and give an example of how to use the dictionary to analyze classical Chinese text. [Methods] First, we obtain all the words (including modern Chinese and Classical Chinese words) and their corresponding explanations from the online Chinese dictionary and keep the classical Chinese words with their modern translation; second, we search SC-LIWC words in the explanations. In this way, SC-LIWC words are mapping with the classical Chinese words; finally, we invite ancient Chinese based professionals to check the mapping results manually to ensure the consistency and accuracy of the results. [Results] The final dictionary includes 81 categories and 49136 classical Chinese entries. [Limitations] In classical Chinese context, polysemy or diversity of a word is very common, which affects the classification of words in the dictionary. [Conclusion] we use CC-LIWC to analyze The Analects(excerpts) and The Isolated Indignation. The result shows the difference between the moderation of Confucian and the dialectical thinking of Legalist. Therefore, CC-LIWC dictionary can distinguish the expression tendency of text efficiently.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-12-19
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-12-15
Abstract： Many previous studies have explored the relationship between retrieval interference and explicit memory by comparing memory performance in the divided-attention condition with that in the full-attention condition. However, relatively few studies have discussed the effect of target detection on explicit memory during retrieval in dual-task situations by comparing a target detection condition, in which participants carry out a recognition task and press the spacebar simultaneously when a target appears, with a distractor rejection condition, in which participants perform the same recognition task and do not respond when they see a distractor. Because the detection of a target requires more attention than the rejection of a distractor, an interesting question remains as to whether target detection and distractor rejection have different influences on recognition memory? Sixty undergraduate students (30 students in experiment 1 and 30 students in experiment 2) participated in this study. A study-test(encoding/recognition)paradigm was adopted, and the participants were required to perform a shallow/deep encoding task with two-character Chinese words as stimuli. They were then asked to conduct a target detection task and an old/new recognition task simultaneously in the retrieval phase. For the target detection task, in experiment 1, the participants were instructed to press the spacebar(overt detection); in experiment 2, the participants were instructed to perform a counting operation(covert detection) when they detected the target(a “+”) rather than the distractor(a “-”). The participants were told that the recognition task and the target detection task were equally important. They were asked to perform both tasks as quickly and as accurately as possible. The reaction time(RT) and accuracy data in the retrieval phase were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance. The results showed that in experiment 1 (the keypress response task) and experiment 2(the counting response task), regardless of the kind of processing was required(i.e., shallow or deep processing), the reaction times for the old words were significantly shorter in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the accuracy scores for recognizing the old words were significantly higher in the target condition than in the distractor condition, indicating that explicit memory retrieval was regulated by the participants’ available attention resources. However, for the new words, we found exactly the opposite phenomenon: the reaction times were significantly longer in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the accuracy scores were also significantly lower in the target condition than in the distractor condition. More importantly, we calculated the sensitivity index(d′) and decision criterion(C) established by signal detection theory. The participants’ sensitivity indexes showed no significant variations between the target condition and the distractor condition, but the mean values of the decision criteria decreased in the target condition when compared to those in the distractor condition. The results revealed that detecting a target in the explicit memory retrieval phase did not boost the retrieval of words but decrease participants’ decision criteria. Participants responded in a more liberal way in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the effects of target detection on explicit memory retrieval may not be affected by the depth of processing and different reaction modes. Thus, explicit memory retrieval was also modulated by the available attention resources and, therefore, was not wholly automatic. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-12-13
Abstract： Languages may differ in terms of the proximate units of phonological encoding in spoken word production. It is widely accepted that phonemes are the primary units used in Indo-European languages. However, it is controversial what the functional units (syllables or phonemes) are in Chinese spoken word production. In the framework of proximate unit principle hypothesis for Mandarin Chinese spoken word production, phonological content is activated in a syllable while its syllabic frame is retrieved. Both syllabic content and frame are linked sequentially and tone is also specified at this point. Crucially, syllables are retrieved at an early stage of word form encoding, and then the phonemes of the syllable are retrieved in parallel and linked to their position in the syllable frame. The present study investigated the temporal courses of syllables and phonemes in word production using an implicit priming paradigm, and electrophysiological signals were measured concurrently. Specifically, participants were young native Chinese speakers with low level of English ability for excluding the influence of the second language. In an implicit priming paradigm, four sets of word pairs served as experimental stimuli. Each set consisted of four pairs, and the first word of a pair was the cue word, while the second was the response word. In the homogeneous conditions, four response words in a set shared certain phonological properties. For instance, the four response words in a set were危机(/wei1ji1/, crisis), 围墙 (/wei2qiang2/, bounding wall), 尾巴 (/wei3ba/, tail), and 卫星(/wei4xing1/, satellite), which share the first syllable but not tone. The heterogeneous conditions used the same word pairs, but assigned them to sets in which they didn’t share any properties. Two homogeneous conditions (syllable shared and initial phoneme shared) were used in the study. Participants were asked to memorize the sets of four pairs of associate words, after which they were presented with the cue words, and were required to produce the response words. Behavioral results didn’t show any syllable or phoneme effects. EEG results revealed that syllable overlap conditions elicited significant effects in the time window of 100~400 ms, and the effect firstly showed up in the left and right anterior regions, following in the middle anterior region, and finally in the left and right anterior regions, right and middle posterior regions. While the phoneme effects only appeared between 500~600 ms after the cue words were presented, and were distributed in the right anterior and posterior regions. Both the syllabically and phonemically homogeneous conditions were characterized by more positive ERP waveforms when compared to the heterogeneous conditions. We suggested that syllable overlap effect arises at the early stage of phonological encoding, whereas the phoneme overlap effect possibly arises at the later stage of phonological encoding, or phonetic encoding in Chinese spoken word production. Our findings provide support for the assumption of the proximate unit principle. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-12-12
Abstract： To achieve organizational goals, Internet companies often stimulate continuous innovation of employees by cultivating a happy and joyful work environment. However, the link between playful climate and employees’ innovative behaviors is still underdeveloped, primarily focusing on theoretical analyses and lacking empirical support. Building on the prior findings of playfulness in the field of organizational management, the present study explores three important issues. Based on the theory of organizational climate and the characteristics of playfulness, study 1 develops a scale to measure team playful climate in Chinese Internet firms. Standing on the team level study 2 discusses the cross-level mechanisms underlying the relationship between playful work environment and employees’ innovation from the perspective of Conservation of Resources Theory. Based on the Componential Theory of Individual Creativity, study 3 introduces individual thinking styles and multiple identities to explore the boundary conditions that stimulate employees’ innovative behaviors. Our findings have developed the concept of team playful climate in Chinese Internet companies, enhanced playful climate theory. And the implications for practice in the context of Internet companies are discussed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-12-06
Abstract： This paper aims to review our recent studies using big data to unpack cultural values and their functions in response to social change and ecological geography. On social change, Google digitized books, social media, and literature corpus were used to demonstrate the cultural shift along with urbanization over past decades and economic recession in a short period. And on ecological geography, tweets or Sina micro-blogs were analyzed to examine the cultural diversity across Belt-Road societies, cultural value mismatch and wellbeing in rural versus urban areas in China, and air pollution and cultural adaption in Eastern versus Western cities in China. In addition, we recommend a combined use of traditional method and bid data, and the limitations and future directions are also discussed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-11-27
Abstract： In sentence production, syntactic priming, syntactic priming effectrefers to a phenomenon that speakers or writers tend to reuse syntactic structures that they have recently processed, and the repeated syntactic structures elicit shorter sentence production latencies than the novel ones. Different theories have been proposed to account for the syntactic priming effect. Among them, both the Residual Activation Theory and the Implicit Learning Theory aim to address speakers’ syntactic choices ratio, but with different theoretical bases on memory and learning, respectively. In addition, the Two-stage Competition Model attempts to explain the syntactic priming in syntactic choices ratio as well as production latencies. Experimental works have demonstrated that syntactic priming stably exists even after excluding the semantic and lexical relevance between the prime sentence and the target sentence, which suggests that syntactic priming actually reflects syntactic processing in sentence production. In the present study, we explored the cognitive mechanism of syntactic processing in Mandarin spoken sentence production using a syntactic priming paradigm. In this paradigm, participants were firstly instructed to read the prime sentence aloud and then judge whether the sentence’s description matched the prime picture. Then, participants were instructed to describe the target picture using the verb at the bottom. The dependent variables included not only the syntactic choices ratio but also the sentence production latencies. In experiment 1, we manipulated syntax structure of the prime sentence (double object dative vs. prepositional object dative) and verb overlap between the prime sentence and the target sentence (no verb overlap vs. verb overlap). In experiment 2, we added a within-subjects factor of lag by manipulating whether the target picture was presented immediately after the prime sentence, or after two or six intervening descriptions (Lag 0 vs. Lag 2 vs. Lag 6). For the syntactic choices ratio, results indicated that participants produced significantly more double-object sentences following double-object primes than following prepositional-object primes, and the syntactic priming was much stronger in the verb overlapping condition than in the verb non-overlapping condition. Furthermore, we found that the syntactic priming effect persisted when the prime sentence and the target sentence did not share the verb, whereas the lexical boost effect (i.e. a stronger syntactic priming effect caused by the verb overlap between the prime sentence and the target sentence) disappeared after six intervening descriptions. For the sentence production latencies, results indicated that the repetition of syntactic structures significantly speeded up target sentence production. Besides, we found that verb overlap slowed down the sentence production as the lag between primes and targets increased (also known as the lexical suppression effect) only when the syntactic structure was repeated. Unifying the different findings in the syntactic choices ratio and the production latencies, we suggest that, apart from the stage where a sentence is planned specifically, sentence production comprises a syntactic construction stage in which speakers map the thematic roles to one structural alternative. These findings are consistent with the Two-stage Competition Model. In methodology, we also suggest that syntactic choices ratio is sensitive to sentence generation process. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2019-11-22
Abstract： Infra-slow oscillation (ISO) is a kind of brain rhythm between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz. ISO is widely distributed in multiple brain regions. As an important brain activity, the ISO interacts with high-frequency neural rhythm via cross-frequency coupling while has different activity patterns from high-frequency neural activity. ISO may be generated by the dynamic activity of thalamus, glia and ions, regulating the overall excitability of the brain and thereby affecting the efficiency of cognitive activities. The frequency, amplitude, and phase of ISO could all regulate the overall efficiency of cognitive activity. Future researches should investigate the relationship between various physiological mechanisms of ISO and diverse cognitive activities, and explore the rules of the interaction between ISO and mental activities, further promoting the construction of rhythmic theory of brain function. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2019-11-21
Abstract： Empathy refers to the traits, or tendencies, of a person to affectively experience emotions of concern at the suffering of others and to cognitively adopt another person’s perspective. Possession of empathy has been assumed to encourage prosocial behavior. The mechanisms by which empathy affects prosocial behavior for adolescent survivors of disaster, however, are unclear. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) was considered a common positive change following trauma events and was identified as having a high prevalence rate in various trauma types. After experiencing natural disasters, individuals with high empathy are more vulnerable to their adverse environment and the traumatic situations of others. This results in more psychological pressure and fear, and these pressures and negative emotions force individuals to think about the meaning of trauma, thus promoting the generation of PTG. The emergence of PTG brings positive behavioral change among survivors after the disaster. Therefore, it was suggested that empathy may exert indirect effects on prosocial behavior through PTG. According to current theories, empathy has different emotional and cognitive components. When individuals empathize with others, these components are activated, which may lead to gratitude and, in turn, result in prosocial behavior. As a moral barometer, gratitude informs the beneficiary that a benefactor has bestowed a gift. The prosocial behavior of a benefactor toward a beneficiary is thought to produce gratitude within the beneficiary. This then stimulates the beneficiary’s prosocial behavior, further strengthening the benefactor’s own prosocial behavior. Furthermore, traumatized survivors with greater empathy may improve communication with others, increase the sense of intimacy, and perceive more support from others—meaning that empathy may lead individuals to have more social support. Social support refers to an individual’s perception of the support provided by others. That perception can be influenced by gratitude. Adolescents with low social support are more likely to interpret other people’s ambiguous actions as aggressive. Thus, stable social relationships seem to promote PTG and prosocial behavior. Taken together, it is possible that empathy can promote prosocial behavior through gratitude, social support, and PTG in post-disaster contexts. The utility of these predictions, however, was unclear. To examine the relation between empathy, gratitude, social support, PTG and prosocial behavior, this study used an interpersonal reactivity index scale, gratitude questionnaire, social support questionnaire, posttraumatic growth inventory and prosocial behavior questionnaire to assess 542 adolescents following Ya’an earthquake. The results indicated that after controlling the trauma exposure, empathy have a positive association with prosocial behavior through the following routes: three one-mediator paths of gratitude, social support and PTG, respectively; three two-mediator paths of gratitude via PTG, social support via PTG and gratitude via social support, and one three-mediator path from gratitude to PTG via social support. These findings suggested that following a natural disaster, adolescent survivors’ empathy may have an indirect and positive relation with prosocial behavior by gratitude, social support and PTG.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-11-20
Abstract： Stimuli presented with interference of the nature of targets detection are later recognized more accurately than that of distracted rejection, an unusual effect labeled the attentional boost effect (ABE). Spataro, Mulligan, Gabrielli and Rossi-Arnaud (2016) proposed the item-specific account, arguing that target detection mainly facilitates the processing of item-specific information rather than relational information. The item-specific account seems to have a larger scope of application. However, Spataro et al. (2016) proposed this account mainly based on the different degrees to which test tasks depended on item-specific and relational information. As a result, we propose a question: if target detection mainly promotes the item-specific information of the background stimulus, when the background stimulus mainly depends on the processing of relational information, will the promoting effect of target detection be reduced or even disappear? The discussion of this issue could provide more direct evidence for the item-specific account of the ABE. In the present study, mixed learning and classified learning methods were used to process the item-specific information and relational information of background stimuli. In general, pictures and words contain different perceptual information; the memory of picture preferentially utilizes image representations, while the memory of word preferentially utilizes semantic representations. Additionally, do the processing differences seen between words and pictures change the effects of classified and mixed learning on the ABE? To answer these questions, the current study performed two experiments to test whether the ABE is affected by the different types of processing needed for words and pictures used as background information. The experiment was a 2 (presentation mode: classified learning, mixed learning) × 3 (stimulus type: target, distraction, baseline) mixed design. The presentation mode is the between-subjects variable, and the stimulus type is the within-subjects variable. In experiment 1, in classified learning, category words and words unrelated to the category were presented in sequential groups, and the words in each group were presented randomly. To enhance the effect of classification, a 3000 ms "blink" cue and a 1000 ms "continue" cue were inserted between every two groups of words. In mixed learning, category words and words unrelated to the category were presented randomly through a mixed display, and there were no extra intervals between groups. Sixty students participated in experiment 1, and 78 students participated in experiment 2. Participants were told to read each word aloud while simultaneously monitoring a small indicator above the word. Participants were then instructed to press the space bar as quickly as possible when they saw that the indicator was a “+” (a target) and to withhold a response when they saw that the indicator was a “–” (a distractor) or when they did not see an indicator at all (no indicator). In experiment 2, pictures (brief strokes) were used as background stimuli, and the other task and procedure were similar to those in experiment 1. The main results were as follows. In Experiment 1, the ABE is robust only in mixed learning; that is, the recognition rate of target-paired words is obviously better than that of distractor-paired words (p = 0.004) and even reaches the level of full attention (baseline words)(p = 0.95). The recognition rate of distractor-paired words is obviously lower than that of baseline words(p = 0.044), showing a typical distraction inhibitory effect. Moreover, there was no significant difference between target-paired words (p = 0.636) and baseline words (p = 0.697) in the two presentation modes, but the recognition rate of distractor-paired words during classified learning was significantly higher than that of mixed learning (p = 0.008). In experiment 2, the ABE was found in both classified and mixed learning modes, but the ABE during classified learning (10%) was lower than that during mixed learning (16%). The recognition rate of target-paired pictures was even better than that of baseline pictures, showing an absolute attention boosting effect. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the recognition rate for the two kinds of target-paired pictures (p = 0.614). However, the recognition rates of distractor-paired pictures (p = 0.043) and baseline pictures (p = 0.036) show differences in the presentation mode. During classified learning, the recognition rates of distractor-paired pictures and baseline pictures are slightly higher than those during mixed learning. The results suggest that compared with the mixed learning condition, the ABE in the classified learning condition is reduced. Compared with pictures, the ABE for words is more vulnerable to classified learning, which can even makes the ABE disappear. This effect may occur because participants tend to encode relational information in classified learning, which may reduce the inhibitory effect of distraction rejection, thus reducing the difference between target-pair stimuli and distractor-pair stimuli. Therefore, the current study provides more direct evidence for the item-specific account of the ABE. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-11-15
Abstract： Social dilemma is a multi-disciplinary topic widely discussed in Ethics, Psychology, Sociology and Economics, among which moral dilemma is the typical paradigm and has a long history of research. Present article reviewed three existed empirical approaches in dilemma research, traditional dilemma paradigm, process dissociation method and Consequences-Norms-generalized Inaction/action (CNI) model. Based on analyzing the contributions and limitations of the above three approaches, we developed a Consequences-general Action/inaction preference-Norms sensitivity estimation (CAN) algorithm. With the development of the four approaches, moral dilemma research has no longer limited in the contradicted dilemma situations. CNI model and CAN algorithm have extended to consider the four combinations between proscriptive/prescriptive norms and benefits greater/smaller than costs. With CNI model and CAN algorithm, Controversies in moral theories and empirical inconsistences can be further clarified. The four approaches provided methodological references for the similar topics with potential contradictions in many other domains. Therefore, the approaches can be used in multi-disciplines."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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