Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： The spontaneous human preference for high-calorie foods often leads to imbalanced dietary intake and contributes to obesity. Therefore, reducing the appeal of high-calorie foods and enhancing the appeal of low-calorie alternatives are crucial for promoting healthy eating. The aesthetics of food, which can be divided into classical and expressive beauty—both of which are perceived as equally attractive—play a vital role in enhancing its hedonic value. This study aimed to explore how these two aesthetic classifications affect the choice of high- or low-calorie foods using a food decision-making paradigm. By investigating the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying the influence of different aesthetic features on healthy food choices, we sought to enhance our understanding of the intrinsic processes involved in dietary decision-making.
This study (N = 31) employed a within-subjects experimental design of 2 (Aesthetic features: classical beauty, expressive beauty) × 2 (Food calories: high, low) to explore how visual aesthetics and hedonic value influence dietary decisions. We combined behavioural measures, algorithmic modelling, and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate this interaction. Specifically, a hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) was used to fit participants’ response times (RTs) and choice data and estimate decision parameters, including drift rate (v), threshold (a), and nondecision time (ndt), for each condition separately. EEG recordings were collected according to the international 10-20 system using tin electrodes mounted on a flexible cap, capturing brain activity from 64 scalp locations. The N300, N400, and CPP event-related potentials (ERPs) were analysed as indices of calorie processing, aesthetic feature processing, and decision signal accumulation, respectively.
Behavioural results revealed that participants preferred high-calorie foods, as indicated by higher choice rates and shorter RTs, compared to low-calorie foods. Additionally, foods plated with classical beauty were chosen more frequently and with shorter RTs than those plated with expressive beauty. Notably, the influence of caloric content on food choice was significantly greater than that of aesthetic features. HDDM parameter estimation showed that high-calorie foods and those plated with classical beauty had higher drift rates, suggesting faster decision-making. Furthermore, aesthetic features moderated the impact of caloric content on drift rates: classical beauty decreased rejection speeds for low-calorie foods and increased their selection probability, while expressive beauty slowed the choice process for high-calorie foods and increased their rejection probability. EEG analysis revealed that low-calorie foods elicited a larger N300 amplitude than did high-calorie foods, indicating greater cognitive processing. Foods plated with expressive beauty elicited a larger N400 amplitude than those plated with classical beauty, indicating deeper semantic processing. Additionally, for high-calorie foods, the two aesthetic classes induced significant differences in CPP; however, for low-calorie foods, no significant differences were found. This pattern indicates that conflicts between caloric and aesthetic values increase decision-making difficulty.
In conclusion, the results showed that in dietary decision-making, classical beauty (vs. expressive beauty) was associated with greater aesthetic value and greater semantic processing fluency. Aesthetic value could significantly influence the perceived reward of calorie content. Additionally, the salience of calorie value exceeded that of aesthetic value. Furthermore, both synergistic and competitive interactions between caloric and aesthetic values occurred during the decision evidence accumulation process, reflecting the intensity of motivational conflict and affecting both decision speed (v) and decision difficulty (CPP). This study revealed the moderating effect and cognitive neural basis of aesthetic value in healthy eating decisions and provided guidance on the aesthetic design of food plating for promoting healthy eating choices in practical applications.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： Scarcity is the perception of insufficient resources within a specific domain, referring to an individual’s perception and cognition when the resources they possess are inadequate compared to what is needed to accomplish a task. Money, as a common incentive in life and a typical example of tangible resource scarcity, has been demonstrated in various studies to impact one’s prosocial behaviors. However, past research on the influence of financial scarcity on prosocial behaviors has largely focused on actions that require significant personal cost, such as donations and cooperation, with relatively less attention given to low-cost prosocial actions—social mindfulness. There is no consensus yet on whether individuals under financial scarcity become more selfish or more generous.Furthermore, social mindfulness, unlike traditional prosocial behaviors, is centrally about perceiving others’ needs and is thus more likely to be influenced by the social information cues of the recipients themselves, but its operation under conditions of financial scarcity remains unclear. Therefore, this study also primarily examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThis study, drawing on scarcity theory and social cognition theory, explores the impact of financial scarcity on individual social mindfulness through three experiments. It also examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Specifically,Experiment 1 is primarily based on the social cognition of others’ charisma, exploring it from the perspective of attractiveness. It includes Experiments 1a and 1b, which respectively investigate the effects of recipients’ facial and vocal attractiveness on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 2 focuses on the social cognition of self-presentation, exploring through facial expressions and examining the effects of different face types and expressions of the recipients on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 3 is based on the social cognition of renown, assessing the impact of the recipients’ social class status on financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThe experimental results found that compared to the non-financial scarcity group, the financial scarcity group exhibited less social mindfulness. Additionally, the social information cues of the recipients moderated the expression of social mindfulness, with attractive faces, voices, positive emotional expressions, and lower social class status eliciting more social mindfulness. Finally, recipients’ social information cues facilitated the expression of social mindfulness, with a stronger enhancing effect observed in the non-financial scarcity group./t/nThis study expands the research on the relationship between financial scarcity and prosocial behavior, revealing the moderating role of recipients’ social information cues. It provides a theoretical reference for developing interventions aimed at fostering social mindfulness in the future.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-05-13
Abstract： The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, these impacts have persisted even as life gradually has returned to normal. The changes in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily observed in the form of excessive screen time, reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviors, limited variety in food, irregular eating patterns, staying up late and getting up even later. This study aims to establish a family risk framework to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes in health risk behaviors. This framework can be integrated with life history theory to provide insights into the lasting effects of these behaviors in the post-pandemic era. Future research should focus on long-term tracking of the developmental trajectories of health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, there is a critical need for more empirical research to explore the complex interplay between family-related risk factors, life history theory, and health risk behaviors in this demographic. These research efforts will provide universal approaches for addressing children and adolescents’ health issues in situations such as major unforeseen events and natural disasters.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-12
Abstract： Consumer guilt refers to negative feelings caused by consumer’s behavior that violates social norms or individual values. Consumer guilt exists universally in college students who are not economically independent yet but have a strong willingness to consume. However, few studies have systematically examined what caused consumer guilt in college students. Related research showed that people with different socioeconomic status (SES) had different psychological experience during consuming. Therefore, the level of consumer guilt may vary in college students with different SES. College students’ parents bring them up and also provide them financial support. As main factors of parent-child relationship, Parenting styles and parent-child communication probably moderate the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Materialism is a value emphasizing the importance of material wealth in individual life. Individuals with high materialism are more likely to engage in irrational consumption, which leads to consumer guilt. That means different level of materialism probably influences the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Furthermore, the current study also explores the moderating effects of parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism on the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. The current study recruited 560 college students online, who were from different Chinese universities(Mage = 20.94±1.99 years, 266 females). 560 participants completed questionnaires on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt, objective and subjective socioeconomic status, parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism. SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 4.1 were used to analyze data. The results showed that:(1) Objective SES significantly negatively predicted both anticipated consumer guilt and reactive consumer guilt, but subjective SES had no significant effect on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt. (2) Parenting styles and parent-child communication moderated the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. When parenting styles(high parents’ emotional warmth、low parents’ rejection and low father’s over protection) and parent-child communication (high conversation、low conformity) were positive, objective SES could significantly negatively predict consumer guilt; when parenting styles and parent-child communication were negative, objective SES had no significant effect on consumer guilt. (3) Materialism had no significant moderating effect on the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. The results indicate that objective SES may influence college students’ consumer guilt, and the protective role of family factors on the influence is more reflected in high objective SES college students.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-10
Abstract： The Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) is closely associated with individual psychological health. Traditional studies have used the mean value of CAR over several days to explore this relationship; however, research conclusions have been highly inconsistent due to the influence of state-dependent factors such as sleep. Therefore, this study introduces CAR variability across multiple days as a novel measure to quantify CAR and investigates its relationship with psychological health by considering trait anxiety and psychological resilience as key variables under controlled or manipulated sleep efficiency scenarios. It was hypothesized that under controlled sleep efficiency conditions, smaller CAR variability reflects positive psychological health characteristics, specifically higher psychological resilience scores and lower trait anxiety scores. Conversely, under manipulated sleep efficiency conditions, greater CAR variability was hypothesized to better reflect positive psychological health characteristics, specifically higher psychological resilience scores and lower trait anxiety scores. Two experiments were conducted to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, 28 participants reduced CAR variability by increasing sleep efficiency stability under three similar natural sleep days. In Experiment 2, 41 participants experienced a full night of sleep deprivation following two natural sleep days to increase CAR variability. All participants wore a sleep wristwatch to assess their sleep efficiency during the experimental period and provided four saliva samples at awakening and at 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-awakening to assess CAR. The Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used as key variables reflecting individual psychological health. Finally, the relationship between CAR variability over multiple days and trait anxiety/psychological resilience was examined. Experiment 1 found no significant differences in participants’ sleep efficiency or CAR across the three natural sleep days. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was observed between CAR variability and trait anxiety scores over the three days, indicating that smaller CAR variability in a stable environment is associated with lower levels of trait anxiety. Experiment 2 found no significant differences in participants’ sleep efficiency and CAR across the first two natural sleep days. However, on the third day, following a full night of sleep deprivation, CAR showed a marked blunting, with post-deprivation CAR levels significantly lower than those on the preceding two natural sleep days. Moreover, Experiment 2 found a significant positive correlation between CAR variability before and after sleep deprivation and psychological resilience. This suggests that higher CAR variability in a changing environment is associated with higher levels of psychological resilience. When the traditional CAR mean was used as a measure to explore its relationship with trait anxiety and psychological resilience, no significant correlations were found in either experiment. These results indicate that CAR variability is a reliable physiological indicator of psychological health. Smaller CAR variability in stable environments is associated with lower levels of trait anxiety, whereas greater CAR variability in more variable environments is associated with higher levels of psychological resilience. This study emphasizes the importance of considering CAR variability over multiple days to understand how individuals adapt to daily stressors and challenges, providing new perspectives and evidence for promoting psychological health and designing effective intervention strategies in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： This paper presented three experiments investigating how individuals from Eastern cultural perceive their true selves through either intuitive or deliberate choices. Experiment 1 replicated the study conducted by Maglio and Reich (2019), employing a product selection task and utilizing instructions to initiate the decision-making process. Experiments 2 and 3 expanded the findings to tasks including partner selection and travel destination choice, manipulating the decision-making process through time pressure. The results contradicted established Western findings, suggesting that individuals from Eastern cultural believe that choices made through deliberation more accurately reflect their true selves, with choice confidence serving a mediating role. These findings shed light on the cultural variances in understanding the true self through intuition or deliberation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： The effect of difficulty on the font size effect was examined by event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. The results revealed that (1) subjects gave lower judgment of learning (JOLs) values for difficult word pairs compared to simple word pairs; and there was no difference in JOLs values for large fonts compared to small fonts. (2) Font size affects the early stage of encoding (200-300 ms), which induces individuals to process learning items superficially (non-semantic encoding); and difficulty affects the middle and late stage of encoding (450-600 ms), when difficult word pairs induce individuals to process learning items deeply (semantic encoding). (3) Subjects performing JOLs would evoke LPN components in the prefrontal lobe representing the attempted extraction. The above results indicate that the difficulty cue in the encoding stage eliminates the font size effect by inducing individuals to semantically encode items; in the JOLs stage individuals will make attempts to extract, a process in which individuals make accurate JOLs based on semantically encoded information.The results of the present study not only illustrate the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the generation and elimination of the font size effect, but also provide neural evidence on how to improve the accuracy of JOLs, a metamemory monitoring process provides neural evidence for the accuracy of the process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： Judgments of learning (JOLs) refer to learners’ subjective predictions of whether they can successfully extract what they have learned on future tests. Face memory is an important foundation for acquiring information during social interactions and ensuring that social activities are carried out properly. Emotion and attractiveness are two important cues that influence JOLs of face memory. In reality, emotion and attractiveness often appear simultaneously in the same face. However, previous studies have only examined the effects of the two cues on JOLs individually, and have not deeply explored the effects of the integration of the two cues on the accuracy of JOLs and their mechanisms./t/nThe present study first explored the proportion of the number of emotional and attractive cue integrators. Then, we increased the gradient of each level of the attractiveness cue in Experiment 1, and utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: cue-integrated group, non-cue-integrated group) × 3 (emotional cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) × 3 (attractiveness cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) to explore whether the cue-integration could improve face memory and the accuracy of JOLs. In Experiment 2, in order to further improve the sensitivity of the subjects to the two cues, the mixed experimental design was changed to 2 (group: cue-integration group, non-cue-integration group) × 2 (emotional cues: high intensity, low intensity) × 2 (attraction cues: high intensity, low intensity), and the EEG was used to investigate the temporal characteristics of cue-integration in promoting the accuracy of JOLs./t/nFindings: (1) Subjects integrated both emotion and attraction cues for JOLs ratings(the pre-experiment). (2) Integrating emotional and attractiveness cues improved the accuracy of JOLs (Experiment 1). (3) The group that integrated cues had a higher amplitude of late positive waves (LPP) in the parietal region during the encoding stage and late negative waves (NSW) in the frontal region during the JOLs stage compared to the group that did not integrate cues. Additionally, the amplitudes of NSW and LPP in the cue-integrated group were significantly correlated with the accuracy of JOLs(Experiment 2). The study found that individuals who integrated emotion and attractiveness cues during the encoding stage were better able to allocate cognitive resources for cognitive assessment and retain information in the JOLs stage. This led to more accurate monitoring of their own face memory. The study suggests that integrating two cues can improve cognitive performance./t/nThis study offers a foundation for individuals to comprehend the impact of cue integration on memory and metamemory in real-world face learning scenarios. It also aids in the development of effective learning plans and strategies, as well as precise monitoring of the learning process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-08
Abstract： With the advent of the era of human-robot coexistence, robots gradually penetrate into children’s lives. Robots play an important role in children’s study and life, and effective human-robot interaction is conducive to robots to play a greater role. Trust is one of the prerequisites for effective interaction between humans and robots. Do children trust robots the same as trusting people? As the trend of robot development, how does anthropomorphism affect children’s trust in robots? This research adopted the trust game paradigm of Berg et al. (1995) and Evans et al. (2013). The trust behavior of children aged 4-6 in the economic game was investigated through two experiments. At the same time, anthropomorphic factors that may affect children’s trust in robots are investigated, including anthropomorphic appearance (anthropomorphic appearance) and anthropomorphic behavior (verbal feedback and social contingent interaction). In the first experiment, by investigating children’s trust behavior in robots NAO and JIBO (high anthropomorphism VS low anthropomorphism) in anonymous trust game, it was found that the trust of 4-year-old children in robots was significantly lower than that of 5-year-old and 6-year-old children. However, the influence of appearance anthropomorphism only appears in 6-year-old children, and the trust of children is positively correlated with the degree of appearance anthropomorphism of robots. In the second experiment, the robot was made to have anthropomorphic behavior by using WeChat video calls with people, NAO and JIBO, and the trust behavior of children to different trust objects was investigated in the anonymous trust game, and the role of anthropomorphic behavior was investigated. The results show that children’s trust can be significantly improved when the robot had anthropomorphic behavior characteristics. It can be seen that the trust of children aged 4~6 in robots is not only related to their age, but also influenced by the anthropomorphism of robots (anthropomorphism in appearance and anthropomorphism in behavior), and the degree of anthropomorphism is positively related to children’s trust behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-08
Abstract： When infectious diseases are prevalent, people are often reluctant to give blood for fear of infection, resulting in a “blood shortage” In response, blood collection agencies across China have launched relevant initiatives to encourage the public to donate blood. To recruit blood donors, blood collection agencies use different advertising strategies to attract people’s attention. For example, some display people in need of help and others display blood donors in their recruitment campaigns. What type or types of donation protagonist are most effective in recruitment campaigns during an infectious disease outbreak? This issue has become particularly important in recent years, with the increasing emergence of infectious diseases. It is therefore essential to understand how blood collection agencies should recruit donors when signs of infectious disease appear. Motivated by this issue, this study explored the joint impact of infectious disease cues and donation protagonists on the intention to donate blood and the psychological mechanisms underlying this impact.
Study 1 adopted a 2 (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient) ´ 2 (infectious disease cues: yes vs. no) between-subjects design and used a reading comprehension task to manipulate the salience of infectious disease cues. We recruited 207 college students and randomly assigned them to one group with infectious disease cues and one without. The participants then viewed recruitment messages with different donation protagonists (donor vs. recipient). Next, the participants were asked whether they would be willing to donate blood. For those who answered yes and were willing to leave their contact details, we helped them make an appointment to donate blood at the nearest blood bank. Study 1 provided preliminary evidence that recipient (vs. donor) protagonists reduce people’s intention to donate blood when infectious disease cues are salient.
Studies 2A and 2B further supported the results of Study 1 by adding a no-donation protagonist and two control groups (accidental threat and non-infectious disease threat). Specifically, Study 2A adopted a 3 (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient vs. none) × 2 (threat type: infectious disease vs. accident) between-subjects design and recruited 306 participants from a questionnaire platform. We manipulated the threat type through a slideshow. After viewing the slides, the participants viewed recruitment messages with different donation protagonists and reported their intention to donate blood. Study 2B adopted a 3 (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient vs. none) × 2 (threat type: infectious disease vs. non-infectious disease) between-subjects design and recruited 285 participants from the questionnaire platform. We used pictures and text to manipulate the contagiousness of the disease. After viewing the slides, the participants viewed recruitment messages with different donation protagonists and reported their intention to donate blood. The results showed that compared with donor protagonists, recipient protagonists played a less effective role and reduced people’s willingness to donate blood when exposed to an infectious disease (vs. accident and non-infectious disease) threat.
Study 3 adopted a single-factor (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient vs. none) between-groups design and recruited 151 participants from the questionnaire platform. The priming material for the infectious disease cues was a short news report on COVID-19 reinfection. The participants were randomly divided into three groups after viewing the news report to view recruitment information on donation protagonists. The participants then reported their willingness to donate blood using the same measurement scale as in Study 2A. Next, the participants reported their state anxiety. In addition, to rule out alternative explanations, the participants reported their levels of empathy, perceived threat, medical fear, and other state-based emotions (disgust and fear). The results showed that recipient (vs. donor) protagonists increased the participants’ anxiety levels, thereby reducing their willingness to donate blood.
Studies 4A and 4B examined the moderating role of self-construal by measuring chronic self-construal and situational self-construal and further verified the mediating role of state anxiety. Specifically, Study 4A adopted a 2 (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient) × 2 (self-construal: interdependent vs. independent) between-subjects design and recruited 199 participants from the questionnaire platform. We measured the participants’ blood donation intention, state anxiety, empathy, perceived threat, medical fear, and other state-based emotions (disgust and fear) by priming infectious disease cues as salient. Finally, the participants’ chronic self-construal was measured. Study 4B adopted a 2 (donation protagonist: donor vs. recipient) × 2 (self-construal: interdependent vs. independent) × 2 (infectious disease cues: yes vs. no) between-subjects design and recruited 357 participants from the questionnaire platform. Study 4B used the pronoun-circling method to manipulate self-construal, and the participants then reported information consistent with Study 4A. The results revealed that the participants with an interdependent orientation who viewed recruitment messages with recipient (vs. donor) protagonists exhibited increased state anxiety, which reduced their intention to donate blood.
In summary, the results of the four studies provide strong empirical evidence for the joint effect of infectious disease cues and donation protagonists on blood donation intention, the moderating impact of self-construal on this joint effect, and the underlying psychological mechanism due to state anxiety.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-06
Abstract： Bipolar disorder is a highly burdensome and refractory mental disorder, affecting individuals, families, and society. The challenge in bipolar disorder is that the treatment targeting the depressive state often carries the risk of inducing manic state, and vice versa, with the frequency of these alternating cycles often indicating the severity of the illness. Therefore, reducing the frequency of state switching in bipolar disorder patients and gradually achieving a stable state are crucial for effective treatment. The purpose of this study is to propose a psychophysiological model of bipolar disorder state switching. Considering the remarkable potential of the salience network in brain switching, we anchor a model on the functionality of the salience network to analyze and demonstrate the pathways involved in bipolar disorder state switching within the framework of psychophysiological. By focusing on the salience network, this model provides valuable insights into the treatment, patterns of development, and pathophysiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-03
Abstract： While previous studies have primarily focused on exploring the sources of time perception bias at an individual level, limited research has been conducted on understanding the mechanisms behind time perception bias in social contexts. To fill this gap, the present study combined a joint action paradigm with a time perception paradigm to investigate time perception in social contexts and further examine the mechanisms of co-representation and/or social facilitation in joint temporal perception through three experiments.
In general, the study utilized a between-subject 2 x 2 experimental design, with the factors of context (individual vs. joint) and duration distribution (short intervals vs. long intervals). The stimulus durations were either 400 ms or 1000 ms for the short interval group, and 1000 ms or 1600 ms for the long interval group. The different intervals were filled with either yellow or green circles. Participants first completed a learning task alone and then were randomly assigned to either an individual or joint context and completed a practice task. In the joint condition, two participants not knowing each other practiced in different temporal intervals and completed the experiment together. In the individual condition, one participant sat alone on the left or right side of the screen and completed the experiment. During the learning phase, participants were familiarized with the short- and long-interval stimuli. During the practice phase, orange solid circles of different durations (ranging from 400 ms to 1000 ms, in steps of 100 ms) or green solid circles (ranging from 1000 ms ~ 1600 ms, in steps of 100 ms) were randomly presented on the screen. Participants judged whether the duration of the stimulus was short or long according to the criteria formed during the learning phase.
In Experiment 1, we discovered that individuals’ subjective equivalence points were significantly altered, and their sensitivity to time perception was notably reduced in joint situations compared to individual situations. In Experiment 2, we stimulated co-representation by manipulating beliefs, and the absence of peers weakened the strength of social inhibition. The results indicated that individuals exhibited similar shifts in subjective equivalence points as observed in joint situations, but there was no significant change in temporal perceptual sensitivity. In Experiment 3, the effect of co-representation was attenuated by manipulating the peer’s task goal to be a non-temporal estimation task, while the presence of peers elicited social inhibition. The findings demonstrated a significant decrease in individuals’ time-perception sensitivity compared to the individual situation, but no significant shift in subjective equivalence points.
In summary, the present study suggests that individuals in joint action contexts represent their peers’ task information through the mechanism of co-representation, which introduces bias in time estimation. Additionally, the presence of others competes for attentional resources, leading to a reduction in individuals’ sensitivity to time perception in joint action contexts.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-03
Abstract： The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology significantly contributes to enhancing productivity; however, concerns regarding potential technological unemployment have garnered considerable attention. The uncertainty surrounding the occurrence, timing, and scale of AI-induced unemployment impedes definitive conclusions. This uncertainty may also lead the public to be influenced by encountered information concerning AI-induced unemployment. Media coverage on AI-induced unemployment often presents extensive information regarding affected industries, occupations, and probability scales, establishing two numerical information frameworks: one emphasizing factors influencing unemployment distribution across industries and another emphasizing the probability of unemployment occurrence. Comparatively, the probability framework, as opposed to the factor framework, allows individuals to formulate judgments indicating a reduced likelihood of AI-induced unemployment, thereby mitigating the perceived threat of AI, especially among individuals with high ambiguity tolerance. Building upon the foundational assumption that the probability framework alleviates AI threat perception, this study, comprising seven recursive experiments, investigates the mediating role of judgments on AI-induced unemployment likelihood and the moderating role of individual ambiguity tolerance. Experiment 1 juxtaposes AI threat perception elicited by general AI-induced unemployment descriptions, factor frameworks, and probability frameworks. Experiment 2 validates the mediating role of likelihood judgments. Experiments 3 and 4 respectively eliminate potential influences of probability values and unemployment scale. Experiment 5 explores ambiguity tolerance’s moderating effect. Experiments 6 and 7 examine subsequent AI threat effects, including support for AI development policies and willingness to recommend various occupations. The primary findings are as follows. Firstly, introducing AI-induced unemployment through a probability framework effectively diminishes AI threat perception (Experiments 1-7). Secondly, this effect is mediated by perceived likelihood, whereby the probability framework prompts individuals to form judgments indicating decreased AI-induced unemployment likelihood, thus reducing AI threat (Experiments 2-5). Thirdly, the information framework effect is moderated by ambiguity tolerance, primarily manifesting among individuals tolerant of ambiguous information (Experiment 5). Fourthly, individuals influenced by the probability framework demonstrate increased support for policies related to AI development, with AI threat playing a mediating role (Experiment 6). Lastly, individuals influenced by the probability framework exhibit a heightened willingness to recommend jobs involving frequent AI interaction (Experiment 7). This study extends prior research by elucidating how external factors such as information frames contribute to variations in AI threat perception. Unlike the extensively studied valence information frame, numerical information frames impact AI threat perception by altering individuals’ likelihood judgments. Our findings shed light on the effects of the numerical information framework on AI-induced unemployment threat perception, policy support, and job recommendation willingness.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-02
Abstract： Face-name memory is a special kind of memory that includes visual and semantic memory. Existing research suggests that name retrieval is located at the final stage of face recognition, but the exact timing has not been fully investigated. This study used ERPs and a method of spatially localizing brain activity to investigate neural mechanisms underlying face-name memory. Participants were given four tasks: perceiving unfamiliar faces, learning face-name pairs, recalling a name by a face, and recognizing familiar faces but without names. We found that recently learned face-name pairs had the same highly activated brain regions as long-term familiar faces, but the long-term familiar faces exhibit larger amplitudes on the P100 component in the ventral occipital cortex and the N400 component in the thalamus and Gpi. Faces that can be recognized by name elicit a stronger response in the N400 component, particularly in the left hemisphere-dominant thalamus, Gpi, hippocampus, and putamen, compared to faces that are only familiar but not known by name. Results suggest that N400 may represent the retrieval of semantic information related to the name and the depth of retrieval of face-name pairs.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-05-02
Abstract： Teacher is in a profession with high workload as they have to meet the diverse learning needs of their students. As a results, teacher is more likely to experience huge pressure and stress, compared to those in other occupations. A large number of studies have shown that teacher mental health, including positive and negative mental health, is greatly influenced by students’ behaviors in classroom (e.g., problem behaviors). However, the dynamic mechanism underlying the relationship between student behaviors in classroom and teacher occupational mental health is still unclear. Previous studies have suggested that teacher perception of student behaviors in classroom and their internal working model mediating the influence of student behaviors on teacher mental health./t/nOne limitation of previous studies is that the measure of teacher mental health is not bonding with occupational characteristics. They commonly use more general measure on mental health to indicate teacher mental health. Teachers daily experience student-bonding events (Pi et al., 2022). Consequently, the conclusion in previous studies might not be generalized to teacher occupation. In addition, most previous studies examined teacher mental health based on static rather than dynamic methods./t/nAnother limitation of previous studies is that previous studies examined teacher mental health either from positive or negative perspectives. Some researcher claim that mental health covers two perspectives: positive (e.g., engagement, personal accomplishment, vigor) and negative (e.g., burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, effort-reward imbalance) mental health. In other words, a teacher shows high level of engagement, accompanied by high level of burnout, and vice versa./t/nTo bridge research gaps, the present study adopted dual factor model of mental health and aimed to examine short-term dynamic changes of teacher occupational mental health by experience-sampling methods. We randomly recruited 134 middle school teachers to report their burnout, engagement, emotional experience, and student behaviors in classroom lasting ten consecutive working days. The results of latent profile analysis (LPA) showed that 19.8% teachers experienced low level of occupational mental health (i.e., high characteristics in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and low characteristics in personal accomplishment, vigor, dedication, and absorption), 55.9% experienced medium level, and 24.3% experienced high level (i.e., low characteristics in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and high characteristics in vigor, dedication, and absorption). Compared to teachers with medium level of occupational mental health, low level teachers exhibited more negative internal working model and less positive internal working model. Furthermore, teachers with negative internal working model perceived more student negative behaviors in classroom, resulting decreasing their positive emotions and increasing negative emotions. Interestingly, cross-day lagged analysis showed that more negative emotions teachers with low and medium level of occupational mental health experienced, more negative internal working model they adopted the next day. On the contrary, more positive emotions teachers with high level of occupational mental health experienced, less negative internal working model they adopted the next day./t/nThe main findings of the present study have some important implications for improving teacher occupational mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-01
Abstract： The presence of negative feedback in vision communication is quite common in managerial practices and has increasingly garnered scholarly attention in recent years. However, prior investigations into this domain remain in their infancy. While some studies suggest that subordinates might lower their goal expectations after receiving negative feedback, there is also evidence suggesting that such feedback can motivate subordinates to enhance their performance. Consequently, the precise impact of negative feedback on subordinates’ perception of the leader’s vision remains unclear. To optimize the use of negative feedback, it is imperative to explore negative feedback strategies that are beneficial to subordinates’ vision expectations. The construal level of the message plays a pivotal role in shaping the receiver’s motivation and cognition. Drawing on fantasy realization theory, this study investigates the mechanisms through which the construal level of negative feedback in vision communication affects subordinates’ vision pursuit, particularly under favorable and unfavorable organizational conditions. This exploration aims to offer guidance for leaders to improve organizational communication.
To examine the influence of negative feedback’s construal level on subordinates’ vision pursuit, three studies were conducted. The first study employed a scenario experiment, involving 76 participants divided into four groups. Subjects were exposed to stimuli related to organizational conditions and leader’s speeches. In the second study, 301 participants completed surveys at two time points. At Time 1, they reported the construal level of negative feedback of their immediate superiors during vision communication and evaluated the organizational conditions. At Time 2, they reported their perceptions of vision expectations and vision pursuit. The third study involved a broader survey with 619 valid responses, using refined scales and a sample-split technique to minimize common method bias.
The results showed that: (1) For vision communication under favorable organizational conditions, the construal level of negative feedback had a negative relationship with subordinates’ vision expectations. (2) Under unfavorable organizational conditions, the construal level of negative feedback had a positive relationship with subordinates’ vision expectations. (3) The construal level of negative feedback further affected subordinates’ vision pursuit behavior through vision expectations. (4) This mediating effect is moderated by organizational conditions.
This study makes several contributions. First, it examines the influence of leaders’ negative feedback on subordinates’ expectations and behaviors through the lens of wording strategy, thereby advancing the research on negative feedback. Second, it explores the boundary conditions of negative feedback’s construal level in vision communication. By integrating negative feedback with vision communication, this study has built a theoretical bridge for the integration of multiple communication strategies. Additionally, this study extends the application of fantasy realization theory to workplace contexts.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-04-29
Abstract： Objective:This study aims to further reveal the influencing factors of Internet addiction by studying the chain mediating effect of rejection sensitivity and peer alienation on the relationship between parenting style and Internet addiction.
Methods:The subjects were 373 students in Grade one and Grade two of a middle school in Quanzhou, Fujian Province. The method of questionnaire survey was adopted, and the survey tools used included the simplified Family Parenting Style Scale (S-EMBU),the Rejection Sensitivity Scale, the peer alienation dimension of Parent-Child Peer Attachment Scale(IPPA) and the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). SPSS25.0 was used to analyze the recovered data.
Results:(1) Positive parenting style was negatively correlated with rejection sensitivity, peer alienation and Internet addiction.
(2) Negative parenting styles were positively correlated with rejection sensitivity, peer alienation and Internet addiction.
(3) There are gender differences in positive parenting style, rejection sensitivity and peer alienation, indicating that boys have higher scores in positive parenting style than girls, while girls have higher scores in rejection sensitivity and peer alienation than boys.
(4) Rejection sensitivity and peer alienation play a chain mediating role in the influence of negative parenting styles on Internet addiction.
(5) Rejection sensitivity and peer alienation play a chain mediating role in the influence of positive parenting styles on Internet addiction.
Conclusion:Adolescents’ rejection sensitivity and peer alienation play a partial mediating role in the influence of parental rearing style on Internet addiction, that is, teenagers’ parents adopt positive parenting style, will reduce adolescents’ rejection sensitivity, thus reducing the generation of peer alienation, and finally reduce the degree of Internet addiction. If parents adopt negative parenting style, it will increase teenagers’ rejection sensitivity, increase the phenomenon of peer alienation, and finally increase their degree of Internet addiction.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2024-04-28
Abstract： Dyadic studies, in which two persons interacting with each other (called a dyad) are the fundamental unit of analysis, are widely used in psychological studies involving interpersonal phenomena. The integration of such studies with intensive longitudinal designs helps to further investigate the dynamics of both individual behaviors and interpersonal effects during the social interactions. However, there is a lack of appropriate statistical approaches that can adequately answer the dyadic research questions of interest based on the characteristics of intensive longitudinal data. Through simulation and empirical studies, this project will investigate the construction, extension, and applications of appropriate statistical models for intensive longitudinal data of different dyadic designs within the framework of Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM).
Specifically, the research contents include: (1) constructing two actor-partner DSEMs with different detrending approaches and selecting the better model for intensive longitudinal data from the standard dyadic design; (2) developing an appropriate statistical model for the intensive longitudinal one-with-many data and extending it to more complex data with time trends; (3) developing an appropriate statistical model for the intensive longitudinal round-robin data and extending it to data with time trends; and (4) illustrating the application of the constructed or extended models under three intensive longitudinal dyadic designs. This project will advance the psychological research to gain a deeper and more scientific understanding of changes in individual behaviors and interpersonal effects in the context of social interactions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-04-28
Abstract： This study used event related potential (ERP) technology to investigate the effects of different types of unitization on item recognition in both younger and older adults through two experiments. A total of two theoretical accounts concern the role of unitization in both item and associative recognition: “benefits and costs” and “benefits-only” accounts. This study hypothesized that because young adults have more cognitive resources, either type of unitization with different demands on cognitive resources does not impair their item memory. However, older adults have fewer cognitive resources, and whether different types of unitization impair their item memory depends on how these demand cognitive resources. Experiment 1 manipulated the level of bottom-up unitization by using compound words and unrelated words. Experiment 2 manipulated the level of top-down unitization using definition and sentence.
In experiment 1, a total of 19 community-dwelling older and 23 younger adults were asked to learn compound and unrelated word pairs, and during tests, they were asked to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In experiment 2, a total of 19 community-dwelling older adults and 20 younger adults were asked to learn word pairs under definition and sentence conditions, and during the test they were required to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In our sample of two experiments, all Older adults completed the mini mental state examination and scored at least 26 points
For younger adults, two types of unitization condition had no effect on their associative and item recognition. The ERP results of Experiment 1 revealed a comparable frontal old/new effect in both compound wordsand unrelated words condition, and the compound words condition reduced the parietal old/new effect. The ERP results of Experiment 2 indicated that the frontal old/new effect was absent in the definition condition, and both unitization conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. For older adults, two types of unitization enhanced their associative recognition, however, have different influence on the item recognition. The behavioral results of Experiment 1 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the compound words condition was superior to that under the unrelated words condition. The ERP results indicated that the frontal old/new effect was only present in the compound words condition, and both encoding conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. The behavioral results of Experiment 2 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the definition condition was inferior to that under the sentence condition. The ERP results revealed that the frontal old/new effect was absent in definition condition and only present in the sentence condition, and both encoding conditions were found to have comparable parietal old/new effect.
The influence of unitization on the item recognition depends on the encoding types. For younger adults, the item recognition in both unitized encoding conditions were comparable to that in the non-unitized encoding. Equivalent levels of memory retrieval were achieved through “less” overall neural processing on familiarity or recollection, which supports the “benefits-only” account. For older adults, the bottom-up unitized encoding condition promotes item recognition relying on the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits-only” account. The top-down unitized encoding condition impaired older adults’ item recognition relying on the absent of the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits and costs” account.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-04-28
Abstract： As an important extra-role behavior in the workplace, helping behavior refers to voluntarily caring for others and helping them deal with work-related affairs. To date, most studies focused on either the antecedents of helping behavior or its influences on helping providers and receivers. However, the discussion on the effects of helping behavior on observers is still limited. According to social comparison theory and the peer influence literature, this research argues that observed coworker helping behavior influences observers’ cognitive and emotional reactions and, ultimately, their behaviors. On the one hand, after witnessing coworker helping behavior, observers may experience higher indebtedness toward coworkers and shame emotions, which enhances their helping behavior. On the other hand, we propose that after witnessing coworker helping behavior, observers may experience lower organization-based self-esteem and pride emotions, which reduces their helping behavior. Based on social comparison theory, we further focus on observers’ helping behavior and consider that it can moderate the effects of observed coworker helping behavior.
Hypotheses were tested using a multi-wave survey and three experiments from the Eastern and Western samples. An original sample (Study 1) of participants in a food supply company in China were invited to participate in the survey. An experiment (Study 2) manipulated observed coworker helping behavior and observers’ helping behavior and then measured observers’ indebtedness toward coworkers and organization-based self-esteem. An experiment (Study 3) manipulated indebtedness toward coworkers and organization-based self-esteem, and then measured observers’ emotions and helping behavior. Another experiment (Study 4) manipulated observed coworker helping behavior and observers’ helping behavior and then measured the remaining variables of the model.
The above studies supported our hypotheses. Results demonstrated that observed coworker helping behavior is positively related to observers’ indebtedness toward coworkers and shame emotions, which, in turn, is positively related to observers’ helping behavior. At the same time, observed coworker helping behavior is negatively related to observers’ organization-based self-esteem and pride emotions, which, in turn, is negatively related to observers’ helping behavior. Observers’ helping behavior moderates the effects of coworker helping behavior. Specifically, when their helping behavior is higher (versus lower), the effects of coworker helping behavior on indebtedness toward coworkers and organization-based self-esteem are weaker.
This study contributes to the helping behavior literature in several ways. First, our study provides a new direction for existing research on helping behavior by introducing the third-party perspective. Different from the previous studies, this study examines the psychological and behavioral responses of observers to observed coworker helping behavior, which transfers the traditional research perspective to the observers in the process of helping. Second, this study considers both positive and negative ways of observed coworker helping behavior in influencing observers’ helping behavior, explaining why observed coworker helping behavior is a double-edged sword for observers. Thus, this study provides a more complete picture of the psychological mechanisms by which observed coworker helping behavior affects observers’ subsequential behavior. Third, this study focuses on observers’ initial helping behavior as the boundary condition and explains when observers are more likely to react positively or negatively to observed coworker helping behavior. This examination helps us understand the third party’s response to observed coworker helping behavior more comprehensively and accurately.
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