Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-12-28
Abstract： With live marketing as background and based on the analysis of the literature, we introduce social presence and explore the connotation and composition of social presence in live marketing environment. Besides, ground on the theory of conformity consumption, we conduct behavioral tests and probe into the cognitive mechanism of how social presence influences online conformity consumption in live marketing. Furthermore, according to the theory of social presence, this paper discusses the moderating effect of self-construction and tie strength between buyer and network-anchor in this process. Finally, based on the theory of social facilitation, this study explores the emotional mechanism using neuroscience method which has the advantages of objectivity and "process measurement". This research will reveal the effect of social presence on online herd consumption, provide guidance to network-anchor and E-sellers, meanwhile help consumers understand their own behavior better in order to make more rational consumption choices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-12-27
Abstract： There is mounting evidence in psychology, neuroscience and behavioral economics to support the notion that human behavior is governed by dual-learning systems, namely, reflective, “cognitive” or reflexive, “habitual” system. The former one is performed automatically, responds quickly and does not consume cognitive resources. The latter one responds slowly and consumes more cognitive resources, but it is also more flexible and sensitive to the changes in the external environment. Both of these learning systems exist in parallel and compete with each other to jointly influence individual's mind and behavior. A widely concerned question in recent years is which system exerts dominant control over specific behavior and what factors determine whether reflective or reflexive system governs behavior. Over the past decades, researchers used navigation learning task, probabilistic classification learning or instrumental learning task and associated computational models to explore the changes of multiple learning systems under acute and chronic stress at both behavioral and neural levels. By reviewing these studies, we summarize the psychophysiological mechanism underlying the stress-induced bias toward habitual behavior, and reinterpret the causal relationship between this shift and drug addiction. Existing research shows that noradrenaline and glucocorticoids act through mineralocorticoid receptors and exert interactive impact on brain regions that subserve dual-learning systems, which is orchestrated by the amygdala. Future studies need to focus on the modulatory role of genetic differences in the effects of stress on learning, and use a variety of technical methods to elucidate its neuroendocrine basis.
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2018-12-27
Abstract： Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been widely used in psychological researches to investigate the casual relationship among latent variables. Model estimation can be conducted under both the frequentist framework (e.g., maximum-likelihood approach) and the Bayesian framework. In recent years, with the prevalence of Bayesian statistics and its advantages in dealing with small samples, missing data and complex models in SEM, Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) has developed rapidly. However, in China its application in the field of psychology is still insufficient. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on presenting this new research method to applied researchers. We explain the theoretical and methodological basis of BSEM, as well as its advantages and disadvantages compared with the traditional frequentist approach. We also introduce several commonly used BSEM models and their applications. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2018-12-26
Abstract： 为探究不同卷入情境下儿童基于资源价值的分配行为特点以及内群体偏爱在其中的作用，呈现给儿童两种实验情境：实验一，134名5~8岁儿童在第一方情境下与来自内、外群体的一名儿童分配不同价值的物品，结果发现7~8岁儿童公平分配比例与5~6岁儿童无显著差异；实验二，130名5~8岁儿童在第三方情境下给来自特定群体的两名儿童分配资源，结果发现7~8岁儿童公平分配比例显著高于5~6岁儿童。两个实验均发现儿童的分配行为表现出内群体偏爱，5~6岁儿童比7~8岁儿童更明显。并且，5~6岁女生比男生有更明显的内群体偏爱，但在7~8岁组无性别差异。此外，只有7~8岁儿童的公平分配行为表现出卷入情境上的差异，他们在第三方情境比第一方情境下更能做出公平分配，但5~6岁儿童的公平分配行为并无情境差异。综上可见，比起年幼儿童，年长儿童基于资源价值的公平行为发展得更好，并且在两种卷入情境下受内群体偏爱的影响均更小。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2018-12-26
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2018-12-23
Abstract： The relationship between language and color cognition is key to understanding language and cognition. With the arguments between linguistic relevance and linguistic universal hypotheses, researchers prefer the eclectic theory that color cognition includes physics, perception, and culture-related properties. Given these theories and various investigations, interaction theory between color terms and color cognition has been proposed. One argument suggests that color perception should be influenced by language and culture, given the normal sense organs and level of intelligence. Numerous types of studies have proven that language and culture play a role in color cognition, but how such a role is performed remains to be fully understood. Discussions on the essential mechanism of this effect remain lacking, and whether this effect is a direct or indirect effect (i.e., language strategies or cognition structure changes) continues to be unclear. According to the literature, the color category perception effect proposes that people are more likely to distinguish colors from different colors than those that landed in the same area. Thus, two categories of color were used as materials in past research, which made it difficult to distinguish between the direct and indirect effects. Accordingly, this paper employed just one category color, which was further divided into two different categories. Color culture is import to a nation. Thus, green is vital to Uygur culture, with red as the counterpart for the Han culture. In relation to this, the present study designed a perceptual task (Experiment 1) as well as classification and recognition tasks containing memory (Experiments 2 and 3), in order to explore the effect of language and culture on color cognition for the Uygur and Han nationalities. Focal colors of red (RGB: 0, 255, 0) and green (RGB: 255, 0, 0) were selected as base points, and a vertical demarcation line was drawn on the RGB chromatography. On each side of the line, nine different stimuli in the same lightness saturation level (240–120) but with different chromaticities were selected. In Experiment 1, three colors (two from the same side of green or red and another from the other side) constitute one set of experimental material. Participants were asked to judge as quickly and as accurately as possible whether the left or the right color block looked more similar to the middle one, and press the corresponding button on a response box. A total of 62 college students participated in the experiment (31 of Han nationality and 31 of Uygur nationality) . In Experiment 2, the materials and the participants (in terms of number and categories) were identical to those in Experiment 1. Participants were instructed to remember the colors and identify as quickly and as accurately as possible whether the following colors belong to the left or to the right of the color pair, and then press the corresponding button on a response box. In Experiment 3, 62 participants from the two nationalities who were using identical materials were asked to judge as quickly and as accurately as possible whether the left or the right color looked more similar to the standard one, and then press the corresponding button on the response box. Results showed significant differences in the perception, classification, and recognition tasks between the Uygur and Han nationalities. Compared with the Han nationality, the Uygur nationality had the advantage in distinguishing, classifying, and even recognizing green, but suffered a disadvantage when processing the color red. For the perception task, the two groups both spent a long time in the classification and recognition tasks. Accordingly, we believe that language and cultural differences in terms of perceiving the green and red colors affect color cognition and that such an effect is indirect, that is, language and culture can influence the color perception structure. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2018-12-23
Abstract： Remembering some material can cause forgetting of related information, which is known as retrieval–induced forgetting (RIF), but it has some boundary conditions, such as “self” in western culture and some important others such as mother in Chinese. In such boundary condition, RIF was eliminated when material was encoded to be related to self (known as self-referential) or significant others. Name is a symbol and important to the self, but it has different constitution forms in different language and culture. In Uygur nationality culture, the name constitution is known as father and son joint, that is after the first name is the father name, which is different form the Han nationality. In Han nationality, the first name comes after the family name. All these differences may lead to the different constructions of the self, so this study intend to compare self-referential, father-referential and others-referential for the two nationalities. 90 Ugyur participants and 90 Han participants from Xinjiang district took part in the experiments. The experiment was a 3(Conditions: Self-reference, Father-reference, Other- reference)×3 (Retrieval Factor: Rp+, Rp−, Nrp items) design. The condition was manipulated as a between-subjects factor, while the retrieval factor was manipulated as a within subject factor. The study has four phases: (1) Study phase: the participants were shown the Chinese characters in computer of a series of 32 category exemplars in a random order with the form of “category–exemplar” and were instructed to memorize the exemplars while associating them with the paired category; (2) Retrieval-practice phase: The participants were sequentially presented with word pairs form of 8 cues that probed their memory. Each cue comprised a category name and a first initial character of an exemplar and the participants were asked for written recall of the target exemplar in response to each cue; (3) Distractor phase: The participants were asked to perform mathematical operations within 3 minutes; (4) Final test phase: The participants were required to retrieve written recall as many exemplars as possible in response to each presented category name. And the self-inflation test was used for more accurate results. The results showed that in Uygur culture contexts, RIF was not observed under the self- referential and father-referential but in other-referential encoding. While in Han culture, RIF was observed in father-referential and the other-referential but not in the self-referential. All these indicated that the constructions of self are different for Uygur and Han nationalities. For Uygur nationality, father is included in the self; but for Han nationality, though father is important, but it is not included in the self, and the boundary between others is significant. Thus, language is the way how culture affect the self, such as patronymic linkage naming system, religion culture and kinship terms. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-12-20
Abstract： The “tip of the tongue” (TOT) refers to a state in which one cannot recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning in speech production, which is common in our daily life, especially for the old speakers. The perspectives of cognitive (how linguistic properties and general cognitive abilities influence aging of TOT) and meta-cognitive (how the meta-cognitive evaluations of TOT influence TOT’s processing) have been proposed to explain the aging of TOT. However, little research has addressed this question in Chinese. The present study aims to examine how (a) individual characteristics (i.e., emotion, age) influence daily TOTs and (b) the interplay of cognitive factors and meta-cognitive factors influence daily TOTs. A sample of 67 participants (36 old adults, 13 males, age ranges: 60~81 years, M = 66.91, SD = 6.85; 31 young adults, 16 males, age ranges: 18~25 years, M = 21.50, SD = 2.43) filled in a quantitative and qualitative diary for 4 weeks (including weekends) to investigate their experience of TOTs. The questions and measurements used in our diary questionnaire included cognitive and meta-cognitive characteristics of TOT in speech production. Results indicated that the old adults generated more TOTs and took longer time to retrieve target words in successful production than the young adults in daily life, which confirmed our hypothesis that there was an aging of speech production in Chinese. Furthermore, when TOT happened, both old and young people could successfully retrieve alternative words and (or) semantically related information, but less phonologically related information, which supported transmission deficit hypothesis about aging of speech production. For the meta-cognitive experience, we found that young adults experienced higher degree of excitement and fatigueness than the old adults. In addition, the resolution time of TOTs was influenced by factors of target words familiarity, the presence of alternates and the comfort level when TOT happened. The assessments on TOT’s cognitive and meta-cognitive states affected the resolution time of the subsequent TOTs, reflecting that participants took more efforts and time to resolve TOTs after evaluating their meta-cognitive states. We suggest that TOT is the products of cognitive and meta-cognitive processes in Chinese speech production. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-12-19 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：正念训练是指个体将注意力集中于当下体验的一种心理干预方法。先前研究表明正念训练可以促进其注意力、执行功能、情绪调节等的发展，而正念训练对幼儿心理发展的作用机制并不清楚。因此，为了考察正念训练对3}4岁幼儿注意力和执行功能的影响。采用前后测设计，对正念组进行每周2次，每次2030分钟，共12次的正念训练;对照组不进行任何训练。结果发现:C1)在注意力方面，正念组与对照组前测差异不显著，训练后正念组幼儿持续性注意力得分显著高于对照组。C2)在执行功能方面，正念组和实验组在抑制控制、认知灵活性以及工作记忆上前测得分差异不显著，训练后正念组幼儿抑制控制和认知灵活性得分显著优于对照组，而两组幼儿工作记忆差异不显著。研究表明，正念训练促进了3}4岁幼儿注意力和执行功能的发展，且在执行功能方面主要表现为对抑制控制和认知灵活性的提升。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-12-17
Abstract： The intentional binding effect refers to subjective compression in time between a voluntary action and its delayed outcome. Sense of agency based on action and causation are two explanations for this effect. We first introduced the mechanisms underlying sense of agency related to action and sense of agency related to causation to interpret the intentional binding effect through providing corresponding evidence from both behavioral and neural perspectives. Meanwhile, we discussed the relationship between these two explanations for the intentional binding effect. We provide two perspectives regarding the relationship between the two factors to explain intentional binding effect.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2018-12-16
Abstract： Meta-stereotype threat refers to an unbalanced cognition state when a person’s negative beliefs regarding the stereotype that out-group members hold about their own group are activated. Previous research has shown that the activation of negative meta-stereotype contributes to social behavior, but the mechanism of the meta-stereotype threat effects on aggressive behavior remains unclear. Moreover, compared with dominant groups, migrant children are more susceptible to meta-stereotype. However, the influence of negative meta-stereotype on migrant children’s aggressive behavior has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the meta-stereotype threat effects on aggressive behavior among migrant children, and the mediated role of the frustration between meta-stereotype threat and aggressive behavior. Finally, we attempted to use imagined intergroup contact to intervene frustration in order to relieve the negative effects of meta-stereotype threat. As an exploratory study, 60 migrant children participated in study 1. Participants were instructed to write adjectives to arouse negative meta-stereotype or not according to different instructions. Then, participants were assigned to complete the distribution of balsam pear juice which represented aggressive behavior against local children. The study 2 was improved on the basis of study 1. This study was organized into a 2 (meta-stereotype threat condition: activate meta-stereotype threat or not) ×2(attacked aim: local children and migrant children) mixed design. A total of 60 migrant children participated in study 2. After writing adjectives based on different instructions, participants were assigned to complete a test to make sure meta-stereotype was evoked. Then the frustration questionnaire and the balsam pear juice task against local children and migrant children were completed and measured. Study 3 was organized into a 3(type of imagination: imagined intergroup contact, imagined scenery and non-imagination) ×2(attacked aim: local children and migrant children) mixed design. Firstly, 95 migrant children were asked to arouse meta-stereotype and complete the meta-stereotype test. Next, the non-imagination group completed frustration questionnaire and the balsam pear juice task directly, while the migrant children of imagined intergroup contact group imagined the positive interaction with local children, and imagined scenery group imagined the outdoor scenery. After that, the two groups completed frustration questionnaire and the balsam pear juice task. T test, ANOVA and mediation analysis were used to analyze all data. The following results were observed: (1) The frustration and aggressive behavior under the meta-stereotype threat (MST) condition was higher than the non-MST condition. (2) The relationship between the meta-stereotype threat and the aggressive behavior against local children was partly mediated by the frustration. (3) The mediated role of frustration was further supported by the results of study 3. Imagined intergroup contact could reduce the aggressive behavior against local children by controlling frustration. In sum, the results proved that the effects of meta-stereotype threat on frustration among migrant children contributed to the explanation of the increase of aggressive behavior against local children. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2018-12-07
Abstract： Human brain mapping (HBM) is increasingly becoming a multi-disciplinary field where some scientific issues are fundamental for all scientists and applications of using the technology to investigate individual differences. Reliability represents a significant issue for all scientific fields and has particularly been overlooked for decades by the HBM field [1]. Meanwhile, recent advances in open science have offered the field big data for developing novel methodological frameworks as well as performing large-scale investigations of the brain-mind associations based upon the individual differences assessed with HBM [2]. A systematic investigation of reliability seems still far behind these HBM developments. It is critical that reliability is evaluated ahead of these applications, motivating the current commentary on delineation of the anatomy of reliability for future HBM."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-12-06
Abstract： Today, drug abuse is closely being watched by most of society. It has been found that risky decision-making deficit is one of the main characteristics of drug abuse. Drug abusers are facing increasingly negative consequences in their personal, emotional, professional, and social lives. However, they still prefer to choose immediate reward, and it is difficult for them to make adaptive decisions. Several studies have shown that risky decision-making abilities of heroin addicts are impaired, but few studies have focused on the impact of different levels of monetary reward on risky decision-making for heroin addicts during abstinence and whether such effects are regulated by type of monetary reward. Therefore, this study used the balloon analogue risk task to examine the effects of different levels of hypothetical and real money rewards on risky decision-making in the abstinent heroin user. Two experiments were included in the study. In Experiment 1, a hypothetical reward was used. however, the participants were asked to imagine the money prizes obtained in the experiment as real money rewards and to obtain as much profit as possible. The results showed that the main effect of the reward magnitude was significant. Post-hoc testing showed the average adjusted pumps (the mean number of pumps for balloons that did not pop) and the total number of popped balloons were significantly less under the 1-cent reward condition compared with the 25-cent reward condition. The main effects of the group were significant, and post-hoc testing showed that the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons were significantly higher for the abstinent heroin users compared with the non-heroin users. The interaction between the reward magnitude and the group was not significant. Experiment 2 used real rewards. The final rewards of the participants were converted according to their performance in the experimental task. The results showed that the main effect of reward magnitude was marginal significant for the average adjusted pumps and the main effect of the reward magnitude was significant for the total number of popped balloons. Post-hoc testing showed the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons were significantly higher under the 1-cent reward condition compared with the 25-cent reward condition. The main effects of the group were significant, and post-hoc testing showed that the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons for the abstinent heroin users were significantly smaller compared with non-heroin users.The interaction between the reward magnitude and the group was not significant. The results of the study indicate that monetary reward magnitude has the same effect on risky decision-making of the abstinent heroin user as it does on the non-heroin user. The impact of money magnitude on risky decision-making is regulated by type of money reward.
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2018-12-05
Abstract： "
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：书写和阅读是在文字的基础上发展起来的, 二者存在共享的神经网络。书写能影响阅读, 阅读不仅依靠视觉加工, 还依赖书写运动表征。不同书写方式对阅读的影响不同, 传统书写对阅读有促进作用, 电脑打字对阅读产生了一定的消极影响。对汉字来说, 传统书写能加强汉字的正字法表征, 促进汉字阅读; 电脑打字对汉字阅读的影响尚无一致结论。未来研究可以考察传统书写与电脑打字神经机制的差异, 以及电脑打字对汉字认知加工的影响及神经机制。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：物质主义的经典研究分别从人格、价值观、目标和需要的角度界定和理解物质主义的相关现象。自我概念一直是贯穿物质主义研究的线索, 但直到最近研究者才试图以它为理论基点统摄与整合已有研究。相关研究表明, 物质主义者对自我的评价较低, 表现为低自尊、权变性自尊; 对自我的认识具有不一致性, 表现为自我概念不清晰、外显−内隐自尊分离、以及自我差距(理想自我与现实自我的差距)。最近出现的两个综合理论——物质主义的自我逃离理论与物质主义的认同目标追求理论提出, 物质主义是个体将物质拥有作为逃避自我的方式或满足自我认同动机的手段。这两个理论弥补了现有物质主义研究缺乏整合性理论的不足。未来研究可以通过借鉴有关自我概念的理论, 超越单纯的物质主义者自我匮乏的思路, 从而做出更大的理论贡献。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：本研究致力于探讨在权力与地位不一致的背景下, 权力层级与团队绩效研究的分歧。本研究提出权力层级与团队绩效的关系取决于团队的层级一致性——权力与地位的匹配度。具体地, 当层级一致(权力与地位匹配)时, 权力层级促进团队绩效; 当层级不一致(权力与地位不匹配)时, 权力层级抑制团队绩效。本研究结合问卷、实验和二手数据方法来验证假设, 研究1通过对46个大学生创业实践团队的两阶段问卷调查, 发现层级一致性对权力层级与团队绩效的关系具有调节作用。此后, 研究2通过一项涉及64个团队的实验来揭示因果关系, 发现权力争夺在权力层级和层级一致性的交互与团队绩效的关系中起中介作用。最后研究3通过203个观测值的互联网公司二手数据重复验证了层级一致性的调节作用, 并提升了本研究的生态效度。本研究为权力层级的研究做出了一定的贡献, 并为团队管理提供了启示。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：已有动物和人类研究均表明, 通过记忆的再巩固更新机制能有效削弱新形成的条件性恐惧记忆(1天), 并且存在线索选择性特点。然而创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)往往在形成相当一段时间后才能得到治疗, 且现实生活中人们通常一次习得对多个线索的恐惧。因此找到针对多线索创伤记忆的有效治疗方法显得尤为重要。目前未有人研究远期恐惧记忆的再巩固更新机制是否存在线索选择性特点。为探究远期恐惧记忆(>7天)的再巩固更新机制是否同样存在线索选择性特点, 本研究采用被试内实验设计, 以皮肤电作为恐惧反应指标, 多个线索作为条件刺激进行恐惧习得, 习得14天后给被试单独呈现一个线索进行恐惧记忆提取, 10分钟后进行消退训练, 在第15天对不同线索进行自发恢复测试。结果显示：未提取线索的自发恢复程度显著高于提取线索。说明远期记忆(14天)的再巩固更新机制同样存在线索选择性特点, 并确认了提取消退作为一种行为手段对远期恐惧记忆再巩固进行干预的有效性, 对临床干预具有一定指导意义。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：网络购物中的虚拟销售代理(Virtual Sales Agent)是指通过口头或非口头形式与消费者互动和交流的具有拟人化特征的动态人物形象, 它可以为消费者提供商品和服务的信息以及必要的帮助。近年来, 大量研究证实了虚拟销售代理的拟人效应, 即当在网络购物环境中加入拟人化的销售代理时, 就会对购物者的在线购物过程感知体验和购物意向产生积极影响。相关理论从不同视角解释了虚拟销售代理拟人效应发生的原因。综述以往的实证研究发现, 虚拟销售代理拟人效应的发生受到虚拟销售代理特征、消费者因素以及商品因素等方面的影响; 社会临场感、个性化服务知觉、社会支持感、信任和风险感知是拟人效应发生的内在心理机制。未来研究应关注虚拟销售代理拟人效应的神经生理基础, 丰富拟人效应发生的影响因素, 加强对个性化定制虚拟销售代理的研究, 探讨虚拟销售代理的消极影响, 以及不利于虚拟销售代理使用的障碍性因素。
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：采用情感错误归因范式(AMP)和经典情感启动范式(BFP), 在汉语双音节中性名词的前面加上否定或肯定词, 构成“没有/有XX”短语, 作为启动材料, 以中性俄语词或汉语情绪词为目标材料, 探讨了汉语否定加工的情绪表征。在实验1的AMP范式中, 刺激反应不同步(SOA)时间为200 ms和500 ms, 结果显示, 否定短语比肯定短语有显著高的消极反应概率; 在实验2的BFP范式中, 否定短语比肯定短语同样启动了更高的消极反应概率。实验结果表明, 否定本身具有消极效价, 否定加工通过消极情绪实现具身化。
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