Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-08
Abstract： With the advent of the era of human-robot coexistence, robots gradually penetrate into children’s lives. Robots play an important role in children’s study and life, and effective human-robot interaction is conducive to robots to play a greater role. Trust is one of the prerequisites for effective interaction between humans and robots. Do children trust robots the same as trusting people? As the trend of robot development, how does anthropomorphism affect children’s trust in robots? This research adopted the trust game paradigm of Berg et al. (1995) and Evans et al. (2013). The trust behavior of children aged 4-6 in the economic game was investigated through two experiments. At the same time, anthropomorphic factors that may affect children’s trust in robots are investigated, including anthropomorphic appearance (anthropomorphic appearance) and anthropomorphic behavior (verbal feedback and social contingent interaction). In the first experiment, by investigating children’s trust behavior in robots NAO and JIBO (high anthropomorphism VS low anthropomorphism) in anonymous trust game, it was found that the trust of 4-year-old children in robots was significantly lower than that of 5-year-old and 6-year-old children. However, the influence of appearance anthropomorphism only appears in 6-year-old children, and the trust of children is positively correlated with the degree of appearance anthropomorphism of robots. In the second experiment, the robot was made to have anthropomorphic behavior by using WeChat video calls with people, NAO and JIBO, and the trust behavior of children to different trust objects was investigated in the anonymous trust game, and the role of anthropomorphic behavior was investigated. The results show that children’s trust can be significantly improved when the robot had anthropomorphic behavior characteristics. It can be seen that the trust of children aged 4~6 in robots is not only related to their age, but also influenced by the anthropomorphism of robots (anthropomorphism in appearance and anthropomorphism in behavior), and the degree of anthropomorphism is positively related to children’s trust behavior.
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Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-05-06
Abstract： [Objective]A new generation of interactive models, called digital voice assistants(DVAs), can respond to young children's speech requests automatically and interactwith them by voice. Research on the development of young children's epistemic trustin DVAs is scarce. Previous research has concentrated on the development and influencing factors of young children's epistemic trust in human informants or traditional electronic media (e.g., computers, webpages, internet). The semisocialnature of these devices determines the specific theoretical and practical value ofinvestigating young children's epistemic trust in DVAs. Based on this, the purposeof the current study was to investigate the epistemic trust of young children (aged3-6) and adults in DVAs in various domains and to confirm the significance of accuracyin their trust. [Methods] The paradigm of dual-informant sources was employed in both experiments.A sample size of 88 children was required for an effect size of w= 0.30, 1–β=0.8, α= 0.05, according to G*Power 3.1. In Experiment 1, 30 adults and 90 childrenaged 4-6 were given testimony from distinct information sources (DVAs vs. humans)in either the natural or social domain to investigate the children's willingnessto ask questions, explicit trust judgments, and final endorsements. Whereas thenatural domain involved a task to label novel things, the social domain involvedinquiry into social customs. The accuracy of the informants was manipulated inExperiment 2, which was based on Experiment 1, and 90 children aged 3-5 and 30 adultswere exposed to various informants. [Results] The research participants were asked questions about their willingnessto ask, explicit trust judgments, and final endorsements. The results of Experiment1 showed that the children preferred to ask the DVAs questions about the naturaldomain rather than the social domain, with the DVAs being preferred overall . Moreover, the 6-year-old children preferred the DVAs as the information source morethan the 4- to 5-year-old children. The adults were more likely to trust the DVAsthan the young children. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the children ofall ages and adults were more likely to accept correct informant testimony in boththe natural and social domains. In other words, the children were more likely touse the current accuracy of informants as a cue to assess and decide which informantto trust, and when the DVAs lost their accuracy, the children's preference disappeared along with their intellectual trust. The preference for accurate informants was more obvious in the adults and 4- to 5-year-olds than in the 3-year-olds, with the 3-year-olds being less sensitive to accuracy. Accuracy wasan essential indicator of the DVAs' dependability. [Limitations] This study did not include attribution tasks and the experimentalmaterial lacked some ecological properties. [Conclusions] Our study is the first to investigate the development of epistemictrust in DVAs among children aged 3-6 in China. The results show that children canuse DVAs as a source of information and knowledge. Young children become more likelyto believe the testimonies of DVAs as they grow older. Children are more likely totrust DVAs in the natural domain than in the social domain. Furthermore, youngchildren are more likely to accept the testimony of reliable informants. The resultsof this study may contribute to our understanding of the usability and utility ofhuman interaction with technological systems and offer suggestions for the use ofDVAs in homes and classrooms to support early learning.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： One of the most imperative issues in developmental research on social cognition is whether young children selectively trust informants' testimonies and revise their beliefs based on those testimonies. Previous research has shown that both the nature of the information and the traits of informants affect young children's selective trust and belief revision. However, the role that contradictory information may play in young children's selective trust and belief revision has yet to be examined. The present study examined Chinese preschoolers' selective trust and belief revision in situations in which their beliefs were contradicted by information provided by a familiar informant (the mother).The present study adopted the conflicting sources paradigm. Testimonies about hybrid pictures with different perceptual cues (the 50%-50% hybrids task vs the 75%-25% hybrids task) were presented to 74 4- to 6-year-old preschoolers, to investigate young children's selective trust and belief revision. Participants heard two informants (the mother and the stranger) name the hybrid differently. In all tasks, the stranger’s naming was more consistent with the perceptual cues. Children were asked about their own naming (What animal is this?), whom they would like to ask (mother or stranger?), whom to believe and the endorsement question (What animal do you think this is?).The results showed that children's selective trust and belief revision are influenced by the degree of conflict between mother's testimonies and perceptual evidence. In the low conflicting situation (50%-50% hybrids task), children are more inclined to ask for and explicitly trust the mother's testimony than in the high conflicting situation (75%-25% hybrids task). Furthermore, in the low conflicting situation, older children are more likely to revise their beliefs than younger children; whereas in the high conflicting situation, older children are more hesitant to revise their beliefs than younger children. The findings indicate that older children are more flexible in selective trust and belief revision. They are better able to factor the available perceptual cues into their consideration of the adult's testimony.In summary, 4- to 6-year-old preschoolers' selective trust and belief revision are influenced by the degree of conflict between others' testimonies and perceptual evidence. In high conflicting situations, they typically refuse to ask for and endorse the testimonies provided by the familiar informant, or to revise their beliefs. The results of the present study demonstrate that young children are able to distinguish between different degrees of conflict. When the mother's testimony conflicted dramatically with the young children's existing beliefs, older Chinese preschoolers in our study tended to distrust the mother and refused to revise their beliefs.
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