Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： In the English literature of the 1840s-1860s, “mental philosophy” and “psychology” were used interchangeably, gradually transitioning to the term “psychology” after 1860. In Chinese, “mental philosophy” is generally translated as Xin Ling Xue心灵学, which later came to be considered psychology. In the process of examining the proposition that the first mental philosophy course in the history of Chinese psychology, analysis of Dengchow College diplomas from 1885 and 1889, the 1891 diploma style, and other historical data, supplemented by biographical information on C. W. Mateer about the early courses offered at the Dengchow College, revealed no evidence of a psychology program at Dengchow College in 1877. A curriculum from 1891 showing a course in Xin Ling Xue心灵学 in the sixth year suggests that Dengchow College may have offered psychology classes in 1896 or after 1897. The curriculum noted that “Several desirable branches, e.g., Mental Science and Physical Geography have been omitted for want of suitable textbooks.” There remains a lack of information about who taught these courses and what materials were used. Dengchow College offered psychology courses significantly later than Y. K. Yen at St. John’s College in 1880 and D. Z. Sheffield at Luhe Academy in Tungchow around 1892. Relevant information supports the teachers and teaching materials in these two schools.
Mateer’s contribution to the spread of Western psychology during the late Qing dynasty is notable for his efforts in unifying psychological terminology and his attention to W. A. P. Martin’s plan to write a textbook on Mental Philosophy, and his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅. Among these efforts, his recognition of the term Xing Xue性学 as a translation for psychology were particularly significant. Mateer began his term on the School and Textbook Series Committee in May 1877, during which the Committee planned to develop a Chinese textbook on Mental Philosophy, with Martin taking responsibility. Both Mateer and Martin were members of the commission and maintained a close association. In October 1877, Mateer used the term “psychology” in an English article, providing commentary on its Chinese translation. Mateer’s interest in psychology was evident in his role as chair of the Publication Committee, established in 1890 to organize terminology. The responsibility for mental science terminology fell to Sheffield. Progress in the harmonization of terminology was slow until the establishment of the Scientific Terminology Committee in 1896, which significantly advanced this work. In his 1896 diary, Mateer noted that he had collected terminological work in fifteen disciplines, including psychology. In 1898, Martin published his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅, which was followed by a critical essay from Mateer. Mateer highly praised the monograph, particularly its use of the term Xing Xue性学. Mateer’s involvement in the publication of Technical Terms, English and Chinese in 1904, where he served as editor, further highlights his contribution to the development of psychological terminology in China. Many of the psychological terms included in the book were derived from Sheffield’s unpublished teaching material on mental philosophy (around 1892), Yen’s book Xin Ling Xue (1889), and Martin’s monograph Xing Xue Ju Yu (1898).
Mateer’s transition from opposing the original meaning of psychology in Chinese translation to adopting the term Xing Xue性学 illustrates his recognition of the contributions of traditional Chinese culture in creating Chinese terminology for psychology. This shift underscores his effort to draw nourishment from Chinese culture to facilitate the translation of Western studies.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-27
Abstract： Cultural evolution is often compared to biological evolution. One subset of cultural evolution that has received widespread attention from researchers is Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE). CCE refers to the adaptive changes in complexity, functionality, etc., that occur in cultures as they are modified and passed from generation to generation. Although cumulative cultural evolution is an interdisciplinary concept, it has a strong psychological underpinning. Psychological factors have played an important role in the development of its conceptual framework and schools of interpretation, and have contributed to the expansion of core criteria and the integration of the two schools of interpretation. Future research can further clarify the definitional criteria of CCE from the perspective of theoretical development, explore the process and details of CCE from the perspective of integration of two schools of interpretation, or confirm the impact of psychological factors on CCE from the perspective of psychology, thereby advancing the field of cumulative cultural evolution.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2023-06-02
Abstract： The flourish development of scientific psychology in America was often understood as the necessary subsequence of the evolution of intellectual history in psychology, in which psychology separated itself from philosophy and gradually found its own scientific methods during the past centuries. However, as one of categories of culture, the history of psychology could not be understood without the considering of societies and people who live in it. According to Fromm’s social psychological studies, social change may form the social character of a given society, and the social character will initiate new thoughts or ideas which constitutes new culture and ideology. This new kind of culture and ideology will be easy to be accepted by the society, and solidify its social character in turn. So it will be interesting if we explore the process in which psychology in America committed to scientism from the perspective of social change and social character after World War Ⅱ. There ware a lot of changes after World War Ⅱ in America society in terms of politics, economics, industrial structure, population, education, and belief. On the material level, America reached the so-called advanced industrial society and consumer society. On the mental level, the worship of knowledge gradually replaced the worship of god in America society. These changes formed the social character of America after World War Ⅱ through pragmatism and individualism that were parts of American culture. The key trait of this kind of social character are onedimensionalization, pursuing of instrumental rationality, and individual priority. What this kind of social character looking forward in terms of psychology as a part of culture and ideology is the disenchantment of innerworld, or we can say the secularization of mind, which will offer some kind of certainty for the working of American society. World War Ⅱ promoted the development of psychology on general, and also left abundant of problems for America society, such as psychic trauma of veteran, the need for mental health, how to avoid the reviving of totalitarianism, how the collective affect the behavior of individual, and how to train more scientists, professors, and engineers for America and finally win the competition with Soviet Union. All these needs from society led to the boom of clinical psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology, and psychometrics in America. Not only the numbers of APA members and journals, but also the number of PHD in American psychology surged during three decades after World War Ⅱ. The schools of psychology in America also changed during that time. New behavioralism declined after Hull and Skinner’s time due to its neglect of psyche. Psychoanalysis used to affect American psychology and evolved to ego psychology which could be seen as the product of Americanization. However, psychoanalysis was finally marginalized by scientific psychology in America because of the rise of evidence based medicine. The Third Force Psychology once made a noise in America, but it finally faded due to its attempt to connect psychology and philosophy again, and its complicated methods. It was cognitive psychology that became most popular and the main paradigm of American psychology. In a nutshell, the history of American psychology expressed its social character after World War Ⅱ, which called for the secularization of mind. The scientific psychology in America also plays its ideological role in maintaining the efficient work of American society in turn.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2021-11-15
Abstract：“事件结构式”是“数理心理学”的第一公设，它是物质相互作用关系及其诱发效应的数理表达。这一关系式（公理）可以演绎人的认知加工机制：人的感知觉功能、人的语义编码、人的认知的产物（经验）的内容和本质等，演绎得到的数理推论与心理学的关键实验发现惊奇一致。“认知”的哲学本质，天然地决定了“事件结构式”可能系统性推演哲学的基本问题：（1）物质世界中物质属性的普遍性形式。（2）认知结构的唯物性。（3）认知内容的唯物性。（4）主观认知的唯物性。（5）人类伦理的唯物性。（6）唯物与唯心的认知试错关系。上述哲学问题成为“事件结构式”的推论，并以“事件结构式”为基本逻辑，或构成“数理哲学”理论架构体系。
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2021-11-05
Abstract： In this article, a meta-analysis method was used to examine the relationships between challenging-hindrance stressors and employee innovation with 149 independent samples (N=46261), findings showed that: (1) Challenging stressor and subgroup's - work complexity and task conflict have a significantly positive correlation with employee innovation. While hindrance stressor had a significantly negative correlation with employee innovation. (2) Compared with individualism orientation, under the background of high collectivism orientation, high power distance, and a long-term orientation, the hindrance stressor had a stronger and significantly negative correlation with employee innovation, while under the background of high collectivism orientation, the hindrance stressor had a significantly positive correlation with employee innovation. (3) Compared with other-rating, when the data comes from employee self-rating, challenge stressor had a stronger and significantly positive correlation with innovation, and hindrance stressor had a stronger and significantly negative correlation with innovation. (4) Compared with longitudinal study, in the cross-sectional study, challenging stressor has a stronger positive effect on employee innovation, while data collection time has insignificant moderating effect on the relationship between hindrance stressor and employee innovation. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2021-10-07
Abstract： Intersubjective theory is one of the most important approaches in the field of contemporary psychoanalysis. Compared with the more traditional psychoanalysis, its theoretical characteristics can be concluded as follows: from a distinction of inside/outside space to an emphasis on in between space, from a subject-object relationship to a subject-subject relationship, from insight to action, from foundationalism and positivism to hermeneutics and constructivism. Despite the confusion of terminology and divergence of viewpoints, the intersubjective turn has spread to almost every psychoanalytic schools and widely influenced many analysts in North America, Europe and Latin America. Future intersubjective theory needs to keep open and make a constant dialogue with previous theories, clinical materials, and other disciplinary areas." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2021-05-02
Abstract： Abstract: The phenomenon of automatic perspective taking has been confirmed by many studies, but the mechanism of this effect is still controversial. At present, there are two kinds of views: implicit mentalizing view holds that automatic perspective taking is due to the spontaneous selection of other's perspectives as domain-specific process; while submentalizing view proposes domain-general process, such as reflective attention orientation or spatial coding of location, which simulates the role of mentalizing in social environment. By analyzing the existing studies, we propose a collaborative model of mentalizing and submentalizing, which can perform cooperatively or independently. In the future, more rigorous research methods and advanced technology should be used to study the diverse subjects, to explore the mechanism on automatic perspective taking.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-04-14
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2021-02-18
Abstract： " As a pioneer in learning, spreading, and utilizing modern scientific psychology in modern China, Mr. Fu Ssu-nien has been neglected by psychological researchers for many years. In 12 years of studying on psychology, Mr. Fu wrote and translated several philosophical monographs to illustrate his psychological views, such as Introduction to psychoanalysis, Group Psychology, and Hsing Ming Ku-Hsǔn Pien-Cheng. Based on these efforts, Mr. Fu made a profound analysis of the Chinese traditional view of human nature, the trend of scientism in modern psychology, the psychoanalytic thought of psychoanalytic school, and then judged that the modern Chinese psychological research would eventually become scientific. Moreover, Mr. Fu summarized barriers of development of mass mind from three aspects including society, family and individual, and then generated and advocated a basic view of humanity containing effort, sense of discipline, the concept of rational and health. Furthermore, working together with Cai Yuan-Pei, Wang Jing-Xi, Tang Yue, and Su Xiang-Yu, Mr. Fu devoted to the early construction of the discipline of psychology and promoted the development of scientific psychology in modern China.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-11-04
Abstract： Human voice recognition is critical for many aspects of social communication. Most people can recognize identity from the voice, but people with phonagnosia seem to have lost this ability. By definition, it means the deficits occurring at different stages of the processing of voice identity. It includes acquired phonagnosia developmental phonagnosia and its subtypes. Acquired phonagnosia patients’ damaged brain regions mainly include the temporal lobe, Heschl's gyrus and temporal pole. Developmental phonagnosia is associated with atypical responses in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus and dysfunction in the functional connectivity between the temporal lobe and the amygdala. Future research can focus on screening methods, scoping and cultural differences for phonagnosia.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-06-28
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-06-09
Abstract： " Deception detection is an important topic in psychology. The cognitive approach to deception detection is based on the premise that lying is more cognitively demanding than truth telling. Increased cognitive load is hypothesized to result in greater behavioral differences between truth tellers and liars. By manipulating cognitive load through different interfering task of various difficulties during the concealed information test, the influence of cognitive load on memory-response conflict was investigated to better illustrate the cognitive mechanism of deception detection. Second, behavioral and physiological cues for memory-response conflict based deception detection were examined in both noncriminal and criminal group. Finally, machine learning algorithms were employed to predict liars and truth tellers via behavioral and physiological cues. These findings will serve to aid in deception detection in the fields of judicial security and human communication.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-04-27
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-04-20
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-01-30
Abstract： Scarcity is a state due to dissatisfaction of individual desire and demand, which is resulted from real scarcity of resource or perceived scarcity of resource. As a universal phenomenon, scarcity plays an important role in individual emotion, perception and behavior. Tangible resource scarcity is represented by scarcity in food, product and capital, whereas intangible resource scarcity is represented by scarcity in time. Are there any similarities and differences in different kinds of scarcity? This question has not been addressed by past scarcity research. After combing theses, this paper found that tangible resource scarcity led to individual’s cherishing behavior, compensation behavior, and approaching behavior, whereas intangible resource scarcity only led to cherishing behavior and compensation behavior. Future research should focus on the boundary conditions under which scarcity would not affect individuals’ behavior, and the impact of time scarcity on individual psychology and behavior. "
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-11-14
Abstract： Embodied cognition reveals the impacts of body and environment on cognition. Put the implications of all the embodied theories together, the relationship between effect size and effect stability of embodiment effect was different before and after mind maturity. Before mind maturity, the effect size is big but unstable; after mind maturity, the effect size is small but stable. The implications of all the theories shed light on the dual processes underlying embodiment effect. Recently, several empirical evidences also suggest the dual processes underlying embodiment effect. To summarize, continuity of being unconsciously processed, cognitive resources accessibility and potential psychological conflict are the three key boundary conditions for embodiment effect. Combining theoretical and empirical evidences, Embodied Dual Process Perspective was suggested. The basic boundary conditions and the dual process property should be addressed in light of new found embodiment effects and the replications of identified embodiment effects. The Embodied Dual Process Perspective offers a notable extension for precisely localizing the embodiment effects and advancing the therotical consideration of the replication crisis.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2019-10-20
Abstract： Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects a person’s ability to feel, think, and behave clearly. Since 1935, schizophrenia was translated into Chinese as Jing Shen Fen Lie Zheng, which literally explained as “mind splitting disease”. However, such a translation fails to reflect the truth of this mental disorder, and it has evident stigma. It is argued in this article that a new Chinese name is required for Schizophrenia in mainland China. In fact, in recent years, some countries and regions have already changed the translation name for schizophrenia. For instance, Japan has changed the name from “Seishin-Bunretsu-Byo” (Mind-split-disease) to “Togo-Shitcho-Sho” (Integration disorder); South Korea has changed the name from “Jeongshin-bunyeol-byung”(Mind-split-disorder) to “Johyun-byung” (attunement disorder). In Hong Kong and Taiwan, this name has been changed from “Jing Shen Fen Lie Zheng”to “Si Jue Shi Tiao Zheng” (dysfunction of thought and perception). Studies have demonstrated that such a change brought many benefits. It is suggested that the psychiatrists in the mainland China can learn from others’ experiences and promote the name change of schizophrenia. It is argued in this article that the name of “Si Jue Shi Tiao Zheng” is a proper option.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2019-08-26
Abstract： The effect of hunger on individual cognition and social behavior was reviewed based on the psychological perspective. Hunger has been related to impaired general cognitive function, biased cognition and decision-making. Other literature has evidenced that hunger can alter social attitude, reduce moral judgment standard and induce aggressive behavior. Three hypotheses discussed in previous literature were summarized: ego-depletion hypothesis, cognitive activation hypothesis and coordination mechanism hypothesis, all of which attempt to explain the psychological mechanism driving the effects of hunger. Upon evaluating the literature, it can be pointed out that existing researches have problems such as different subjective feelings of hunger, inaccurate measurement methods. Thus, a suggestion for future research is to focus on how to improve the validity of hunger measurement and explore the internal mechanism of hunger effect on the multiple physiological, psychological and social layers.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 基于心理学的研究, 自由家长主义者认为人们的思维有个体难以克服的、根深蒂固的系统性缺陷, 并难以通过教育来避免和消除, 因此主张因势利导, 仰仗外部专家的“助推”把人们的行为引导到正确方向。然而, 从生态理性的角度看, 人们依照自由家长主义者所谓的认知偏差做出的选择未必导致糟糕的结果, 而依照自由家长主义者所推崇的理性方法做出的选择也未必导致理想的结果。本文分析了自由家长主义者用来支持助推的证据后发现：(1)它们源于一些研究者对“何为理性”的狭隘定义, 误解了人类理性的本质; (2)它们对研究结果进行了选择性的报告, 忽视了与这些证据相反的证据。通过这些分析, 我们认为“人非理性且难教化”这一自由家长主义者的论断过于武断并有失偏颇。投入教育, 教会人们如何精明老练地处理风险不仅是可行的, 而且是替代助推的一个更为持久有效的解决方案。
Hits
YES
Hits
Downloads
Comment