Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-12-11
Abstract： Growth mindset, the belief that one’s abilities can be improved through effort and learning, has attracted much attention from researchers in personality, social and developmental psychology. Thanks to large-scale surveys and randomized controlled field experiments around the world, growth mindset research has entered a new era of interdisciplinary, international and generalizable intervention research. However, as more evidence emerges, researchers have also noticed that the effects of growth mindsets vary across different situations. To address the issues of replicability and generalizability, mindsets × context theory proposes that growth mindsets are more beneficial when individuals face challenges or threats (vulnerability) and when the environment supports their learning and growth (psychological affordance). These insights offer new directions for designing and implementing growth mindset interventions. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms of psychological affordance and vulnerability, and develop tailored intervention programs for different groups, so that growth mindset interventions can effectively promote individual development and solve educational problems.
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-09-03
Abstract： Time Perspective (TP) is a crucial psychological framework that allows individuals to classify, organize, and manage their life and social experiences. Achieving a balance between the past, present, and future is essential for optimizing social adaptation, facilitating well-being, and promoting mental health. However, the theoretical framework and underlying mechanisms linking balanced time perspective (BTP) to mental health remain unclear due to the lack of clarity in its concept and limited measurement methods. Based on the review of existing studies, a dual-pathway theoretical framework has been developed. This framework encompasses different conceptual orientations of BTP and could serve to clarify the direct and indirect paths, as well as the potential boundary conditions, between the 'time shift orientation' and 'general healthy orientation' aspects of BTP and mental health. Future research should aim to clearly distinguish between these different conceptual orientations of BTP, focus on developing measurement methods for 'time shift orientation' BTP, and deepen both theoretical and empirical exploration of BTP and mental health, particularly within the context of Chinese culture.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-06-16
Abstract： How to develop the healthy personality of children and adolescents is a common concern in the society, among which family parenting style has received more and more attention, but the findings are inconsistent. To reveal the relationship between the two and its moderating mechanism, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 1054 effect values from 52 studies with 19,642 subjects. The results showed that (1) Positive parenting style is significantly and positively related to healthy personality, while negative parenting style is significantly and negatively related to healthy personality. (2) The effect of parenting style on healthy personality was moderated by the age of children and adolescents, with an inverted U-shaped trend of "small at the end and large in the middle," reflecting a strong influence at the junior high and high school levels, and a weak influence at the elementary and college levels. In addition, the effect of parenting style on the integrity of children and adolescents was also moderated by the gender, generation, and region of the children. The results of this study provide a scientific perspective and an empirical basis for the development and education of children and adolescents' sound personality in the context of Chinese family culture.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-06-15
Abstract： Awe is an emotional response to vast stimuli that challenge the current frames of reference and require a new schema to accommodate. A large body of empirical studies have highlighted that awe engenders various forms of prosocial behavior. Regarding the psychological mechanisms implicated, the small-self hypothesis posits that the vastness of stimuli that evokes awe elicits feelings of self-smallness, which diverts the individual's attention away from the self and towards others, thus promoting prosocial behavior; the authentic-self hypothesis suggests that awe helps to facilitate a shift in the individual's attention from regular mundane concerns to a larger spiritual presence, which stimulates the individual's pursuit of his or her authentic self, thus promoting prosocial behavior. These research hypotheses can be integrated within the 'Big Two' framework, which suggests that awe promotes prosocial behavior through two parallel paths in the dimension of agency (authentic self) and communion (small self). Future research needs to further explore the psychological mechanisms underlying the prosocial effects of awe and, on this basis, develop efficacious interventions to promote prosocial behavior, such as donations, in order to provide psychological strategies for the effective implementation of the third distribution strategy.
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-05-08
Abstract： Previous research has examined the factors affecting individuals’ personality mainly from two perspectives—the internal factors and external factors. External factors included the influence of geographical factors such as latitude, temperature, and farming style, while internal factors included individuals’ cognitive capacities such as executive function. However, few studies have combined internal and external factors and examined their interaction effects on personality. The current study sought to test the role of executive function in personality under the environmental factor and to examine how they interact and shape personality. Overall, the data fit the model well. Results indicated that the interaction of latitude and moderate inhibition control predicted personality scores, such that individuals with moderate inhibition control had a stronger effect of latitude on dimensions of personality. It was also found that the interaction of low working memory and latitude predicted personality scores, such that individuals with low working memory had a stronger effect of latitude on dimensions of personality. These results suggest that the executive function may exert the moderating effect in latitude on personality by attenuating or increasing the correlation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-03-31
Abstract： Persistence, a personality to finish what one starts even when faced with obstacles, is one of the most important personalities for human beings to achieve their goals and objectives. Although most persistence studies have discovered the significant influence persistence has on the individual level, extant research on persistence is incomplete because whether persistence varies on the regional level is still unknown. However, recent research has indicated that personalities vary systematically across regions, and correlate significantly with macro indexes on the regional level. To address this literature gap, we argue that persistence varies across Chinese provinces, and develop and validate a province-level persistence index (PPI) to quantify such provincial variations. We also try to explore the province-level antecedents and consequences of provincial variations in persistence. We used the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) as our main data source for the development of province-level persistence index. CGSS measured participant’s persistence in 2008 and 2011. A high correlation between the province-level persistence index in 2008 and in 2011 allowed us to combine data from the two years. Therefore, the final sample included 11,330 participants (6,006 were female) from 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. In the CGSS, the persistence scale was consisted of three items. We first carried out a survey on Credamo.com to validate the persistence scale in CGSS, the sample of which included 286 participants (142 were female). We also used data from National Bureau of Statistics of China, CSMAR, etc. as the data sources of antecedent and outcome variables of persistence. We used STATA 15 to analyze the data. Results showed that the three-item measure of persistence in CGSS is reliable and valid and the persistence data from CGSS is suitable for aggregation. In general, persistence does vary systematically across Chinese provinces and the PPI we developed is significantly related to antecedent and outcome variables documented in the existing research. Specifically, the harshness of the natural environment (coldness, air pollution and agricultural disasters), cultural values of masculinity and collectivism are positively related to PPI. Moreover, PPI is positively related to political (local government officials’performance orientation and effort allocation distortion), economic (economic development quality, industrial structure upgrade and foreign investment introduction), social (education attainment, income, and well-being of the residents) and innovative and entrepreneurial (patent authorization, company incubation) outcomes, even after controlling for provincial GDP and year fixed effect. The current study demonstrates the systematic difference in persistence across Chinese provinces, extends individual level research on persistence to macro regional level, and develops province-level persistence indexes to provide an important tool for future research dealing with regional differences. We also systematically explored antecedents of provincial variations in persistence, and its influences on province-level macro metrics, offering a perspective of macro-micro intersection. Furthermore, we provide new references for government’s development policy making and companies’ branch management.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-01-06
Abstract：
HPA axis (Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal, HPA) dysfunction determines the formation or deterioration of stress-related emotional disorders. In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms of PMS, we relied on two types of the activity patterns of HPA axis, namely activity patterns at the baseline level and activity patterns after experimental manipulations on stress levels. The current meta-analysis study included 32 studies (total sample size N = 1280) from 1990 to 2021. We found that the cortisol of PMS individuals in the luteal phase was significantly lower than that of the controls at the baseline level. This effect was moderated by the time of cortisol measurement. At follicular stage, there was no significant difference in cortisol content between PMS women and controls. Similarly, in the experimental studies manipulating stress levels, the cortisol content of PMS women in the luteal phase was significantly lower than that of the controls, but the two groups did not differ in the cortisol content of the follicular phase. The findings suggested that the persistent changes of the HPA axis and blunted reactivity of HPA axis to pressure might be pathological mechanisms of PMS. Future research should focus on stress regulation strategies to improve PMS.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-12-25
Abstract：
Personality psychology has emphasized the dynamic process of individual personality in situations since its inception. However, conventional personality research has largely focused on stable inter-individual differences and structural trait models. In recent years, with the rise of intensive longitudinal research methods and personality dynamics theories, researcher has shown a reinvigorated interest in the dynamic processes of personality systems within individuals, i.e., personality dynamics. Based on theories that focus on personality processes (e.g., whole trait theory, cognitive-affective personality system model, etc.), intensive longitudinal data and statistical methods that can model dynamic processes (e.g., dynamic structural equation modeling, network analysis, complex systems modeling, etc.), research on personality dynamics investigates personality processes with different emphases (e.g., the intraindividual interplay of cognitive, affective, motivational processes; person-situation interactions; dynamic features of personality). This article reviews early thinking, contemporary theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches in personality dynamics, and puts forward specific recommendations for future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-11-18
Abstract：
Heterogeneity among mental health issues has always attracted considerable attention, thereby restricting research on mental health and cognitive neuroscience. Additionally, the person-centred approach to personality research, which emphasizes population heterogeneity, has received more attention. On the other hand, the heterogeneity among depressive patients has been a problem that cannot be ignored (most studies ignored the actual situation and directly assumed sample homogeneity). A large number of empirical studies have provided evidence that isolated personality traits are often associated with depression. Only a few studies have considered the probable effect from a taxonomy perspective. Moreover, the neural mechanisms of personality types in depression remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal different personality subtypes of depressive disorders and elucidate subtypes from the perspective of resting-state functional connectivity. Personality and resting-state functional imaging data of 135 depressive patients and 133 controls were collected. First, combined with "depression diagnosis", the personality types in depressive patients and controls were identified through functional random forest. Specifically, neuroticism and extraversion (input features) were fitted with the diagnosis of depression by a random forest model. The random seeds were set to 1234, and 500 decision trees were fitted. The performance of the model was evaluated by tenfold cross-validation. Subsequently, the random forest algorithm generated a proximity matrix that represented the similarity between paired participants. Then, based on the proximity matrix, community detection clustering analysis was conducted on depressive patients and controls, and personality types associated with depression diagnosis were obtained. Finally, we selected nodes of the subcortical network as regions of interest according to the power-264 template and calculated the functional connectivity map of the region of interest to the whole brain. Based on the functional connectivity map, the differences in resting-state functional connectivity between the main types were compared. Personality and resting-state functional imaging data of 159 depressive patients and 156 controls were collected. First, combined with "depression diagnosis", the personality types in depressive patients and controls were identified through functional random forest. Specifically, neuroticism and extraversion (input features) were fitted with the diagnosis of depression by a random forest model. The random seeds were set to 1234, and 500 decision trees were fitted. The performance of the model was evaluated by tenfold cross-validation. Subsequently, the random forest algorithm generated a proximity matrix that represented the similarity between paired participants. Then, based on the proximity matrix, community detection clustering analysis was conducted on depressive patients and controls, and personality types associated with depression diagnosis were obtained. Finally, we selected the amygdala, hippocampus, insula (AAL atlas) and limbic network, default network, and control network (Schaefer-Yeo template) as regions of interest and calculated the functional connectivity of the subcortical regions to the networks. ANOVA was used to compare resting-state functional connectivity between the personality types. The results showed the following. (1) Depression was more common among individuals with high neuroticism and low extraversion tendencies, but there were also individuals with low neuroticism and high extraversion tendencies. The controls were more likely to be individuals with low neuroticism and high extraversion. (2) The results of resting-state functional connectivity showed no significant difference between depression and controls. (3) The functional connectivity strength of the left amygdala/insula-limbic network was significantly different across personality subtypes. In summary, the personality subtypes of depression identified by person-centred perspectives are more in line with reality and individual cognitive patterns, and they have potential clinical adaptive value. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of heterogeneity among depressive disorders.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-08-18
Abstract：
Deep in our consciousness, we all know that we will die someday. The management of mortality and death-related emotions influence our behavior profoundly. Terror Management Theory (TMT) and Death Reflection (DR) postulate different directions to manage mortality salience (MS; i.e., reminding people of their mortality). While TMT proposes a series of external defenses to restrain the fear of mortality, DR focuses on inner growth when contemplating our mortality. On the other hand, the role of emotion in managing mortality is a major challenge: Firstly, does MS lead to changes in emotion? Secondly, if MS does influence emotion, what are the main emotions that can be induced? Thirdly, what role do emotions play when mortality becomes salient? Based on the reflective function of sadness, the present study proposed the "sorrow management assumption", and hypothesized that MS would induce fear and sadness; death reflection would evoke more sadness, while pure mortality salience would evoke more fear. Next, we expected that fear and sadness would lead to two different modes of response to MS, i.e., “fear management” and “sorrow management”. Finally, we proposed that fear and sadness would mediate the relationship between MS and external defenses, and MS and internal growth, respectively.
The current study conducted three experiments to compare the "sorrow management" and "terror management" of MS. In Experiment 1, 82 participants were recruited to explore the emotional changes during and after MS by using a variety of emotion measurement methods (i.e., micro-expression, self-report emotion, physiological skin conductance response, and heart rate). In Experiment 2, 152 participants were recruited. Two death consciousness manipulations (mortality salience paradigm, death reflection paradigm) were used to explore the different after-effects of two death management patterns (i.e., "sorrow management" and "terror management") on external defense and internal growth. Additionally, the mediating role of emotion (fear, sadness) was also explored. In Experiment 3, 182 participants were recruited to explore the different effects of terror and sorrow management. Sad and fearful background music was used to arouse respective emotions when conducting mortality salience manipulations.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that reminding people of their mortality led to increased sadness and fear, and the death reflection paradigm (vs. mortality salience paradigm) aroused significantly more sadness. The results of Experiment 2 did not find significant differences between the two different manipulations on the external defense (i.e., worldview defense, external life goal structure) and internal growth (i.e., internal life goal structure), but found that fear mediated the effect of MS on external defense (i.e., external life goal structure). The results of Experiment 3 did not observe a significant MS effect on the external defense (i.e., self-esteem striving, external life goal structure), but found that MS prompted the participants to attach more importance to internal growth (i.e., internal life goal structure) in sad (not fear) background music; emotion (i.e., sadness, fear) did not function as a mediator in the relationship between MS and internal life goal structure; background music (i.e., sadness, fear) functioned as a moderator in the relationship between MS and internal life goal structure.
In conclusion, these results indicated that MS did elicit sadness and fear, especially sadness, and death reflection elicited more sadness than pure mortality salience; fear played a mediating role between MS and external defense (i.e., external life goal structure); MS promoted internal growth (i.e., internal life goal structure) under sadness (not fear) background music. The current study expands the understanding of the role of emotions when reminding people’s mortality, particularly for sadness, thus it is an important innovation and addition to TMT. The present study also provides empirical evidence for "sorrow management" of mortality, which provides enlightenment for psychological rescue in epidemics and other social disasters.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-07-28
Abstract：
Narcissism and its clinical analogue, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), comprise a set of personality constructs characterized by pervasive patterns of grandiosity in fantasy and behavior, feelings of uniqueness and superiority, excessive need for admiration, a sense of entitlement, arrogance, self-centeredness and low empathy. With some evidence suggesting that trait narcissism levels are increasing in the world, understanding its consequences is increasingly pressing. As the capacity to recognize and understand others’ emotional states and to feel a similar emotion to another person, a lack of empathy in grandiose narcissistic individuals and NPD patients has long been observed. However, the narcissistic trait can also be manifested in a lesser-studied form, vulnerable narcissism, which shares the features of self-absorption, entitlement, conceit, disregard for others and interpersonal antagonism, but presents with low self-esteem, introversion, shame, psychological distress, and fragility. Given its variants in self-regulatory functioning, studies have found that vulnerable narcissism may differently relate to empathy. Will the vulnerable narcissistic trait be negatively associated with empathy for pain? According to the Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model, vulnerable narcissistic individuals need to reduce their attention to pain of others and reduce their level of pain empathy to regulate their emotions and thus maintain a positive view of themselves. In the present research, we systematically test this hypothesis by two studies.
In Study 1, we investigated whether the attentional bias toward others’ painful faces mediates the relationship between trait vulnerable narcissism and pain empathy. The level of trait vulnerable narcissism was measured by using the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). The attentional bias toward others’ painful faces was measured by using the dot-probe paradigm, in which a painful face and a neutral face were presented simultaneously for 500 ms, and the participants had to indicate the positions of the probes after the face presentations. The empathy for pain was measured by using a pain judgement task, in which participants were asked to rate the intensity of pain portrayed by faces of 10 Chinese models. The results of Study 1 showed that, trait level variations in vulnerable narcissism were negatively associated with attentional bias toward painful faces, which in turn led to lower levels of empathy responses to painful faces. In addition, the results also revealed that such an association held even when the effects of control variables, including age, gender, education, positive affect and negative affect, were controlled.
In Study 2, we further investigated whether the eye movement pattern in pain perception mediates the relationship between trait vulnerable narcissism and pain empathy. In this study, participants were asked to complete a pain judgment task, in which painful faces or neutral faces was presented for 2000 ms and participants had to indicate the intensity of pain portrayed by those faces in 10-point-scale. Eye movements were tracked by the SMI RED 500 eye-tracker when participants were viewing the faces. Four areas of interests were selected (i.e., areas of forehead, eyes, nose, and mouth). The results showed that trait vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with the fixation duration within the eye areas of painful faces, which in turn led to the decreasing of empathy for pain.
In summary, the results of the present research support our hypothesis which suggest that vulnerable narcissistic individuals have deficits in their ability of pain empathy, which is caused by their reduced attentions toward others’ painful faces.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-04-25
Abstract：
Time personality refers to personality differences in time, mainly including types of temporal insight, temporal orientation, and procrastination. Time personality not only reflects people's different attitudes toward time, but also is one of the most important temporal factors that influence and predict intertemporal decision-making. Intertemporal decision-making requires people to weigh the costs and benefits of different time points. With the accelerated pace of society, short videos, academic work and life pressure have largely changed people's attitudes toward time. Therefore, when people make decisions across time, differences in attitudes toward time will influence the outcome of the decision. Most studies have found that time perspective, time orientation and procrastination can predict the outcome of individual intertemporal decision-making. Temporal insight and temporal orientation negatively predicted the outcome of intertemporal decision-making. Those who do not procrastinate are more likely to have long-term goal plans than those who procrastinate. Therefore, non-procrastinators will prefer smaller, immediate rewards. There are many explanations for these phenomena. (1) Perceived time based model (PTBM) suggests that individual perception of delay is a direct influence on intertemporal decision-making, but differences in time personality can cause changes in time perception and further influence the outcome of the decision. (2) Attentional resource theory (AST) suggests that attention is a psychological resource necessary to accomplish intertemporal decision-making tasks. The allocation of resources affects the degree of patience with which individuals view time, and therefore affects the outcome of the decision. (3) Temporal motivational theory (TMT) is used to explain why time personality evokes individuals' motivation to choose immediate or delayed rewards (4) Construal level theory (CLT) suggests that construct level is closely related to the clarity of an individual's anticipated decision scenario. The outcome of intertemporal decision-making depends on the differences in individual construct levels resulting from time personality. However, time personality will not accurately predict the outcome of intertemporal decision-making under all conditions. There are two reasons for this: (1) analytical processing and holistic processing are the two ways in which individuals obtain information for decision-making. People are bound to feel very vague when they anticipate the distant future compared to the present, when holistic processing may become the main mode of processing decision information. However, time personality at this time can enhance the level of analytical processing and make people's decisions more rational. This effect may be very weak if it occurs at shorter delay intervals. Therefore, the shorter the delay interval, the lower the validity of predicting intertemporal decisions by time personality. (2) The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a brain region shared by time personality and intertemporal decision-making, influences the degree of clarity of the expected decision scenarios. The clearer the presented decision scenario is, the stronger the activation of the vmPFC region is likely to be. At this point, the stronger the connection between time personality and intertemporal decision-making is likely to be. Therefore the more ambiguous the decision scenario is, the lower the validity of predicting intertemporal decision-making through time personality. In conclusion, time personality is one of the main factors in predicting intertemporal decision-making. However, we have to recognize the limitations of the role of time personality as a predictor. In the future, we need to clarify the psychological mechanism of its influence on intertemporal decision-making and propose a special theory to explain the role played by time personality.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-04-14
Abstract：
Adopting questionnaires to measure the usage of reappraisal and suppression, acceptance, venting, distraction strategies, and through the behavior experiment method to evaluate the strategy choice preference, this study aims to investigate college students on the emotion regulation strategy usage and choice preference if there is a separation phenomenon and trait anxiety in the role of the relationship.
In study 1, a series of emotion regulation questionnaires and GNAT paradigm were used to investigate the usage and choice preference of five emotion regulation strategies and the relationship between them. Seventy-five college students were randomly selected, and 67 valid data were obtained for analysis after excluding invalid questionnaire data and GNAT task data whose accuracy rate was less than 75%. In study 2, participants were assigned to the Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-trait) and the top 27% and the bottom 27% of the participants were divided into the high trait anxiety group and the low trait anxiety group according to the score of the STAI-trait from high to low, and the influence of trait anxiety on the correlation between emotion regulation strategy usage and choice preference was investigated.
The results showed that: there were significant differences in the usage and choice preference of the five emotion regulation strategies among college students. Specifically, in the usage of strategies, the frequency of reappraisal and distraction strategies was significantly higher than that of suppression, acceptance and venting strategies, and there was no significant difference between reappraisal and distraction strategies, nor between suppression, acceptance and venting strategies. In terms of strategy choice preference, the choice preference degree of suppression and acceptance strategy is significantly superior to reappraisal and venting strategy, and distraction strategy is also significantly superior to reappraisal strategy. There is no significant correlation between the usage and choice preference of reappraisal, suppression, acceptance, and distraction strategies. However, there was a significant negative correlation between the usage and choice preference of venting strategy, showing no separation phenomenon. Further analysis showed that the usage of venting strategy had a significant regression coefficient on its choice preference. Trait anxiety did not affect the relationship between usage and choice preference of reappraisal, suppression, acceptance, distraction strategy, but affected the relationship between usage and choice preference of venting strategy. Specifically, with the increase of trait anxiety level, the negative correlation between the usage and choice preference of venting strategy decreases, and when the trait anxiety level is high, the venting strategy choice preference may be positively correlated with the venting strategy usage.
The present study revealed the usage and choice preference of reappraisal, suppression, acceptance and distraction strategies were separated, and trait anxiety did not affect the separation effect. However, trait anxiety affected the correlation between venting strategy usage and choice preference.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-03-25
Abstract： <p>The accuracies of body size perception have been fount to be associated with level of mental health in the general population as well as the understanding, prevention and treatment of eating disorders. However, number of empirical studies in this field is limited and the findings are largely heterogeneous. First of all, patients with eating disorders overestimated their own body. The accuracies might be influenced by personal BMI as well as severity and prognosis of the disorders. Second, by comparing the estimation of one’s own body size with others among individuals with eating disorders, it was also found that the overestimation of one’s own body size was partly influenced by their attitudes towards own body. Third, studies on body size perception in the general population have not yet reached consistent conclusions, which may be influenced by the assessment methods. Finally, Three cognitive mechanisms underlying distorted body size perception have been proposed, namely contraction bias, adaptive aftereffect and serial dependence.</p>
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-15
Abstract：
Collective narcissism is the group-level equivalent of individual narcissism and is currently defined as the belief that one’s own group is exceptional and entitled to privileged treatment but it is not sufficiently recognized by others. Current research findings show that it has relatively strong explanatory power for intergroup hostility, because collective narcissists are hypersensitive to threats to their in-group image, status, or identity, and are prone to overestimate threats and suspect out-groups; and that lacking sense of self-worth and personal control is one important source of collective narcissism. Although collective narcissism is preconceived in current research as fragile and negative, its attributes are not necessarily so. Thus, future studies on it should first clarify its concept and structure; then, continue to explore its negative and positive consequences, its multiple causes and interventions; and in the meantime, advance cross-cultural research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-01-22
Abstract：
After eliminating absolute poverty, China still faces the arduous problem of relative poverty. Recently, studies on poverty psychology have found that unfavorable living conditions will trigger a series of special psychological processes, which in turn will make individuals engage in behaviors that are difficult to get rid of poverty and cause them to fall into the trap of "poverty-behavioral decision-making-poverty". People living in poverty have higher delay discount rate, tend to choose smaller-sooner gains, instead of larger-later returns, and often make “short-sighted” behavioral decisions, such as investing less in education, saving too little, and borrowing too much. These choices may further deepen their poverty. The psychological shift caused by threat perception, namely cognitive function failure, proximal thinking and fast life history strategy, is considered to be an important reason for the “short-sightedness”. In addition to more in-depth exploring the formation mechanism of the behavioral decision-making trap of poverty, the future research should develop effective intervention programs in line with China's national conditions, to attribute a more practical policy value to the theory of poverty psychology.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-01-04
Abstract：善恶问题是人们在社会生活中的重要话题，在对他人进行知觉时，人们首先关心的信息是什么，是否会对不同类型善恶特质有所权衡？研究基于人格心理学视角，通过4个研究对该问题进行了探讨。研究首先探究了人格的道德概念激活时善恶的差异，并以代表性、好恶度、特质度和重要性为衡量指标分别考察了不同类型善恶特质的核心程度差异。结果发现，善恶人格的特质差序体现在两个方面：（1）善恶人格间的差序，在人格的道德范畴中，存在善人格的优先效应；（2）善恶人格内的差序，“善”的核心由内到外为尽责诚信、仁爱友善与包容大度、利他奉献；“恶”的核心由内到外为凶恶残忍、背信弃义与污蔑陷害、虚假伪善。研究有助于进一步理解中国人的善恶观，为善恶领域的探究提供了新思路。
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-01-02
Abstract： In today’s Chinese society, where materialistic values prevail, the promotion of green consumption is a matter of concern. Previous studies have drawn contradictory conclusions regarding the relationship between materialism and green consumption. Apropos this, the current research takes the conspicuous and inconspicuous characteristics of green products themselves as the breakthrough point. This study first examines the boundary conditions of materialism affecting green consumption, namely the moderating role of green products’ conspicuous characteristics. It further explores the psychological mechanisms of materialism promoting conspicuous green consumption and inhibiting inconspicuous green consumption, and finally investigates the intervening effects of nature contact on this basis. These studies provide new ideas for solving existing research differences and make management suggestions for enterprises and the government to guide green consumption."
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-10-23
Abstract： Emotion is considered to be an important factor affecting aggressive behavior. According to emotion regulation theory, distressed people hope to improve their moods，and the motivation to use aggression to improve mood will increase aggressive behavior. In other words, the expectation of emotions is an important factor in the generation of aggressive behavior. Previous theories and studies mostly focused on the role of negative emotions such as anger in aggressive behavior. Recently, some researchers believe that positive affect plays an equally important role in aggression. Also， negative and positive affect are orthogonal, they should be studied separately. In addition, according to the purpose of aggression, it is often divided into premeditated/ proactive aggression and impulsive/reactive aggression, the mechanism between the two subtypes may exist differences. Finally, most of the previous studies used college students as participants, and the external validity is limited. The present study based on emotion regulation theory, selected violent offenders as participants to explore the role of negative/positive affect in proactive and reactive aggression with 2 studies. In study 1, we recruited 88 violent offenders for scenario–based experiment. Participants were randomly divided into a reactive aggression group (n = 46) and a proactive aggression group (n = 42) in the adapted reaction time competition paradigm (Taylor Aggression Paradigm). Participants finished the first stage to manipulate types of aggression. Participants were told to compete with another participant (a fake participant) in racing the speed of reactions. In the reactive aggression group, participants lost the game and received negative feedback from their rivals; in the proactive aggression group, participants won the game and received positive feedback from their rivals. Then, they completed the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the questionnaire of emotion regulation motive. Finally, they finished the second stage in which they could send their rivals’ noises, which can be considered as the aggressive indicator. Model 4 of Process was used to test the mediating role of emotion regulation motive between negative/positive affect and aggression. Participants finished PANAS after second stage for study 2. Repeated measures ANOVA and regression analysis were used to test the change of emotion before and after aggression. Study 1 showed that the motivation to improve mood played a mediating role between negative emotion and proactive/reactive aggression, but the effect was not significant for positive emotion. Study 2 showed that positive emotions would increase after proactive and reactive aggression; reactive aggression could reduce negative emotions, while proactive aggression could increase negative emotions. The following conclusions can be obtained from the two experiments: (1) In the negative emotions, violent offenders hope to improve their mood by conducting aggressive behavior. (2) Proactive and reactive aggression can increase the positive emotions of violent offenders, indicating that aggression can produce pleasure. (3) Reactive aggression can reduce the negative emotions; proactive aggression can increase the negative emotions of violent criminals. The present study illustrates the relationship between emotion, especially positive emotion and aggressive behavior in violent offenders. Aggression can produce pleasure, but it may also increase negative emotions, which in turn increases aggressive behavior, forming a feedback loop, which reflects the non-adaptive of aggressive behavior from the perspective of emotion. In practice, especially in prison, we should help individuals to learn a reasonable way to regulate their emotions，such as mindfulness. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-08-19
Abstract： Confucian philosophy is a vital key in understanding China. The Confucianism classics have probably exercised a greater influence on Chinese people than any other literary or philosophical work. Junzi is the central focus of The Analects (Confucius’ collected sayings and the most significant text in Confucianism), and it may be the best method to comprehend The Analects. Junzi is not only just a historical notion but also a mainstream academic subject in contemporary China. In this study, we defined Junzi personality as ideal personality traits in Chinese culture (particularly Confucianism) and utilized modern psychological approaches to shed light on the operational conceptualization of Junzi personality. First, we collected all the Confucius’ statements about Junzi personality from The Analects and utilized them to create a preliminary questionnaire with 80 items written in modern Chinese. Second, we asked 499 Chinese participants to self-report how much they endorsed each item, to describe themselves on a 7-point scale, before performing exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and a Promax rotation. Third, we invited 319 and 663 participants to fill in a 30-item questionnaire and conducted two confirmatory factor analyses. Lastly, we examined criterion-related validity using several correlation analyses on two samples of 202 and 233 participants. The findings revealed that the Junzi personality is composed of five factors: (A) “wisdom, benevolence, and courage,” describing the traits of people who have rational attitudes that give full play to the autonomy of their minds and wise attitudes that illuminate things and are able to put these into practice; (B) “respectfulness and propriety,” describing the traits of people who maintain respectful, humble, cautious, and honest attitudes toward social norms, social order, and social life; (C) “conversancy with righteousness and cherishment of benign rule,” describing the traits of people who know that they should act appropriately and maintain their inherent goodness; (D) “refraining from what should not be done,” describing the traits of people who understand the boundaries and bottom lines of their behaviors and do not violate them; (E) “self-cultivation rather than contentions with others,” describing the traits of people who find problems in themselves and endeavor to change the status quo when managing transactions, solving problems, and encountering difficulties or setbacks and understand that contentions with others do not help solve problems. The confirmatory factor analyses results indicated that the Inventory of Junzi Personality in Confucius’ Thought had good reliability, construct validity, and discrimination validity. Correlation analyses revealed that Junzi personality was significantly positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, Chinese values, self-flexibility, cooperative personality tendencies, and prosocial inclinations. Moreover, Junzi personality was significantly negatively correlated with neuroticism, discordance between self and experience, self-rigidity, and excessive competitiveness. These findings supplemented and improved understandings of Junzi personality meanings and internal structures and offered a reliable and valid assessment for quantitative empirical Junzi personality research."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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