Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-10-10
Abstract： The majority of current research on facial expression perception uses static face images, and there is comparatively little study on dynamic expression. However, facial expressions are highly dynamic phenomena capable of conveying complex psychological states: the motion inherent in dynamic stimuli is crucial for social perception and improves coherence in identifying facial affect. Previous studies have found that perceptual processing of dynamic expressions may involve a variety of mechanisms, and some of these mechanisms have inconsistent effects. Therefore, it is important to study dynamic expressions to understand the nuances of human communication and support the naturalistic assessment of affective disorders.
Three experiments involved 96 participants, which provided 94 valid samples. The experimental material came from the Chinese Affective Picture System (CASP). Dynamic expression sequences were created from the happy and neutral expressions of the same individual. In Experiment 1, the impact of direction change and the average summary representation were examined. Experiments 2a and 2b combined static expressions to systematically explored the representational momentum effect of dynamic happy expressions. As such, the average summary representation of dynamic expressions differed across the two experiments. Participants were asked to evaluate the valence, arousal, and dominance of the final emotion of dynamic expressions or static expressions on a seven-point scale. ANOVA, independent sample t-test, and one sample t-test were used to analyze the results.
In this study, it was found that when the faces changed from strong to weak (versus weak to strong), they were rated with lower valence scores and higher dominance scores. In addition, faces that went from strong to weak had lower valence scores and higher dominance scores than static faces with the same intensity of expression in the previous frame. Indicative of the the representational momentum effect, faces that went from weak to strong had higher valence scores. Furthermore, the dynamic happy expressions that moved from strong to weak had a larger impact on perceived representational momentum than the dynamic happy expressions that moved from weak to strong. The arousal ratings were higher for the dynamic happy expression with a higher average summary representation. Valence, arousal, and dominance scores for the same expression image differed across experimental designs and material groups, according to this study's thorough analysis of repeated stimulus conditions (such as static 50% smiling).
According to the results, representation momentum impact extends to the assessment of dynamic happy expression on valence and dominance dimensions. Additionally, when assessing a facial expression, the perceiver will make a relative assessment based on the internal reference standard: a lower the standard is associated with a higher the score, and vice versa. This finding is consistent with reference dependence effect on expression perception. These processing characteristics are used as a reminder to academics to consider the difference between dynamic and static expressions and to think about the impact of various materials when using facial expression data in the future.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-07-31
Abstract： Mind wandering is a common psychological phenomenon that can cause many obstacles for people. Mindfulness meditation is one of the important intervention methods to alleviate or avoid mind wandering. Therefore, based on an overview of the previous research, the improvement effect of mindfulness meditation on mind-wandering was firstly summarized through various aspects such as different durations, different forms, control group settings, and different groups. Second, combined with the neural mechanism and related theoretical models the mechanism of action is elaborated. Third, some potential directions for future research are discussed, including the types of mind-wandering, and different forms of mindfulness meditation, to explore the improvement of mindfulness meditation on mind-wandering and build a perfect theoretical model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Facial attractiveness is of particular relevance to evolution. Facial attractiveness can be perceived rapidly and subsequently pose large impacts on other cognitive processes. Researchers have done a lot of behavioral and neural studies on the roles of facial attractiveness from the perspectives of attention, temporal perception, learning, memory, and decision-making over recent years. The discrepancies in past research mainly focused on the different behavioral and neural responses evoked by facial attractiveness in similar experimental tasks. There are also several extensible aspects in this line of research, such as the topics, technical methods and materials. Future fMRI studies are needed to further explore the neural mechanisms of how facial attractiveness influences cognition.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： There is a great difference between the recognition process of handwritten words and printed words. Compared with the printed words, the recognition of handwritten characters is more influenced by text material. The factors related to the text material include physical structural characteristics of the text, the character characteristics, and the writing style. Research on the neural mechanisms found that the brain regions under recognizing handwritten character is different from those under recognizing printed words. The activation brain area of recognizing handwritten words include the occipital lobe and lateral frontal and parietal lobes, which is the same as those of recognizing the printed words; and also include the left posterior motor cortex, the lateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex, which is different from those of recognizing the printed words. Handwritten word processing involves both holistic processing and feature processing. The future research should further explore around two aspects. The first is how the brain extracts the target words from the noisy visual information when we recognize the handwritten words. The second is to consider building a theoretical model of handwritten character recognition to explain the recognition process of the handwritten characters more efficiently.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The interaction between exogenous attention and multisensory integration is a complex and controversial topic, which has been debated for a long time. In order to explain the interaction mechanism between them, here we summarized two parts based on previous researches. First, exogenous attention can modulate multisensory integration in a bottom-up manner, including three hypotheses as spatial uncertainty, sensory sensitivity and the differences in unimodal signal strength. Second, multisensory integration can also modulate exogenous attention. On one hand, stimuli from multiple sense modalities can be automatically integrated in a bottom-up manner. The integrated multisensory events can capture attention more efficiently compared to unimodal events, even under quite complex circumstances. On the other hand, integrated multisensory events exert top-down control on attentional capture via multisensory signal templates that are stored in the brain.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Decision-making is the process that individuals evaluate and make a choice among multiple alternatives, in order to maximize their possible benefits. Individuals usually think about and predict what may happen in the future and set reasonable goal to guide their decisions. The goal is not only the reason why the decision-maker makes their choice, but also the ideal result that the decision-maker anticipates to achieve. Individual decision making under the guidance of a goal involves two mental processes, such as setting a goal and accomplishing the subsequent decision task. Based on goal's content, motivational function, and other features, previous studies believe that the goal is a future result that individuals anticipate to achieve and it has motivational effects on their cognition and behavior. However, only one future result that individuals intended to achieve was discussed in previous researches. Usually, individuals want to attain multiple goals at the same time, potential conflict of interest among these future results might exist. So, in the first step, individuals have to make a choice among these future results that they wish to achieve at the same time. The one that is chosen would possess motivation power to arouse individuals’ cognitive process and behavior. Therefore, goal is the winner of the competition for motivation. On the basis of the evaluation of their desirability and feasibility, specific future results are selected as the goal and endowed with motivation by the decision-maker. Behavior habits, personality traits, and life experience affect individuals’ goal setting. For example, high construal level helps decision makers to recognize better their goal and focus their attention on decision scheme that is conducive to the goal’s achievement. Among decision-makers with high trait self-control, a temptation has lower subjective value, compared with the goal. Individuals with high trait self-control would have less intention to approach the temptation and might experience fewer conflicts between the goal and the temptation. The asymmetric effect between temptation and goal caused by the successful experience in executing self-control has changed the value of the future results assigned by the decision-maker. The cues related to the temptation can activate the goal while they inhibit the temptation among individuals with high trait self-control. The goal can influence decision-making by changing the decision-maker's attitude and selective attention towards decision scheme in accomplishing subsequent decision tasks. In the process of achieving a goal, decision-makers are more likely to overestimate the positive emotions related to the goal. Therefore, positive anticipation would be endowed on the decision scheme that is benefit for the goal. The activated goal can drive selective attention and allocate attention resources to benefit the goal achievement. Moreover, selective attention increases the time duration that the decision-maker pays their attention on its corresponding decision scheme. It further helps the decision maker to improve its subjective value estimation. In the future, it is necessary to investigate how an unconscious goal weakens the effect that it has on negative consequences and how to measure the two mental processes directly.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Inhibition of return (IOR) has been greatly explored in the visual or auditory modality. Investigations on spatial IOR even have extended to the cross-modal link between visual and auditory information processing. The present study examined the generation and variation of IOR effects when targets from the visual and auditory modalities were presented simultaneously (audiovisual targets). In addition, it explored the effect of bimodal divided attention on IOR with audiovisual targets by directing the attention to different modality to form two conditions of attention. The present study consisted of 3 experiments. In these experiments, we mainly manipulated the target modalities (including visual, auditory, and audiovisual modalities) and cue validities (including cued, neutral, uncued). Thirty-seven college students in Liaoning province were recruited in Exp. 1. The visual (V) target was white horizontal square wave grating (4° × 4°; the spatial frequency was 1 cycle/degree), the auditory (A) target (duration of 100 ms) was a 1000 Hz sinusoidal tone presented by the speakers. The audiovisual (AV) target was composed by the simultaneous presentation of both the visual and the auditory stimuli. During the experiment the fixation stimulus was presented for 800~1000 ms in the center of the monitor. Following the fixation stimulus, uninformative exogenous visual spatial cues were presented between 400~600 ms prior to the onset of targets for 100 ms at the left or right location. Then, the probability of the target (A, V, or AV) appeared for 100 ms in the center was 0.6 (No-go trials), the probability of the target may occur on left or right location was 0.2 (Go trials). The participants were instructed to pay attention to both V and A modalities, then respond to the target stimulus in the left or right location by pressing the response button as quickly and accurately as possible. Thirty-two college students were recruited in Exp. 2. The auditory stimuli were unattended and presented peripherally. Thirty-nine college students were recruited in Exp. 3. The auditory stimuli were unattended and presented centrally, the others were identical to that in Exp. 2. Based on the results of accuracy (ACC), it can be seen that the overall ACC was very high in Exp. 1. The mean ACC of AV targets was significantly higher than to either V or A targets. According to the results of reaction times (RTs), the mean RT of AV targets were significantly faster than to either V or A targets as expected, indicating the appearance of the bimodal advancement effect. For V targets, the RTs in the cued condition were slower than those in the uncued condition, demonstrated a typical IOR effect. There weren’t IOR effect elicited by AV targets when paying attention to both V and A modalities (Exp. 1). From the results of the relative amount of multisensory response enhancement (rMRE), we found a larger rMRE in the cued condition than that in the uncued condition. In Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, we found the comparable IOR with V and AV targets when the simultaneous auditory stimuli were unattended and presented peripherally or centrally. In addition, we found the comparable rMRE with V and AV targets when the simultaneous auditory stimuli were unattended and presented peripherally or centrally. These results suggested that the IOR effect elicited by AV targets was reduced when paying attention to multiple modalities. However, when auditory stimuli were unattended, there was no difference between the visual and audiovisual IOR effects. Based on the aforementioned findings, it indicated that bimodal divided attention can influence IOR with audiovisual targets.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous studies usually used the dynamic visual search paradigm to explore the Pip-and-Pop effect, which suggests that the Pip-and-Pop effect is influenced by multiple factors. But the impact of temporal and spatial consistency of audiovisual stimuli on the Pip-and-Pop effect is still controversial. In the present study, we applied the eye movement technology to the dynamic visual search paradigm to systematically investigate the impact of temporal and spatial consistency of audiovisual stimuli on the Pip-and-Pop effect. Based on the results of previous studies, we expected that the spatial and temporal consistency of audiovisual modulated the Pip-and-Pop effect. The more consistent the spatial location of audiovisual stimuli are, the greater the Pip-and-Pop effect will be. The more consistent the temporal audiovisual stimuli are, the greater the Pip-and-Pop effect will be. Experiment 1 was a 3 (set sizes: 36, 48, 60) � 4 (spatial consistency conditions: ipsilateral, contralateral, bilateral, no sound) within-subjects design, recruited 24 participants (5 males; age range: 19~28 years; mean age: 22.5 � 2.3 years). The visual search displays consisted of 24, 36, or 48 red (13.9 cd/m2) or green (46.4 cd/m2) line segments (0.57白0.17�) on a black (0.4 cd/m2) background. The auditory stimulus was 1000 Hz pure tone (65 dB, 60 ms, including 5 ms fade-in and 5 ms fade-out time), presented through speakers on the left and right sides behind the screen. Each trial started with a drift calibration point. The drift calibration point would not disappear until the participant gazed upon this point. This was followed by a central fixation point of 1000ms, and finally a search screen. The participants were required to find the target line segment and judge whether the target line segment was vertical or horizontal by pressing the key (Z key or M key) as quickly and accurately as possible. Experiment 2 was a 2 (set sizes: 36, 60) � 6 (temporal consistency conditions: -200 ms, -100 ms, 0 ms, 100 ms, 200 ms, no sound) within-subjects design, recruited 27 participants (5 males; age range: 18~25 years; mean age: 20.7 � 2.4 years). These temporal consistency conditions represent the tone sounded before (-200, -100 ms), simultaneous with (0 ms), or after (100, 200 ms) the visual target event. The tone could also be absent (no sound). The experimental materials and procedures of Experiment 2 were identical to those in Experiment1. Regarding the results in Experiment 1, compared with the baseline condition (no sound), the search response time was the shortest under the condition of ipsilateral, the mean fixation number was the least, and the mean saccade amplitude was the smallest, indicating that the search efficiency was the highest in the ipsilateral condition, the Pip-and-Pop effect was the largest in the ipsilateral condition. The bilateral condition was the second. The contralateral condition showed no significant difference in the above indicators compared with the no sound condition, indicating that no Pip-and-Pop effect was found in the contralateral condition. The results showed that the more consistent the spatial location of audiovisual stimuli were, the greater the Pip-and-Pop effect was. In Experiment 2, compared with the no sound condition, we found that the response time of the search was significantly shorter, the mean fixation number in search decreased, the mean saccade amplitude increased, and the mean fixation duration became longer under the conditions of 0 ms, -100 ms and 100 ms. Compared with the no sound condition, conditions -200 ms and 200 ms showed no significant difference in the above indicators. This indicated that the conditions of 0 ms, -100 ms and 100 ms produced the Pip-and-Pop effect, and the Pip-and-Pop effect was the largest under the condition of 0ms, while the Pip-and-Pop effect did not find under the condition of -200 ms and 200 ms. The results showed that the more consistent the temporal audiovisual stimuli were, the greater the Pip-and-Pop effect was. In summary, the results showed that the more consistent the audiovisual stimuli were in space and time, the larger the Pip-and-Pop effect was. Therefore, the findings in the present study suggest that the temporal and spatial consistency of audiovisual stimuli modulates the Pip-and-Pop effect. The results provide evidence that the reason for the Pip-and-Pop effect is multisensory integration.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Attention effect has been greatly explored in multisensory integration. Previous studies found that endogenous spatial attention enhanced multisensory integration, while exogenous spatial attention decreased multisensory integration. However, there is no research integrates two kinds of spatial attention into the multisensory integration. In present study, we used endogenous-exogenous spatial cue target paradigm to investigate the effect of endogenous spatial attention and exogenous spatial attention on multisensory integration.The present study consisted of 2 experiments. In these experiments, we mainly manipulated the endogenous cue validities (including cued, uncued), exogenous cue validities (including cued, uncued) and target modalities (including visual, auditory, and audiovisual modalities). Thirty-six students in Liaoning Normal University were recruited in Exp. 1. The visual (V) target was a white pentagonal asterisk block (2°×2°). The auditory (A) target was a 1 600 Hz sinusoidal tone presented by speakers. The audiovisual (AV) target was composed by the simultaneous presentation of both the visual and the auditory stimuli. At the beginning of each trial, the fixation stimulus was presented for 600~800 ms in the center of the monitor. Following the fixation stimulus, the endogenous cue was presented for 200 ms, which could predict (80%) the location of the target. Then a visual white square served as a exogenous cue was presented for 200 ms at the left or right location randomly. Before the target that appeared for 100 ms, the inter stimulus interval (ISI) lasted for 150 ms. The target (A, V, or AV) randomly appeared for 100 ms in the left or right locations. At last, the fixation stimuli appeared for 1000 ms to wait for the correspondence responses to targets. During the experiment, the participants were asked to locate targets by pressing buttons (F/J) as quickly and accurately as possible. Thirty-six college students were recruited in Exp. 2. In Exp. 2, visual stimuli included checkerboard squares (3.2°×3.2°) with gray (RGB: 147, 149, 152) in the middle and black (RGB: 0, 0, 0) in the middle; auditory stimuli included high-frequency sinusoidal tone (1400) and low-frequency sinusoidal tone (714). The visual target was one of the above two visual stimuli, and the auditory target was one of the above two auditory stimuli. The pairings of two single channel stimuli constituted audiovisual target. The Exp. 2 consisted of four audiovisual targets. Each set of audiovisual targets were balanced among the subjects.The results showed that the responses to AV targets were faster than V or A targets, indicating the appearance of the bimodal advancement effect in both experiments. In addition, we found exogenous spatial attention’s race model (probability difference) showed significant smaller at cued compared to uncued condition in both experiments, while the endogenous spatial attention reduced the extent to which the exogenous spatial attention weakened the effect of multisensory integration in Exp.2, but not in Exp. 1. From the results of the relative amount of multisensory response enhancement (rMRE), In Exp. 1, the effects of endogenous spatial attention and exogenous spatial attention on multisensory integration were marginal significant. In Exp. 2, the two kinds of spatial attention had significant interaction with multisensory integration.In summary, exogenous spatial attention decreased multisensory integration in both experiments. Endogenous spatial attention is involved in multisensory integration and has an impact on exogenous spatial attention in Exp. 2. The effects of endogenous spatial attention and exogenous spatial attention on multisensory integration in an interactive manner.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-08-22
Abstract：
People often make inferences about others’ personality based on their facial features. Among the facial features affecting face-personality perception, eye features are the most complex. In general, cues from eye region can be divided into two categories: changeable and invariant aspects. Changeable cues include gaze direction, eyelid-openness, and eye expression, etc.; invariant cues include eye size, sclera color, iris color and sclera size index, etc. From the perspective of underlying mechanism, the eye cues can be divided into three major categories, namely, cues affected by pathological factors, cues associated with specific groups, and cues regulated by subjective awareness or physiological factors. The future research needs to consider the effects of other eye characteristics, and to expand the perspectives of study.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2021-12-06
Abstract： A large number of studies have revealed the correlation between the approximate number system and arithmetical fluency, but systematic tests and arguments for the causes of the relationship are lacking. The hypothesis of visual form perception differs from the traditional domain-specific explanation of number, and it is believed that the fast perception of forms is a common cognitive mechanism of the approximate number system and arithmetical fluency, that is, the fast perceptual ability of visual forms can explain the correlation between the two. Both the approximate number system and arithmetical fluency rely on the fast perception of forms and involve fast processing of complex visual stimuli during processing. The hypothesis of visual form perception is supported by the results of a series of studies but is limited to the exploration of the relationship between visual form perception and the approximate number system and arithmetical fluency, where the processing mechanisms underlying the role of visual form perception in the relationship between the two remain unclear. Therefore, future research needs to combine multiple research methods and techniques to comprehensively explore from multiple perspectives the cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying the role of visual form perception in the relationship between the two and to apply the findings to mathematics classroom teaching and interventions for dyscalculia."
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-10-18
Abstract： Touch is an important sensory channel for individuals to explore the external world, and its affective function plays an important role in maintaining social bonding and promoting interpersonal communication. Tactile action itself can directly convey distinct emotions, and it also promotes the cross-modality emotional processing by enhancing attention and sharpening social evaluation of emotional cues. At neurophysiological level, C-tactile-mediated affective tactile stimulation project in spinothalamic tract (STT) pathway (the spinal signaling of orofacial C-fiber mediated affective touch is still unclear), bypass the primary somatosensory cortex, directly project to the insular cortex, and then process in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and other core areas of the “social brain” neural network. Future research should pay more attention to the interpersonal dependence, cultural uniqueness, and stimulus standardization of affective touch, and try to reveal the relevance and independence between the two tactile sub-systems at neural level."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-06-16
Abstract： Aggression and violence are prevalent public health problems, tremendously harming individuals, families and society. Supposedly, low self-esteem is an important cause of aggression. However, some researchers have suggested that aggression may be attributable to threatened egoism, that is, the inflated and narcissistic view of self that is threatened, rather than low self-esteem itself. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between narcissism and aggression. However, these results appear somewhat inconsistent in different studies. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to explore the strength and moderators of the relationship between narcissism and aggression. We included Chinese and English literature from 1965 to 2021. A total of 177 independent effect sizes (121 studies, 73687 participants) were found within the criteria of the meta-analysis. On the basis of the characteristics of studies, we selected the random-effects model. After coding the data, independent effect sizes were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.3 program. The results of the funnel plot, fail-safe number, Egger test and Begg test showed no publication bias. Results showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.27, 95%CI[0.25, 0.29]) between narcissism and aggression. Additionally, the moderation analyses revealed that the strength of the relationship was moderated by gender and report modality of narcissism, but not by report modality of aggression and culture. Meanwhile, different types of narcissism related differently to aggression, in that covert narcissism was more positively correlated with aggression compared with overt narcissism, and maladaptive narcissism was more positively correlated with aggression compared with adaptive narcissism. Based on the meta-analysis, narcissism and aggression were closely related. The mechanisms of aggression must be identified to develop effective prevention and intervention strategies to alleviate the public health problems caused by aggression. Future research could: (1) The present study found that report modality of narcissism plays a moderating role in the relationship between narcissism and aggression. Therefore, to gain insights into the reporters’ bias and obtain accurate and complete information regarding narcissism, the data of multiple reporters can be employed. (2) Overt narcissism and covert narcissism are distinct structures, and the existing studies on the relationship between narcissism and aggression have paid less attention to covert narcissism. The present study found that covert narcissism is more likely to be a risk factor for aggression than overt narcissism. Therefore, future research could strengthen the exploration of covert narcissism.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-01
Abstract： Sleep boosts creative problem-solving by promoting memory reorganization, which is the focus of this review. Studies have shown that rapid eye movement sleep mainly facilitates novel associations, while non-rapid eye movement sleep facilitates the abstraction of rules, the formation of relational memory, and the integration of memories. However, several factors have been shown to moderate the impact of sleep on creative problem-solving; these include sleep structure changes, the manipulation of information processing during sleep, and task types. In the existing theoretical mechanisms, the spreading activation model has gradually been replaced by the mechanisms at the systemic and cellular levels, including hippocampal-neocortex dialogue, synaptic plasticity, and the overlapping memory replay during sleep. Future studies should broaden the scope of research by transforming problem types. Moreover, efforts should be focused on emotional memory and the cross-modal transfer of memories during sleep to deepen the mechanism research. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-04-18 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： In the process of word recognition, the encoding of letter identity and letter location information plays a vital role. Many English studies found that the letter location information is more flexible than letter identity information. And context predictability has a different effect on letter location and identity information. Chinese word consists of meaningful morpheme, so the encoding of Chinese character identity and location information may have different features from English letter. In present study, we discussed the effect and the time course of predictability on the encoding of Chinese character identity and location information. In order to explore the morpheme processing, the present study recruited 20 students as participants in experiment 1, and instructed them to do the lexical decision task. We used 5 types of word (original word, transposed non-word, initial substituted non-word, final substituted non-word and unmeaning symbol) as prime words when the prime time is 80ms, 150ms and 300ms. We collected reaction time as the index. We found that the effect caused by transposed non-word is significant from that caused by original word under 80ms and 300ms prime condition, but it is opposite under 150ms condition. To study the morpheme processing in sentence, 50 participants took part in experiment 2, and was instructed to read high predictability and low predictability sentences. Each sentence included a different target word of 4 conditions which is original word(OR), transposed non-word (TN), first substituted (FS) non-word and end substituted (ES) non-word. The participation’s eye movement was recorded by EyeLink1000 during reading process. The results showed that the TN condition is not significant with FS and ES condition under high-predictability, but it is opposite under low-predictability. To explore the time course of encoding of Chinese character location and identity information, we used the same materials as experiment 2 and manipulated parafoveal target word delay time for 0ms, 50ms and 100ms. We found that TN condition and OR condition are quite similar when the previewing is 0ms, and the TN condition is analogy with FS and ES condition when the previewing is 50ms and 100ms. On the whole, the data of the present study suggested that the encoding of Chinese character identity information and location information are separated. When Chinese words presented alone, the effect of location information is gradually reduced with the processing time increase. In sentence reading, location information is more flexible at the early stage in parafoveal processing. High predictability can promote the encoding of location information at early stage, and promote the encoding of identity information at later stage.
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