Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-04-11
Abstract： Font emphasis has been demonstrated to attract attention and to facilitate language processing at all levels in young adults, and it may also help the elderly reduce the negative effects of declining working memory and visual ability. While there are considerable discrepancies in emotional information processing between the elderly and younger adults and the previous findings have been almost focused on neutral sentences, the present study aimed to examine the effects of font emphasis on emotional information processing and its aging changes. In the study, the author designed a sentence reading task in which sentences were embedded with keywords. The experimental sentences consist of 8-13 words, and the keywords which the emphasis status was controlled were all two-word verbs. In the emphasized condition, the keywords were presented in red font, and the other words in the sentence were presented in black font. In the control condition, all words of the sentence were presented in black font. In addition, the emotionality of the keywords was manipulated to be negative, positive, and neutral. We recruited 24 older adults (60-68 years old) and an equal number of younger adults (18-29 years old) to record prefrontal cortex activation while they read. In the experiment, sentences were presented word by word using a fixed-step paradigm. And the hemodynamic responses of the participants’ prefrontal cortex were recorded by using the LIGHTNIRS. Both HbO and HbR data were analyzed. The data were processed by using the NIRS_KIT software, and task-related β-values were calculated for the different conditions using general linear model. To obtain a clearer picture of the extent to which brain activation is enhanced during emotional processing, the β-values in the emotional condition were subtracted from those in the neutral condition. The HbR results showed that there was a significant interaction among age, emotion and font status in channels 8 and 16 (located at the right ventrolateral prefrontal lobe; rVLPFC). Further analyses revealed that in the control condition, compared to young adults, older adults showed a trend toward lower activation on the rVLPFC when reading positive words and higher activation when reading negative words. In the emphasized condition, the activation differences between older and younger adults disappeared. By observing the data, it can be found that when reading positive words, font emphasis leads to an upward trend in the activation of this brain region in older people and a decrease in activation in younger people; when reading negative words, font emphasis leads to a decrease in activation intensity in older people and an increase in activation intensity in younger people. These findings provide evidence that font emphasis, dependent on rVLPFC, captures attention in a bottom-up manner during emotional information processing, enhances readers’ appraisal and integration of emotional information, and facilitates controlled processing of emotional information. Furthermore, font emphasis has a different mechanism for older versus younger adults. Font emphasis produces positive affective effects in older adults, but stimulates negative affective preferences in younger adults.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-10-19
Abstract： The part-list cuing effect refers to the phenomenon that when providing a subset of previously learned items as retrieval cues, people’s recall performance for the remaining items is often worse compared to when retrieval cues are absent. Memory research also showed that items with high value are generally better remembered than items with low value. However, it is unclear how the values of items affect the part-list cuing effect and its persistence. Through two experiments, this study investigated the influence of item value on the part-list cuing effect.
Experiment 1 employed a part-list cuing paradigm in a value-directed memory task. During the learning phase, participants were asked to study category exemplars which were assigned different values (1 or 10 points). Participants were then asked to make an old/new judgement after the presentation of part-list cues. Experiment 2 further manipulated the encoding condition (i.e., 1-study encoding vs. 2-study-test encoding) and the test schedule (i.e., immediate test vs. final test). In the 1-study condition, participants received only one study cycle, but went through two study–test cycles in the 2-study-test condition. The immediate test phase is the same as Experiment 1; the final test involved a final recognition test after a 5min distractor task.
Results from the two experiments collectively showed both the assigned values of cued and test items affected the item recognition performance: cue items with high value resulted in poorer target item recognition performance than those with low value; however, the recognition accuracy was higher for target items with high- than low-value, and the high-value target items were more sensitive to the presentation of part-list cuing. The emergence and persistence of part-list cuing was also modulated by item values. Under the 1-study condition, the high-value cues led to worse target item recognition regardless of the values of the target items, and this detrimental effect was observed in both immediate and final tests. In contrast, the low-value cues only caused poorer recognition of high-value targets in the immediate test. Under the 2-study-test condition, only high-value cues caused recognition impairment of the low-value targets in both immediate and delayed tests. The above results partially validate the two-mechanism account of part-list cuing, and also are a key supplement to this hypothesis: the role of part-list cuing on memory retrieval is not necessarily manifested as a lasting impairment in the low associative coding condition, or a transient impairment in the high associative coding condition, and the item value also influences the strength and persistence of the role of part-list cuing, and it is also necessary to take into account the role of item value when defining the role of part-list cuing on memory retrieval from the perspective of item associative encoding.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-10-07
Abstract： Existing studies on the relationship between school connectedness and depression have produced inconsistent results. To clarify the extent to which school connectedness is associated with depression, and whether these associations differed according to the study or sample characteristics, a three-level meta-analysis of 87 included studies (206 effect sizes) was conducted. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between school connectedness and depression but only to a medium extent(r = –0.39, df = 205, p < 0.001). Additionally, the relationship between school connectedness and depression was found to be moderated by the percentage of female students, mean age of participants, measurement of depression, and data characteristics. No significant moderating effects were found for the measurement of school connectedness, culture, or publication year. School connectedness is a protective factor for depression. Interventions targeting depression should be aware of school connectedness.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2023-08-22
Abstract： None quantitative comparisons of reliability for assessment tools for OCD so far. The selection of appropriate scales may be difficult for clinicians. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the OCD scales used in the child and adolescent populations over a 30-year period to evaluate the reliability coefficients. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the overall reliability of current OCD assessment instruments in children and adolescents is good. Of all the OCD scales for children and adolescents, the Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory had the lowest internal consistency coefficient and the Padua Inventory had the highest internal consistency coefficient. It is recommended that our primary and secondary school mental health practitioners use the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Child Version to assess obsessive-compulsive thinking and the Padua Inventory or the Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Questionnaire of Adolescent to assess obsessive-compulsive behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-08-06
Abstract： People commonly take preventive measures against potential dangers to achieve a sense of psychological security. Psychological security refers to the anticipation of potential physical or psychological threats and is a state of mind manifested through cognition, emotion, behavior, and physiological reactions. In recent years, research on psychological security has garnered significant attention in psychology, particularly concerning public health, organizational management, and social relations. However, its role in human development and its implications in evolutionary history have been under-explored. This paper, by examining the existing literature, delves into the understanding of psychological security from evolutionary, developmental, individual, and group perspectives. Specifically, genetic factors combined with personal experiences result in varied individual responses and coping mechanisms to stressful events. Between groups, the interplay of environment, culture, and genetics leads to differences in thought and behavior patterns, inducing group-level variances in psychological security. Interactions between individuals and groups are pivotal to shaping psychological security. Shared cultural symbols and collective memories provide a common framework for understanding one's environment, fostering cognitive psychological security. Meanwhile, positive group interactions and the resultant feelings of belonging and cohesion fortify emotional psychological security. This research explores psychological security comprehensively and discusses its relevance in various domains like intimate relationships, family education, organizational leadership, and emergency preparedness, aiming to bolster psychological well-being, enhance the overall quality of life and promote diversity and inclusion for the civil society.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-04-07
Abstract： Attentional refreshing refers to the process that promoting and prolonging the activation of information in working memory (WM) by putting it back into the focus of attention. It can prevent the information in WM from fading over time or being interfered with by distractors. Previous studies on attentional refreshing have found that people can not only refresh the specified information in WM under the guidance of the retro-cues, but also refresh their attention under the influence of experience (e.g., reward-related or self-related stimuli). Recently, studies on the value effect in WM have found that people are able to prioritize more valuable information in WM. This result indicates that value may guide people’s attentional refreshing during retention. In the latest study, Atkinson et al. (2022), for the first time, confirmed that attentional refreshing could partly explain the value effect in WM. However, this study could not clarify why high-value information was prioritized to refresh. It has been suggested that the value effect in WM might be due to a biased attentional refreshing procedure. People may ‘think of’ the more valuable item more frequently or for longer periods of time during retention, relative to the other items. Therefore, this study conducted three experiments to replicate the value-directed attentional refreshing in a direct way and explored its mechanism. Based on previous studies, we calculated the sample size using the G*power. The number of participants in each experiment was 24, 23, and 24. All the experiments adopted a with-subject design. The independent variable is the item’s value, including high and low levels. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 combined the value-directed memory paradigm and the dot probe task to test whether high-value information could be refreshed in priority as opposed to low-value information. In the beginning, participants should memorize 6 consonants simultaneously or sequentially. Each corresponds to a number to indicate its value, e.g., 1 or 9. In the stage of memory retention, a dot probe task was inserted so that the probe stimuli randomly appeared in the corresponding positions of high- or low-value items. Participants should judge whether the two dots presented were arranged vertically or horizontally. Finally, participants were free to recall the consonants they remembered before. Experiment 3 combined the value-directed memory paradigm and the blank screen paradigm and used the Eeylink to further explore the mechanism of value-directed attentional refreshing. Participants should memorize 4 regular grey graphs simultaneously. Each corresponds to a number to indicate its value. Then a blank screen was presented, and participants’ eye movements were recorded. At last, one of the graphs was probed to test their memory. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed that whether items were presented simultaneously or sequentially, participants’ recall performance on high-value items was higher than on low-value items. The reaction time of the dot probe task at the corresponding location of high-value items was significantly faster than that at the corresponding location of low-value items. Experiment 3 also showed that memory performance on high-value items was higher than on low-value items. In addition, it showed that the number of fixations was higher at the corresponding location of high-value items than at low-value items during the blank screen. However, fixation duration had no significant difference between the high-value and low-value items. The above experiments directly confirmed the value-directed attentional refreshing that compared with low-value information, high-value information obtained the priority of attentional refreshing in WM retention. More importantly, the results indicated that value-directed attentional refreshing might be achieved by increasing the refresh rate of high-value information but not by deploying more time on high-value information. This study enriches and expands the research of attentional refreshing and provides new evidence for how people prioritize information in daily life. In addition, this study reveals the mechanism of value-directed attentional refreshing and develops the time-based resource-sharing model to some extent. It can help researchers develop corresponding computational models to simulate people’s attentional refreshing process.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Divided attention during encoding has long been known to impair later memory performance due to limited attentional resources. However, Swallow and Jiang (2010) reported a surprising variation of this phenomenon using a secondary target detection task. The appearance of a secondary target -- a behaviorally relevant, attentionally demanding stimulus, was associated with enhanced memory for concurrent information, an effect labeled the Attentional Boost Effect (ABE). A dual-task interaction model was proposed to account for the ABE. This model states that the ABE reflects a temporal selective attention mechanism triggered by target-detection, which then facilitates early perceptual processing of the target as well as the background stimulus that coincides with it. However, several following studies do not support this model. So we suppose that the enhanced perceptual encoding might not be the only reason for the ABE; whereas a suppression effect due to distractor rejection might also contribute to the ABE; and the ABE might also arise from the later phase other than the early encoding phase. Therefore, further research is needed to explore all possible mechanisms and hereby modify the theoretical model for the ABE.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2023-03-10
Abstract： As a kind of prosocial behavior, helping behavior is universal across species. In recent years, it has become a new trend for scholars at home and abroad to use rodent models to explore the motivation of helping behavior. Empathy, relieving personal distress and desire for social contacts are considered to be plausible motivations for rodents to help, but debates about whether helping behavior is inspired by one of the motives or a combination of them still exist. In this study, in order to explore the motivation of helping behavior in rodents, the two-chamber experimental apparatus designed by Carvalheiro et al. (2019) was improved by adding an intermediate chamber to manipulate the possibility of the free rat's social contact with the entrapped rats after implementing the helping behavior as well as the possibility of the free rat's escaping from the helping context to relieve its personal distress in the process of helping decision-making. 108 male Sprague– Dawley rats were used as subjects in three experiments. The latency to open the door for helping the entrapped rat escape was recorded as the main outcome variable. Experiment 1 confirmed the existence of helping behavior and the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being unable to escape from the helping context, using a 2 (possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer condition: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that when social contact was allowed, the free rat maintained a consistently short latency to help, but when social contact was not allowed, the free rat’s latency to help became longer and longer as sessions went on until that the free rat no longer helped at all within the 15min session limit. Experiment 2 explored the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being able to escape from the helping context, using the same experimental design as Study 1 but keeping the door between the middle chamber and the dark chamber open. The results show that the existence of the dark chamber was beneficial for the non-social contact group to help continuously, but extended the latency to help in the social contact group, namely, relieving personal distress contributes to the emergence of helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact could be made. Experiment 3 explored the influence of previous social contact experience and current social contact possibility on helping behavior under the condition of the free rats’ having been trapped before, using a 2(possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 2 (previous social contact experience: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer conditions: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that previous experiences of being trapped did not affect helping behavior, but previous experiences of social contact were conducive to maintain continuous helping behavior in the non-social contact group. In summary, the following conclusions were obtained through this study: (1) Desires for social contact and the pursuit of interesting environment are important motivations for rodents’ helping behavior, regardless of the possibility to escape from the helping context. (2) Relieving personal distress can help sustain helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact can be carried out after helping. (3) Previous experiences of social contact rather than the experiences of having been trapped contribute to the occurrence of helping behavior. (4) Empathy may not the main reason to maintain helping behavior but rather can be used to describe the process of helping behavior. This study extends the comparative research on the motivation of helping behavior and provides some hints for the psychological development and educational practices in humans.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-02-04
Abstract： Individuals, enterprises and countries need to make decisions involving different time nodes in real life. Such decisions are commonly measured by "intertemporal preference" in the field of behavioral decision-making. Actually, the most important and crucial kind of intertemporal decision making relevant to survival and development are intertemporal choice with double-dated mix outcomes. However, existing intertemporal preferences measure by paradigms with pure gain outcomes was found to be poor predictors of far-sighted behavior in real life. Besides, mature theoretical models of intertemporal choice could not satisfactorily explain people's real intertemporal preferences. To better describe and explain people's intertemporal preferences with double-dated mixed outcomes, the present project intends to: 1) synthesize indicators of intertemporal choice with double-dated mixed outcomes by using two different logics, providing predictive indicators for model comparison; 2) develop a new ecological paradigm of measuring intertemporal choice with double-dated outcomes, aiming to provide a more ecological and predictive measurement for the development of following research; 3) adopt the Mouselab and eye-tracking technique to test which model could more satisfactorily explain intertemporal preference with double-dated outcomes, the utility comparison model or the attribute-comparison model.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2022-07-06
Abstract：精神生活共同富裕是扎实推进共同富裕道路上不容忽视的部分。心理健康是精神生活共同富裕中的重要一环。社会心理服务可以通过提高心理健康水平在推进共同富裕进程中发挥作用。健康的心理状态能够帮助人民应对共同富裕发展进程中不可避免的相对剥夺感，促进社会主义和谐社会的建设，帮助积累共同富裕发展所需的健康人力资本，促进心理公平感。未来应不断完善学校心理健康教育和社会心理服务体系。推动形成积极向上的社会心态，为实现新时代共同富裕注入心理力量。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-01-17
Abstract：
Prospective memory is the memory of executing an intentional behavior at a proper time or occasion in the future. Successful execution of prospective memory includes two components, prospective component and retrospective component. The prospective component refers to remembering to do something when a prospective cue is encountered, and the retrospective component is the retrieval of the content of the intention to be executed. Both the prospective and retrospective components are indispensable for the successful execution of prospective memory tasks. Low academic pupils have normal intelligence, but their actual academic achievement is below what their intellectual potential should achieve. As the failure of prospective memory is an important reason for academic failure in low academic pupils, it is important to identify the causes of poor prospective memory performance in low academic pupils. Do low academic pupils with underdeveloped central executive functions perform more poorly under high cognitive load conditions than low cognitive load conditions? Is implementation intention encoding, an effective encoding method for improving prospective memory performance, also effective for low academic pupils? Which component or both can implementation intention encoding improve?
In this study, we conducted two experiments to explore the above questions. Experiment 1 used the prospective memory task dissociation procedure to dissociate the prospective component and retrospective component. 38 pupils were recruited. The study adopted a mixed design of 2 (ability group: low academic pupils, high academic pupils) × 2 (cognitive load of ongoing tasks: high, low) with the latter as a within-subjects variable. Experiment 2 investigated how to improve the prospective memory of low academic pupils. 60 low academic pupils were recruited. The study adopted a mixed design of 2 (cognitive load of ongoing tasks: high, low) × 2 (encoding method: standard encoding, implementation intention encoding) with the latter as a between-subjects variable.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that accuracy rates of prospective memory of low academic pupils were significantly lower than that of high academic pupils, furthermore accuracy rates of prospective component and retrospective component of low academic pupils were significantly lower than those of high academic pupils, and significantly lower accuracy rates in the high cognitive load condition than that in the low cognitive load condition. The interaction effects between ability group and cognitive load were not significant. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed that significantly lower accuracy rates in the high cognitive load condition than that in the low cognitive load condition and showed that the accuracy rates of prospective memory in the implementation intention encoding condition were significantly higher than those in the standard encoding condition, and the accuracy rates of prospective and retrospective components were also significantly higher than those in the standard encoding condition. Additionally, the interaction between cognitive load and encoding method was not significant.
The results indicated that low academic pupils performed worse in prospective memory performance and its components than high academic pupils; regardless of cognitive load, implementation intention encoding can improve the performance of low academic pupils' prospective memory performance by enhancing prospective and retrospective components.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2021-06-12
Abstract： [Objective] With organizations’ fast-paced development, employees' passion for work and their innovative behavior in the workplace inevitably faces the influences of time pressure as well as the life-history strategy of the organization’s development. According to the two-dimensional view of pressure, time pressure can be categorized into the challenge time pressure and the hindrance time pressure. According to the view of organizational duality, innovative behavior can be categorized into exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation. At the same time, the life-history strategy in the field of behavioral ecology can be introduced into organizational development to describe the pace and focus of an organization’s developmental strategy, and thus the life-history strategy of organizational development can be divided into the K strategy and the r strategy. [Methods] Through three survey experiments (Study 1, Study 2 and Study 3) and a questionnaire survey (Study 4), this paper explores the impact of different types of time pressure and organizational life-history strategies on employees' innovative behavior, and the role of employees' work passion in it. [Results] Study 1a (n = 75) and Study 1b (n = 74) found that the K strategy had a promoting effect on the participants’ exploratory innovation and harmonious work passion, and the r strategy had a promoting effect on the participants’ exploitative innovation and compulsory work passion. Study 2 (n = 282) found that compared with the hindrance time pressure, the challenge time pressure significantly promoted harmonious work passion and exploratory innovation while significantly inhibited compulsory work passion and exploitative innovation. Study 3 (n = 206) further verified the results of Study 1 and Study 2, and found the influences of four combinations of time pressure and organizational life-history strategy on work passion and innovation. Study 4 (n = 400) not only supported the findings of Study 3, but also further revealed the mediating roles that harmonious work passion and compulsive work passion played on the relationship between the combination of time pressure and organizational life-history strategy and the two types of innovative behavior. [Implications] The results suggest that: 1. The organizational life-history strategy has a direct impact on employees’ innovative behavior, with the K strategy promoting exploratory innovation and the r strategy promoting exploitative innovation, but these effects are not mediated by work passion; 2. The type of time pressure has a direct impact on employees’ work passion and an indirect impact on innovative behavior, with the challenge time pressure promoting exploratory innovation via elevating harmonious work passion and the hindrance time pressure promoting exploitative innovation via elevating compulsory work passion; 3. The impact of different combinations of time pressure and organizational development life history strategies on employees can be summarized into four types: the harmonious exploration type, the harmonious exploitation type, the positive contradiction type and the negative contradiction type. From the dual perspectives of the meso-level organizational life-history strategy and the micro-level time pressure, this study indicates the differential impacts and mechanisms of different combinations of organizational life-history strategy and time pressure on employees’ work passion and innovative behavior, which provides useful insights for the daily management practice of innovative organizations."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-31
Abstract： Attentional refreshing, which is independent of rehearsal, is one kind of working memory maintenance mechanisms. It boosts, prolongs, and strengthens the activation of information in working memory by retrieving these information into the focus of attention. Attentional refreshing helps people maintain memory when rehearsal is limited. The common strategy of attentional refreshing is give priority to refresh weakly activated items, but sometimes experience related stimuli also get the priority to refresh. To further explore the mechanism and internal processing of attentional refreshing, future research could focus on whether attentional refreshing can affect the accuracy of memory, how interference or processing tasks impact refreshing speed, and whether prioritizing to refresh weakly activated items is still a reasonable strategy under the high attentional load condition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-05-29
Abstract： [Objective] Cultivating the next generation of sound emotional, cognitive and socio-behavioral development is fundamental to human civilization, and the impact of early experiences cannot be ignored from the point of view of probabilistic epigenesis. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between early experiences and later behavioral development based on a novel experimental model termed the “human-rat interaction paradigm” (HRIP). [Methods] Thirty-six one-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as subjects. Based on the HRIP, three groups (Positive early experiences (PEE) / Negative early experiences (NEE) / Control) were intervened for 3 weeks, and the effects of the manipulation of early experiences on behavioral development were tested through a battery of behavioral paradigms. [Results] The results showed that: 1) During the emotional behavior tests, compared with the other two groups, the PEE group was more active in the open arm of the O-maze, more active in the center area of the open field, ate faster in the new and familiar environment, and had less hesitation to adapt to and utilize the new learning device. 2) During the learning behavior tests, the PEE group showed most rule-breaking exploratory behavior in the integrated-learning maze; while the majority of the NEE group learned to open the gate during the early stage of procedural learning, the firmness of their long-term memory was the lowest during the new object recognition task; the control group was overall passive during the whole series of learning behavior tests. 3) During the social behavior tests, the PEE group showed the most interests towards the toy rat, while the NEE group showed the most aversion towards the toy rat. At the same time, while all groups preferred a real rat to a toy rat, only the intervention groups (both PEE and NEE) showed clear preference in interacting with a real stranger rat to a real familiar rat. Moreover, during the empathy and pro-social behavioral tests, when there were no food rewards, all three groups of rats generally would open the gate to rescue the entrapped rat, and after multiple trials their latency to rescue became shorter and shorter; however, when there were food rewards to be shared with the entrapped rat, both the PEE and NEE groups were less likely to open the gate, and after multiple trials, their latency to rescue became longer and longer. When the entrapped rat was unable to reach the food reward without the subject’s active sharing, the NEE group showed much more frequent behavior of feeding interruption and vigilant sniffing, possibly for fear of losing the food to the entrapped rat. 4) During the social competition tests, when there were no food rewards in the tube test, the control group had the highest success rate; when there were food rewards to be competed for, the PEE group had the highest success rate. At the same time, the degree of social rank differentiation was smallest in the control group and largest in the PEE group. The NEE group showed clear differentiation between the high-rank individual and the middle/low-ranked individual. The success rate of the NEE group was overall the lowest during the inter-group social competition tests. [Conclusions] We arrived at the following conclusions: 1) On the long run, the early experience intervention based on the HRIP will have sustained and stable effects on the behavioral development. 2) Rich early experiences can improve the sensitivity to learning and social rules. Lack of early experiences can passivate learning and social behavior. 3) Positive early experience can promote the individual to have more interests in exploring "objects", produce more rule-breaking exploratory behavior and maintain the stability of goal behavior; in contrast, negative early experience can cause excessive arousal of negative emotions, inhibit exploration and interfere with the maintenance of goal behavior."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2021-05-15
Abstract： Rats are widely used in experimental research in biology, medicine, and psychology, and many studies need the measurement of rats’ emotional states. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of rats are means to express and transmit emotions: among them FM-50 kHz USVs are for positive emotions such as pleasure, flat-50 kHz USVs are for social communication, and 22 kHz USVs are for negative emotions such as anxiety and disgust. Collecting and analyzing the USVs of rats provides researchers a possible way to quantify the emotional states of rats during experimental manipulations. This paper discusses the emotional meaning of USVs in rats and provides suggestions for measuring and analyzing USVs in rats.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-03-25
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2021-02-04
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-01-24
Abstract： The Attentional Boost Effect (ABE) was first discovered by Swallow in 2010, which means that when subjects perform coding tasks and target detection tasks simultaneously, the memory performance of background information presented in target items is better than that presented in distracted items. Previous studies believe that this promotion effect is mainly due to the fact that target detection enhances the perceptual processing of background information, but many experimental results contrary to this perceptual processing enhancement hypothesis are also found, indicating that "target detection does not necessarily only promote the perceptual processing of background information". Can target detection promote semantic processing? If so, why is ABE not found in the implicit test task of concepts that relies on semantic information? We speculate that this may be related to the encoding tasks used in these experiments. Under the condition of reading words aloud, the subjects may only perform perceptual coding but not conceptual coding. If the time selective attention mechanism promotes cognitive processing simultaneously with target detection, ABE should appear in the following implicit conceptual tests when conceptual processing of words is performed simultaneously with target detection. This study will adopt Swallow and Jiang (2010) classic ABE paradigm, and further control the different processing types of memory materials in the encoding stage to explore whether target detection will promote the semantic processing of simultaneously presented background materials. In experiment one, lexical materials are used, and subjects are asked to read aloud words while performing target detection tasks in the encoding stage. Then, a perceptual priming test (true and false word judgment) and a conceptual priming test (semantic judgment) are completed. The experimental design is a 2*2 in-subject design. The results show that ABE effect only appears under the perceptual priming test condition, the priming amount under the target condition is significantly greater than that under the distraction condition, while under the conceptual condition, the priming amounts under the target condition and the distraction condition are not significantly different. On the basis of experiment one, experiments two and three will use vocabulary and picture materials respectively to further control the processing types of memory materials in the coding stage, including perceptual coding (vocabulary structure judgment, presence of white in pictures) and semantic coding (vocabulary, picture pleasure judgment). Then, only conceptual implicit test (semantic judgment) will be conducted to investigate whether the two coding methods will have different effects on ABE in subsequent conceptual implicit tests to verify whether target detection will promote semantic processing of background materials presented at the same time. The experimental designs are 2*2 in-subject designs. Both experiments two and three find that ABE effect only appears under the condition of semantic encoding, but not under the condition of perceptual encoding. The results show that in the process of dual task processing, target detection can not only promote the perceptual processing of background information, but also promote the semantic processing of background information. The promotion effect of target detection on background information is related to the processing of background information itself. Attention promotion is based on the existing coding of background information. In addition, the study also found that vocabulary and pictures have relative consistency in attention promotion effect.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-01-24
Abstract： [Objective] Based on the phenomenon that Chinese people can wear masks within a short period of time after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study explores the mechanism of concerted actions under Chinese collectivism. [Methods]Through logical integration of previous studies and the results of a national questionnaire survey on Chinese people's motivation to wear masks during the epidemic period, this study first constructed a theoretical model of the awareness of responsibility under Chinese collectivism, and put forward the possibility of its dynamic nature led by the changes of social and organizational situations; and then the study used methods like questionnaire, interview, Thematic Apperception Test and survey experiment to verify the validity of the model and the causes and consequences of its dynamic nature. It is speculated that different forms of the model will lead to different levels of concerted actions under the collective goal, and then a situation-primed survey experiment was designed to test the cause and effect. [Results] 1. The micro model of responsibility consciousness under collectivism culture can be divided into two parts: individual responsibility and interdependent responsibility: when interdependent responsibility dominates, individual and others in the collective form meta responsibility interdependence, which constitutes the meso model of responsibility consciousness; the meta responsibility interdependence of all individuals in the collective forms a macro model similar to "Chinese knot"; 2 The "Chinese knot" model of responsibility consciousness shows a dynamic change with the change of situation; 3. The results of the questionnaire experiment show that driven by the collective goal, the consistent action tendency of the individuals who are interdependent with the collective responsibility will be significantly enhanced. [Limitations] As a preliminary exploration of theoretical modeling and empirical test from the perspective of Chinese indigenous psychology and Western cultural psychology, this study has a long way to go from its ultimate goal of "telling Chinese stories in the world academic language". [Conclusions] Under Chinese collectivism culture, people's sense of responsibility can be represented by "Chinese knot", and its different forms of self construction with the change of situation will lead to different levels of consistent action driven by collective goals.
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Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-01-02
Abstract： Objective Based on the phenomenon that Chinese people can wear masks within a short period of time after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study explores the mechanism of concerted actions under Chinese collectivism. Methods Through logical integration of previous studies and the results of a national questionnaire survey on Chinese people s motivation to wear masks during the epidemic period, this study first constructed a theoretical model of the awareness of responsibility under Chinese collectivism, and put forward the possibility of its dynamic nature led by the changes of social and organizational situations; and then the study used methods like questionnaire, interview, Thematic Apperception Test and survey experiment to verify the validity of the model and the causes and consequences of its dynamic nature. It is speculated that different forms of the model will lead to different levels of concerted actions under the collective goal, and then a situation-primed survey experiment was designed to test the cause and effect. Results 1. The micro model of responsibility consciousness under collectivism culture can be divided into two parts: individual responsibility and interdependent responsibility: when interdependent responsibility dominates, individual and others in the collective form meta responsibility interdependence, which constitutes the meso model of responsibility consciousness; the meta responsibility interdependence of all individuals in the collective forms a macro model similar to Chinese knot ; 2 The Chinese knot model of responsibility consciousness shows a dynamic change with the change of situation; 3. The results of the questionnaire experiment show that driven by the collective goal, the consistent action tendency of the individuals who are interdependent with the collective responsibility will be significantly enhanced. Limitations As a preliminary exploration of theoretical modeling and empirical test from the perspective of Chinese indigenous psychology and Western cultural psychology, this study has a long way to go from its ultimate goal of telling Chinese stories in the world academic language . Conclusions Under Chinese collectivism culture, people s sense of responsibility can be represented by Chinese knot , and its different forms of self construction with the change of situation will lead to different levels of consistent action driven by collective goals.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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