Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2018-05-08
Abstract： Statistical inference plays a critical role in modern scientific research, however, the dominant method for statistical inference in science, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), is often misunderstood and misused, which leads to unreproducible findings. To address this issue, researchers propose to adopt the Bayes factor as an alternative to NHST. The Bayes factor is a principled Bayesian tool for model selection and hypothesis testing, and can be interpreted as the strength for both the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis H1 based on the current data. Compared to NHST, the Bayes factor has the following advantages: it quantifies the evidence that the data provide for both the H0 and the H1, it is not “violently biased” against H0, it allows one to monitor the evidence as the data accumulate, and it does not depend on sampling plans. Importantly, the recently developed open software JASP makes the calculation of Bayes factor accessible for most researchers in psychology, as we demonstrated for the t-test. Given these advantages, adopting the Bayes factor will improve psychological researchers’ statistical inferences. Nevertheless, to make the analysis more reproducible, researchers should keep their data analysis transparent and open.
Subjects: Psychology >> Legality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-11-05
Abstract： Behavioral and neuroscientific methods have uniquely contributed to our understanding of human mind and behavior. The advance in neuroscience and its potential implications (e.g., in legal systems) have attracted attention from both academia and society. However, researchers found that, when providing statements supported by either neuroscientific or behavioral/psychophysiological results, even if these neuroscientific results were logically irrelevant to the statements, participants still considered statements with neuroscientific results as more trustworthy. This phenomenon was termed as neuroscience bias. By systematically reviewing empirical studies on neuroscience bias, we revealed that: (1) the reproducibility of neuroscience bias was debated, but the effect exists; (2) neuroscience bias could be attributed to people’s preference for the reductionism and psychological essentialism. Neuroscience bias is one of many biases people may have when interpreting scientific results; future studies should further explore the psychological mechanisms of these biases and thereby provide guidelines for correctly interpreting and using scientific results." " " " " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2022-07-30
Abstract： Meta-analysis is a crucial tool for accumulating evidence in basic and applied research. In the open science era, meta-analysis becomes an important way for integrating open data from different sources. Meanwhile, because of the great researchers’ degree introduced by multiple-step and multiple-choices in each step of meta-analysis, the openness and transparency are crucial for reproducing results of meta-analysis. To (1) understand the transparency and openness of meta-analysis reports published in Chinese journals and (2) improve the transparency and openness of future meta-analysis by Chinese researchers, we developed a Chinese version of checklist for meta-analysis, which was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocols (PRISMA) and the principle of openness and transparency, and then surveyed the methods and results of 68 meta-analysis papers in mainstream Chinese psychological journals in last five years. Our results revealed that openness and transparency of Chinese meta-analysis reports need to be improved, especially in the following aspects: the date/time and limitation of literature search, the details of screening and data collection, the flow chart of article screening, the details of effect size transformation, and the evaluation of individual research bias. The checklist we present, which lists almost all aspects that an open meta-analysis should include, can be used as a guide for future meta-analysis.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2020-02-29
Abstract： We noticed an unusual increase of first-time patients with schizophrenia (F20) in January 2020 since the outbreak of COVID-19. The aim of this retrospective study is to validate this observation and find potential risk factors, if applicable. A total number of 13,783 records from outpatients in January 2020 were investigated thoroughly. Comparisons between incidence of schizophrenia in outpatients in January 2020 and similar periods of 2017-2019 were made to minimize seasonal influence. Relationship of incidence of schizophrenia and COVID-19 infections in China was calculated. Limited personal information (age, gender, approximate residence) was analyzed to find risk factors.After excluding seasonal factors such as Spring festival, a positive relationship between incidence of schizophrenia in first-time patients and countrywide epidemic situation was found. Statistical results further showed a significant increase of median age from 39 to 50 for first-time patients diagnosed with schizophrenia which is unusual. Meanwhile, a slight but not significant change was found in distribution of gender and approximate residence (urban/suburb). Our data supported that COVID-19 outbreak increased risk of schizophrenia in aged adults which is consistent with the fact that COVID-19 is more lethal to elders. We strongly appeal that public healthcare in countries either with or without infected patients should prepare in advance for potential risks in public mental health. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-09-28
Abstract： Threat stimuli catch our attention when compared with neutral stimuli called attention bias, which includes facilitating attention engagement and difficult attention disengagement to threat. Acute stress influences our attention to threat. However, we do not know whether acute stress can enhance facilitating attention engagement or impair attention disengagement toward threat. Therefore, the present study investigated whether attention engagement to threat is enhanced or attention disengagement to threat is weakened when people are stressed. Thirty-six healthy male adults were randomly assigned to a stress group (n = 18) and a control group (n = 18). The stress group underwent socially evaluated cold-pressor test (SECPT), whereas the control group underwent a warm water control protocol. The dot-probe task was used to measure the attention bias toward threat. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used in conjunction with reaction time measures to investigate the time course of attention to threat in the dot-probe task. The N2-posteior-contralateral (N2pc) component measured the initial shift of visual attention to the threatening stimulus, whereas the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN) component measured the maintenance of visual attention to the threatening stimulus. Reaction time, accuracy rate, and the electroencephalography data of the participants were recorded during the dot-probe task. The state anxiety questionnaire and saliva were acquired at five time points, such as 85 and 70 minutes before the SECPT, immediately before and after the dot-probe task, and 70 minutes after the SECPT. The SECPT successfully induced stress response. Participants in the stress group showed stronger state anxiety and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis response indicated by increased salivary cortisol concentration after the SECPT than the control group. In addition, no significant differences were found before the SECPT. At the behavioral level, the attention disengagement in the stress group was slower than in the control group. Regarding ERPs, we found a greater amplitude of SPCN (300~600 ms after cue) in the stress group than in the control group. However, no significant effect was found on the amplitude of N2pc between stress group and control group. These results indicate that attention disengagement toward threat is impaired under acute stress situations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-07-28
Abstract： Using the simplified Chinese version of the automated operation span task developed by thecurrent study and the Raven progressive matrices， we tested 102 college students． Eighty-six participants were re-tested after approximately 8 days． Results: The Cronbach’s α was 0． 670， and the testretest reliability was 0． 666． Using the Raven progressive matrices as the criterion，we found that Pearson correlation analysis showed significantly positively correlated whenever in the initial test ( r = 0． 33，P ＜ 0． 01) or the re-tested ( r = 0． 39，P ＜ 0． 001) ． Conclusion: The simplified Chinese version of theautomated version of the operation span task had good reliability and validity and was easy to operatefor users． The task can be freely downloaded from https: / /www． labxing． com /lab /695 /data． " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2020-03-10
Abstract： " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-09-16
Abstract： When asked questions that are framed by moral action rather than by moral judgment, dual-process moral theory posits that people will tend to be more deontological or more sensitive to norms because of a stronger moral-disgust arousal to a sacrificing proposal (e.g., sacrifice one innocent life to save five or more others). However, the action-based model of cognitive dissonance predicts that the decision-maker will be less deontological or less sensitive to norms because of the stronger motivation to reduce the dissonance state. In the present research, three studies (N = 960) were conducted to clarify this moral-question framing effect. Study 1 utilized a classic moral dilemma paradigm to preliminarily assess the moral-question framing effect. Study 2 applied a 2 (norm: proscriptive/prescriptive) × 2 (consequence: benefits greater than/smaller than costs) × 2 (frame: moral judgment/moral action) within-subject design and a new algorithm to further define the boundary conditions of the moral-question framing effect. Study 3 adopted a consequences–norms–generalized inaction/action preferences (CNI) model to validate the new algorithm and the results of Study 2. Together, the results show that participants were less sensitive to norms, were more sensitive to consequences, and transitioned from a generalized action preference to a generalized inaction preference when they were asked moral action- versus moral judgment-framed questions. Thus, the present research supports the action-based model of cognitive dissonance and reveals that moral decision-making is affected by the motivation process. Theoretical and methodological implications are also discussed."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-11-14
Abstract： The effect of the babyface schema is an innate instinct that promotes the formation of early parent-child relationships; this has been thought to be primarily influenced by the baby's face structure. However, in recent years, the influence of facial expression on this effect has begun to attract attention. With the adult face as the baseline, the size of the babyface schema’s effect will change with different facial expressions, and the effect of a neutral babyface schema becomes the strongest. Because the cause of this phenomenon and its neurological mechanism are still unclear, this project first plans to establish a set of standardized facial pictures of an infant and adult displaying various affective faces. Then, based on this, the researchers will investigate whether facial expression uncertainty can moderate adults’ preferences and attention biases for infants with different facial expressions, and they will furthermore explore the corresponding neurological mechanism to promote research on the parental brain in China. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-12-12
Abstract： To achieve organizational goals, Internet companies often stimulate continuous innovation of employees by cultivating a happy and joyful work environment. However, the link between playful climate and employees’ innovative behaviors is still underdeveloped, primarily focusing on theoretical analyses and lacking empirical support. Building on the prior findings of playfulness in the field of organizational management, the present study explores three important issues. Based on the theory of organizational climate and the characteristics of playfulness, study 1 develops a scale to measure team playful climate in Chinese Internet firms. Standing on the team level study 2 discusses the cross-level mechanisms underlying the relationship between playful work environment and employees’ innovation from the perspective of Conservation of Resources Theory. Based on the Componential Theory of Individual Creativity, study 3 introduces individual thinking styles and multiple identities to explore the boundary conditions that stimulate employees’ innovative behaviors. Our findings have developed the concept of team playful climate in Chinese Internet companies, enhanced playful climate theory. And the implications for practice in the context of Internet companies are discussed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-01-28
Abstract： Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility that when people are in standing than sitting postures, they have a stronger cognitive control propensity, making them inclined to agree more to sacrificing one innocent and saving more people. Furthermore, this postural effect can be moderated by dual processes. In three studies, participants read dilemma scenarios followed by a proposed behavior to sacrifice one innocent and save five or more people. The participants in sitting or standing postures were asked whether the described action was morally acceptable (moral judgment) and whether they would perform the described action (moral action). The results demonstrated that participants were more approving of the behavioral proposal in the moral action perspective than in the moral judgment perspective across the three studies. The hypothesized postural effect was found in a field study (Study 1) and replicated in a pre-registered replication study (Study 2) and further supported in an experimental study (Study 3). Compared with those in sitting postures, participants in standing postures expressed higher approval of the behavioral proposal compared to their sitting counterparts. Furthermore, the postural effect was dismissed when participants made moral decisions with a dual task to increase cognitive load, and it was reversed when they made moral decisions after deliberate consideration of the behavioral proposal (Study 3). The present research supports and extends the dual-process morality theory by demonstrating that body posture can affect moral decision-making; it also offers novel evidence revealing the moderating role of dual process on embodiment effects. It enriches our knowledge that morality is evolutionarily embodied in postures and that the dual process can moderate embodiment effects.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2021-06-22
Abstract： Students’ externalizing problem behaviors negatively impact on the current and future development of themselves, classmates and teachers. Managing students’ externalizing problems is a great challenge for teachers. Previous studies in a Western educational environment and experience of excellent domestic head teachers indicate that head teachers can effectively reduce students’ externalizing problem behaviors by adopting negotiation management strategies and building positive teacher-student relationships. Most of the existing studies emphasize the influence of teachers’ negotiation management behavior and the teacher-student relationship on students’ externalizing problem behaviors. However, conversely, the transactional model suggests that students’ externalizing problem behaviors may also affect teachers’ negotiation management behavior and the teacher-student relationship. The present study aims to explore the reciprocal relationships between head teachers’ negotiation management behavior and teacher-student relationship and primary school students’ externalizing problem behaviors from grades four to six in China. The questionnaire on head teachers’ negotiation management behavior, and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire, and the student perception of affective relationship scale was used for measurement were administered to 1407 students from grades four to six at three different periods in one school year. All the measures were reliable and valid. SPSS 20.0 and Mplus 7.4 were used to analyze the data. A cross-lagged model was used to investigate the reciprocal relationship among the head teachers’ negotiation management behavior, the teacher-student relationship, and primary school students’ externalizing problem behaviors. The results reflected that, after controlling for covariates, simultaneous correlation, and auto-regression of variables, head teachers’ negotiation management behavior drove the positive interaction cycle. The head teachers’ negotiation management behavior at Time 1 reduced the students’ externalizing problem behavior, improved the intimacy of the teacher-student relationship, and decreased the conflicts of the teacher-student relationship at Time 2, which further affected the head teachers’ negotiation management behavior, the teacher-student relationship, and the students’ externalizing problem behaviors at Time 3. The students’ externalizing problem behaviors drove the negative interaction cycle. The students’ externalizing problem behaviors at Time 1 reduced the head teachers’ negotiation management behavior, decreased the intimacy of the teacher-student relationship, and increased the conflicts of the teacher-student relationship at Time 2, which further affected the students’ externalizing problem behaviors, the teacher-student relationship, and the head teacher’s negotiation management behavior at Time 3. These observations deepen the understanding of the complex reciprocal relationships between head teachers’ negotiation management behavior and teacher-student relationship and primary school students’ externalizing problem behaviors from grade four to six in China. Additionally, the findings have important implications for preventing and intervening in students’ externalizing problem behaviors. The results reflect that the head teachers need to be aware of the negative “driver” role of students’ externalizing problem behaviors, and consciously use the positive “driver” role of negotiation management behavior to break the negative cycle driven by students’ externalizing problem behaviors. " " " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2021-04-25
Abstract： 在心理学研究中，以下两种情况下研究者可能需要对零效应进行评估：第一，推断某种效应不存在；第二，意外出现不显著结果，需要区分到底是效应不存在还是当前数据未能提供足够的证据。然而，常用的原假设显著性检验（Null hypothesis significance test, NHST）无法直接评估零效应。近年来，等价检验、贝叶斯估计和贝叶斯因子三种方法逐渐被用于评估零效应：在频率统计框架下，等价检验通过检验效应是否在最小感兴趣区内（Smallest effect size of interest, SESOI），通过p值来推断效应是否为零；在贝叶斯统计框架下，贝叶斯估计通过对比后验分布的最高密度区间和实际等价区的重叠情况，推断效应是否为零；而贝叶斯因子则是通过评估当前数据对原假设和备择假设的相对支持程度，推断当前数据对原假设的相对支持程度。文章通过分析两个真实的数据，展示三种方法的实际应用。三种方法各有其特点：等价检验在逻辑上是对NHST的拓展，易于从传统统计中延伸使用；贝叶斯因子的解读较符合直觉，逻辑上清晰；贝叶斯估计则具有较强的灵活性，可拓展于更多的研究问题。以上三种评估零效应的方法，可能能够帮助心理学研究者在实际研究中进行合理的统计推断和研究决策。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2022-07-09
Abstract：
Selective analysis and selective report are one of the main triggers of the replicability crisis in psychological science. In recent years, researchers have proposed a new method—multiverse-style analysis, which includes multiple data analytic decisions to reduce the subjective selectiveness and arbitrariness and performs robustness to increase the reliability of results. This manuscript introduces the multiverse-style analysis and related steps by using the example of exploring the relationship between smartphone use and smartphone stress. The multiverse-style analysis method has been applied in fields such as psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Future research should continue to develop and improve the statistic inference of multiverse-style analysis, so that it can be applied to more sorts of data and broader research fields.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-09-05
Abstract： 采用反驳文本范式对患方进行知识修正，提升患方对医方的信任和道德判断。预实验编制反驳文本并验证其有效性，实验1验证反驳文本可以显著提高患方的对医信任和道德判断，并发现医疗结果是影响患方信任和对医道德判断的重要因素。实验2和实验3探究了反驳文本有效性的作用机制及适用普遍性，发现不确定性容忍度和宽容度在反驳文本和患方信任及道德判断之间呈链式中介作用，且反驳文本可脱离医学情境提升普遍患方信任。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-03-04
Zheng JIN
Kaibin ZHAO
Yanyu XIA
Ruijun CHEN
Huan YU
Timothy TAMUNANG TAMUTANA1
Jeffrey SHERMAN
Christina BERMEITINGER
Pamela BAESS
Abstract： " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2022-07-28
Abstract：
Substance addiction involves multiple factors, ranging from biological, social, to cultural. But the dominant biological reductionism-based explanations focus primarily on the brain, potentially hindering a more comprehensive and inclusive research of substance addiction and its recovery. We propose that network theory, focusing on feedback loops formed by interactions between myriad psychological disorder variables, will provide a better holistic framework to understand the complexity of substance addiction. Applying network theory to substance addiction may provide new insights in (1) understanding the interrelationships and interactions between symptoms, (2) understanding the systematic integrity and dynamic changes in symptom networks, and (3) integrating multiple levels of factors into a unified theoretical framework. Also, network theory may generate new approaches for future interventions and treatments. In sum, networktheory, as a theoretical model, provide a new perspective for understanding substance addiction and its intervention. We believe this reframing will encourage more empirical research toward various other hypotheses within this framework, thus, promoting the treatment and recovery of substance addiction.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2022-09-14
Abstract： In real life, people occasionally perceive an object as something non-existent, called pareidolia. The elements of face pareidolia have been widely utilized in art, advertising, and design to attract attention and promote consumption. At the same time, previous studies using various paradigms have found differences in producing face pareidolia between patients and typical individuals and the link between pareidolia and visual hallucinations. According to two visual processing pathways, the related paradigms can be divided into pareidolia monitoring paradigm and pareidolia discrimination paradigm. The former focuses on rapid prediction based on extracted face-like features, while the latter focuses on predictive code guiding individuals to extract object features. Both will eventually affect subsequent cognitive judgments. Future studies are suggested to develop new paradigms to explore further the interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms of face pareidolia.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-09-13
Abstract：
The sensitivity of caregivers plays a crucial role in the development of secure attachment relationships. According to the attachment theory, children internalize their interactions with attachment figures as the Internal Working Models (IWMs), which that guide their information processing and behavioral performance in intimate relationships later on. However, little has been known about how young children represent those attachment interactions. As a basic structure of IWMs, the attachment script is conceptualized as a set of attachment expectations. Studies have found that attachment figure’s response patterns are related to young children’s support-giving expectation. However, few studies have directly explored how attachment figures’ responses influence young children’s attachment expectations. Using a real-time interaction task, the present study intended to examine how attachment figures’ response pattern affected children’s expectations of attachment figures’ support-giving behavior and willingness.
In both experiments The Attachment Expectation Task (AET) was used to manipulate attachment figures’ response pattern, and the Attachment Story Completion Test (ASCT) was used to measure children's attachment styles. Experiment 1 adopted a 2 (response pattern: response/non-response) x 2 (attachment style: secure/insecure) mixed design to investigate how attachment figures’ response pattern influenced children’s support-giving behavior and willingness expectations under deterministic conditions. A total of 161 children 5-6 years of age were recruited (82 boys, mean age =5.66 ± 0.29 years). Experiment 2 adopt a 3 (response pattern: 20% / 50% / 80%) x 2 (attachment style: secure/insecure) mixed design to investigate the effects of response pattern on children’s support-giving expectations under probabilistic response conditions. A total of 95 children 5-6 years of age participated (45 boys, mean = 5.46 ± 0.29 years). Participants in both experiments were asked to finish the AET and the ASCT in two sessions.
The results showed: (1) in new intimate relationships, secure children were more likely to expect attachment figures would and were more willing to provide support than insecure children (Experiment 1 & 2); (2) children’s expectation of support-giving behavior and willingness increased under response condition but decreased under non-response condition (Experiment 1); (3) children’s expectation of support-giving behavior and willingness significantly decreased under 20% and 50% response condition, however, under 80% response condition, only expectation of support-giving behavior decreased significantly (Experiment 2); (4) low-level response (non-response and 20% response condition) had a higher effect on children’s expectation revision of behavior and willingness than high-level response (response, 80%, and 50% condition) (Experiment 1 and 2).
The results indicate that attachment styles influence 5- and 6-year-old children’s initial attachment support-giving expectations for new attachment figures, and they can revise these expectations based on attachment figures’ response patterns. The current study enriches the empirical evidence on how attachment figures’ response influences children’s attachment expectation revision in interpersonal interactions and extends our understanding of the organization and development of attachment representation. These findings also have important implications for the mechanism underlying secure attachment development in children.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-09-09
Abstract： In social economic decisions, people not only care about their own payoffs but also the payoffs of others, a tendency termed altruistic preference. Numerous studies have shown that the sheer sense of being observed is sufficient to augment subjects’ altruistic choices. However, whether subjects’ altruistic behavior can be modulated by other stake-holders in the decision context remains unclear. In this study, we provide experimental evidence about the effects of visibility from receivers and social norms on the altruistic preference of the deciders in two studies. First, we confirmed the visibility effect originating from receivers on deciders’ altruistic preference in experiment 1. In experiment 2, we further showed that social norms modulated the effect of behavior visibility on deciders’ altruistic preference, suggesting a potential avenue via which social norms influences the relationship between behavioral visibility and altruistic preference. Study 1: Study 1 implemented a two (visibility: visible vs. invisible) x two (reaction type: choice vs. rating) x two (inequity aversion: AIA vs. DIA) within-subject design. We recruited 38 participants and they were required to either choose from two reward allocation options (choice task) with another partner, or rate how satisfied concerning a particular allocation (rating task) in a dictator game (DG). Participants’ behavior was either observed by their “partners” (visible condition) or remained private (invisible condition). We provided both model-free and model-based evidence for the effects of visibility on altruistic preference. Compared to the invisible condition, participants exhibited greater altruistic preference when their behavior were visible to the receivers (partners).
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment
YES