Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-12-31
Abstract：
I design a thought experiment with the control variable method and reduction to absurdity to show that there is at least one problem making the internal logic of ordinal utility theory inconsistent, that is, under the condition that only ordinal utility information of articles is obtained, many fundamental axioms of ordinal utility theory cannot be established, which can explain why ordinal utility theory cannot be established. More importantly, this experimental method shows the form and properties of the real ordinal ranking, thus illustrating the perspective of this paper from both positive and negative angles, that is, ordinal utility theory cannot be established, and utility is essentially cardinal in nature.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2022-12-31
Abstract：
The key of experimental design is to balance between informativeness and efficiency. However, power analysis only focuses on informativeness and is difficult to implement. Sequential Bayes Factor analysis takes the advantage of Bayes Factor‘s ability and reach a trade-off between informativeness and efficiency by setting Bayes Factor criteria and the sequential analysis during data collection. The present primer demonstrates how to perform three steps of sequential Bayes Factor analysis using open-source software JASP and R. This method considers practical issues in real research practices and is easy to implement, which can help researchers to design more efficient experiments.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-29
Abstract：
Compared with hearing readers, orthographic information and phonological information may play different roles in the word recognition process for hearingimpaired readers. As a communication mode for hearing-impaired readers, sign language may also affect their word recognition process. Alarge number of studies have examined the activation of orthographic representation, phonological representation, and sign language representation during visual word recognition in hearing-impaired readers. Previous studies have found that hearing-impaired readers could activate stable orthographic representations, but there were inconsistent results in the activation of phonological representations, whereas studies on hearing-impaired readers who primarily use sign language have found that they can activate stable sign language representations. Hearing-impaired readers grow up in a complex language environment, which leads to great individual differences in language experience and reading ability. However, previous works have not clearly identified the effect of language experience and reading ability on the cognitive mechanism of reading in hearing-impaired readers. Continuous attention to this problem will help to provide a reference to guide reading instruction for hearing-impaired readers. This study conducted two semantically related decision tasks to investigate the activation of orthographic, phonological, and sign language representations during Chinese visual word recognition in hearing-impaired college students. Orthographic and phonological representations play an important role in word recognition for hearing readers, but sign language representations are a phenomenon unique to deaf readers. In the current study we investigated the activation of orthographic and phonological representation in Experiment 1 and the activation of sign language representation in Experiment2. To investigate the effects of individual differences, according to their language experience and reading fluency, hearing-impaired college students were divided into deaf college students with oral language experience and higher reading ability (Skilled Oral Deaf, SOD), deaf college students with sign language experience but higher reading ability (Skilled Sign Deaf, SSD), and deaf college students with sign language experience and lower reading ability (Less-Skilled Sign Deaf, LSSD). The results of Experiment 1 showed that (a) hearing students showed a stable orthographic interference effect, whereas the phonological interference effect was weak. (b) The SOD group and the SSD group showed similar performance. Both showed a stable orthographic interference effect but did not show a significant phonological interference effect. (c) The SSD group and the LSSD group showed similar performance. Both groups showed a stable orthographic interference effect but did not show a phonological interference effect. Experiment 2 found that (a) hearing students did not show a sign language interference effect. (b) The SOD group and the SSD group differed in performance. The SSD group exhibited a sign language interference effect, whereas this effect was absent in the SOD group. (c) The SSD group performed similarly to the LSSD group. Both groups showed a stable sign language interference effect. Taken together, the following conclusions were drawn from the two studies: (a) after controlling for reading ability, language experience affected Chinese lexical recognition in deaf college students; lexical representation of oral deaf college students was similar to that of hearing readers., orthographic representations were mainly activated; and the activation of phonological and sign language representations was weak. Deaf college students who used sign language developed a unique cognitive mechanism, and they activated stable orthographic and sign language representations during visual word recognition. (b) After controlling for language experience, reading ability did not affect lexical representation during Chinese word recognition in hearingimpaired college students. (c) Based on the results of this study, combined with the representation and processing models of Chinese word recognition, we attempted to construct a cognitive model of Chinese word recognition for hearing-impaired college readers.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2022-12-28
Abstract：
One of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is persistent social dysfunction. In recent years, many studies have indicated that tactile input can affect social function through regulating the oxytocin system. The affective touch conducted by C-fiber promotes the synthesis and release of oxytocin and enhances social motivation and social preference. According to the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, oxytocin increases the salience of social information through enhancing activation of corresponding brain regions. Under this theoretical framework, when social interaction happens, tactile input can enhance the synthesis and release of oxytocin, and oxytocin can also increase the salience of tactile information, which further promotes the occurrence of social interaction. Previous studies have shown that people with ASD have deficits in the oxytocin system. The main manifestations are lower peripheral oxytocin concentration than normal developing individuals and the change of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)of oxytocin receptor. People with ASD also show abnormal tactile sensitivity, including hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity. At the peripheral level, they manifest abnormal tactile threshold. At the central level, they manifest abnormal activation in the brain’s affective touch processing regions (such as insula). Based on the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, this article summarizes the possible regulations between touch and oxytocin on social function. We point out that the deficits in the oxytocin system can decrease the salience of touch information in people with ASD, reducing the attention resources in social interaction and affecting the emotional feelings for touch. Abnormal tactile sensitivity results in social avoidance, which decreases the synthesis and release of oxytocin in social contact, decreasing the social motivation and social preference, ultimately resulting in social dysfunction. Exploring the interaction between touch, oxytocin system and social function can help us understand the pathogenesis of social dysfunction, and providing new ideas for the prevention and intervention in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-12-26
Abstract：
People tend to give priority to negative information and allocate more cognitive resources such as perception, attention and memory to negative, compared to positive, information. This phenomenon is called "negativity bias", which is well established across toddlers, children, adolescents and adults. However, this emotional bias remains controversial in infants, especially in young infants that are less than six months old. Furthermore, it is still unclear whether the emotional bias changes from no bias or positivity bias to negativity bias during infants’ development in the first year of life. In this study, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to examine the neural responses to angry and happy prosodies in 45 neonates (0 month old) and 45 infants (one year old). The experiment was conducted in the neonatal ward of Peking University First Hospital. NIRS data were recorded when the infants were at active sleeping or staying quietly. Using a passive listening task, we investigated the brain functional connectivity during automatic processing of emotional prosodies of anger and happiness. The experiment was divided into three emotional blocks (using angry, happy and neutral prosodies, respectively). The order of the three blocks was counterbalanced among the participants. Each block contained 10 sentences, which were repeated six times, that is, 60 sentences were presented during the experiment in a random order. The results showed that emotion category had a significant main effect on 60 pairs of functional connectivity, which revealed that angry and happy prosodies evoked stronger functional connectivity than neutral prosody, whereas there was no significant difference between the angry and happy conditions. The observed significant functional connectivity was mainly distributed within the right hemisphere or across bilateral hemispheres. More importantly, there was an interaction between emotion category and group in the functional connectivity of frontal, temporal and parietal lobe of the right hemisphere. In the neonate group, the functional connectivity in the happy prosody condition was stronger than that in the angry prosody condition. By contrast, the functional connectivity in the infant group showed stronger connectivity in the angry compared to the happy condition. By examining the neural response to emotional prosodies at two time points (0 and 1 year old), this study revealed for the first time the changes of emotional bias in a developmental perspective. We found that emotional processing has a positive bias at the beginning of postnatal period, revealed by the stronger functional connectivity for happy than for angry prosodies at the right hemisphere of the superior temporal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus. However, the emotional processing bias reverses in 1-year-old infants, that is, the brain functional connectivity within the above mentioned brain regions is stronger for angry than that for happy prosodies. Therefore, the reliable phenomenon of "negativity bias" is not innate, although it is always observed in adults and children. Instead, we propose that there is a developmental change from positivity bias to negativity bias in the first year of human life.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2022-12-25
Abstract：
Personality psychology has emphasized the dynamic process of individual personality in situations since its inception. However, conventional personality research has largely focused on stable inter-individual differences and structural trait models. In recent years, with the rise of intensive longitudinal research methods and personality dynamics theories, researcher has shown a reinvigorated interest in the dynamic processes of personality systems within individuals, i.e., personality dynamics. Based on theories that focus on personality processes (e.g., whole trait theory, cognitive-affective personality system model, etc.), intensive longitudinal data and statistical methods that can model dynamic processes (e.g., dynamic structural equation modeling, network analysis, complex systems modeling, etc.), research on personality dynamics investigates personality processes with different emphases (e.g., the intraindividual interplay of cognitive, affective, motivational processes; person-situation interactions; dynamic features of personality). This article reviews early thinking, contemporary theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches in personality dynamics, and puts forward specific recommendations for future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-23
Abstract：
"Theory of Mind" refers to the ability to understand mental states (purposes, intentions, attention, beliefs, knowledge, desires, emotions, etc.) in oneself and others. It is not only an important branch in the field of psychology and neuroscience, but also has a wide range of applications in humanities and social sciences, as well as a possible development direction for artificial intelligence. In the Chinese context, its meaning has been agreed upon, but its Chinese translation has not yet been fully unified. In this paper, we searched the sub-collection of academic journals in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database with "theory of mind" as the keyword, and obtained 421 eligible Chinese documents after screening, and analyzed them to determine the development and usage of "theory of mind". The development and usage of the translation of "theory of mind" were analyzed. Based on the fact that "theory of mind" actually refers to the state of mental speculation in the field of research and application, and that the translation of "theory" into "揣测" in English. We propose to use "theory of mind" as the Chinese translation of "心理揣测" based on its feasibility and basis.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-12-18
Abstract： "Peer victimization (PV) is widespread among children and adolescents in China. Extant research indicated that children of adverse backgrounds, such as rural-to-urban migrant children and left-behind children, are more vulnerable to PV. Relatively few longitudinal studies, however, have examined how PV changes over time and whether children exposed to adversity are consistently victimized over time. Furthermore, PV can lead to serious psychological problems. Consistent with interpersonal risk and social information processing models, the deleterious effects of PV on externalizing problems and depressive symptoms are well-documented in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, previous studies mainly examined the separate effects of the initial level and change rates of PV on externalizing problems and depressive symptoms and ignored possible synergistic effects of the initial level and change rates of PV. Three competing models—the additive, stress-amplification, and stress-sensitization models—can explain how the synergistic effects of the initial level and change rates contribute to externalizing problems and depressive symptoms. Thus, the present study used a longitudinal design to explore changing trajectories of PV and investigated whether the PV trajectories differed across migrant status. This study further examined how the initial level and change rates of PV synergistically predicted externalizing problems and depressive symptoms among children and adolescents at two years later. This study employed a 4-wave longitudinal design spanning two years. Participants included 1,580 students from three provinces in China who were recruited through multiple schools including elementary (43.2%), middle (33.1%) and high (23.7%) schools. The mean age of participants at the baseline was 12.37 years (SD = 2.52, range = 9 to 19 years old; 54.9% boys).All measures in this study were based on participants’ self-report. At baseline, participants completed demographic information, including gender, grade, migrant status and subjective socioeconomic status. Multidimensional PV Scale was used to measure PV at waves 1 to 3. At baseline and wave 4, Child Behavior Checklist and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale were used to measure externalizing problems and depressive symptoms, respectively. All analyses were conducted using Mplus 8.0. The analyses were conducted in three steps. First, the unconditional latent growth model was used to estimate individual change in PV over time. Second, multi-group latent growth models were used to examine whether the initial level, change rates and the correlation between initial level and change rates of PV differed across migrant status. Finally, conditional latent growth models with latent variable interactions (between initial level and change rates) were used to examine how the initial level and change rates across wave 1 to wave 3 jointly predict externalizing problems and depressive symptoms at wave 4. First, unconditional latent growth modeling revealed a significant linear decline in PV over the three time points, and that individuals with higher initial levels of PV showed a faster decline; Second, multi-group latent growth model revealed significant differences in the trajectory of PV across migrant status. Specifically, compared to urban children, rural-to-urban migrant children, left-behind children and rural children had significantly higher initial levels of PV. Moreover, rural-to-urban migrant children and left-behind children exhibited a steep decline in PV; Third, conditional latent growth model with latent variable interactions showed that the interaction between the initial level and change rates of PV significantly predicted depressive symptoms and externalizing problems two years later, after controlling for demographics and depressive symptoms and externalizing problems at baseline. Supported by stress-sensitization model, individuals who were exposed to higher initial levels showed more depressive symptoms even when they exhibited a steeper decline in PV. But individuals exposed to lower initial levels would require more severe stress to trigger stronger stress reactivity (in our case, reflected as more depressive symptoms) at the slower rate of PV. Supported by stress-amplification model, individuals with higher initial levels of PV would have greater externalizing problems when experienced a slower change rate of PV. In contrast, individuals with lower initial levels would have fewer externalizing problems even when experienced a slower rate of PV. There are three major methodological and conceptual contribution of the present study: (1) we examined three key components— the initial level, change rates and the correlation between initial level and change rates of PV —to elaborate changing trends in PV over time and distinct victimization trajectories across children of different migrant status. These findings contribute to more comprehensive understanding of PV from developmental perspectives and precise detection and intervention aimed at supporting high-risk children and adolescents; (2) The analysis examining the interaction between initial level and change rates of PV adds novelty to extant literature and provides nuanced insights into synergistic effect that the initial level and change rates of PV affect problem behavior in an synergistic (rather than isolated) manner; (3) This study revealed that the initial level and change rates of PV play a unique role in depressive symptoms (risk sensitivity) and externalizing problems (risk enhancement). This highlights that the synergistic effect of initial level and change rates of PV may have significant implications for developmental science on adolescence health.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-16
Abstract：
Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE) refers to the adaptive changes in efficiency, function, and complexity of human culture over time through multiple social transmissions and innovation among individuals or groups. A large number of studies have been conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of CCE in the laboratory through single-subject experiments, “microcultures” or “microsocieties” designs, and computer simulations. Copying, teaching, and innovation are three important foundations for CCE. Copying and teaching ensure that cultural information is transmitted with high fidelity. Innovation makes modified cultural information more adaptable. Cultural information is gradually accumulated in the repeated high-fidelity transmission and modification cycle. In general, the boundary conditions of CCE can be summarized into two aspects: environmental factors and subjective factors. The former mainly involves task difficulty, environmental uncertainty, group size, and social interaction; the latter mainly involves technical reasoning, cognitive flexibility, innovation ability, and social identity. Future research can verify the feasibility of the new paradigm (single subject multi-task design), conduct laboratory research on non-technological cultural evolution, and explore the value and significance of upward transmissions of cultural information in CCE in the context of the current phenomenon of “cultural feedback” in China.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-15
Abstract：
Reciprocity reflects the resource circulation between “giving” and “reciprocating”, which widely affects the consumption field in various forms. However, the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior has not been systematically reviewed. By reviewing related literature in marketing, a framework for consumers' behavioral responses to reciprocal relationships was built. From three perspectives of reciprocal exchange, equivalence principle and moral norm, the framework shows that reciprocal relations can affect the subject, nature and level of consumer behavior. It further explores the underlying mechanism of (un)conscious decision-making, result-/deontology-orientation, equal exchange, and summarized social and individual factors moderating the relationship between reciprocity and consumer behavior. Finally, it offers directions for future research from the perspective of reciprocal antecedents, integrated consumer behavior, boundary conditions and mechanism differences of reciprocal subjects.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-10
Abstract：
Positive body image refers to the individual's cognitive acceptance of his own body, and the appreciation of the uniqueness and function of the body, as well as the active processing and protection of body evaluation information, which has the effect of internal and external gain on the individual. Taking the biopsychosocial model and the operational definition of body image as the theoretical framework, the study found that positive body image is affected by biological factors such as gender, age, and body mass index, psychological factors such as personality factors, cognitive mode, and interoception, as well as socio-cultural factors such as important others, mass media, and values, and has a protective effect on individual physical cognition, emotional experience, and behavior regulation, among which the body mass index, neuroticism, and perception of pressure from important others and mass media are prominent. Psychological and sociocultural factors have a greater influence on an individual's positive body image than biological factors. At the same time, functional-focused intervention and self-compassion-based intervention have become the two most commonly used promotion strategies, the former is more effective, while the latter has more advantages in the application and promotion. Future research can enrich the theoretical model of positive body image based on intersection theory, explore its development characteristics and occurrence mechanism, optimize the content and applicability of promotion strategies, pay attention to the prevention and treatment effect of family factors, and promote the study of positive body image in China.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-12-09
Abstract：
Loneliness has become an increasingly common social phenomenon. Recent research findings regarding the impact of loneliness on consumption behavior have contributed greatly to the field of consumer behavior. Loneliness is likely to induce such consumption behaviors as compensatory consumption, avoidance consumption, irrational consumption, as well as uniqueness consumption. Moreover, consumers' intimacy status, marketing strategies, product attributes, and consumption contexts are found to be important moderators. Researchers have employed varied perspectives to explain loneliness-induced consumption behavior, including social surrogacy theory, sense of control theory, compensatory consumption behavior theory, self-regulation theory, and personality trait theory. Future research shall pay more attention to the impact of loneliness on altruistic consumption, the effects of type and degree of loneliness on consumption behavior, the potential moderators and internal mechanisms of loneliness-induced consumption behavior, as well as the reverse impact of consumption behavior on loneliness.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-12-09
Abstract：
Job candidates and competitors aim to earn admission or high ratings. People tend to avoid displaying their skills in front of an expert due to the prediction that they will be rated unfavorably because the expert can accurately evaluate their level of skill. However, is this prediction accurate? The present research proposes a misprediction: candidates will undervalue the advantages of showing skills in front of an expert. This is because evaluators partially base their evaluations on the pride elicited by alluding to their expertise, whereas candidates base their predictions on whether their competence will be accurately evaluated but neglect evaluators’ pride. Eight studies (N = 1,888) demonstrated the proposed misprediction and tested its underlying mechanism. In Study 1, we assigned the participants to the candidate or the evaluator condition. The candidates made an incentive-compatible prediction on how they would be more likely to be admitted by displaying their skills in front of an expert or a non-expert. The evaluators admitted one between a candidate displaying skills in the evaluators’ area of expertise and a candidate displaying skills outside the evaluators’ area of expertise. The results showed that the evaluators preferred the candidate who showcased skills in the evaluators’ area of expertise. However, the candidates avoided doing so, which reduced their chances of admission. Studies 2 and 3 replicated the results in Study 1 with different competition forms (promotion or elimination) and domain assignments (active choice or passive assignment). These studies ruled out two alternative explanations that the evaluators preferred the candidate who showcased skills in the evaluators’ area of expertise solely because they were similar to the candidate or could easily evaluate the candidate. Studies 4 and 5 manipulated the candidates’ motivation to win the competition and their level of competence, respectively, to test whether they avoided displaying skills in front of experts due to the concern that their competence could be evaluated accurately by experts. The results indicated that the candidates showed a stronger misprediction and were less likely to showcase skills in front of experts when they highly (vs. less) desired to win the competition or had a lower (vs. higher) competence. Study 6 prompted the candidates to empathize with evaluators. We asked the candidates to think about their feelings when others made references to their expertise. As a result, the candidates were aware of their pride and made a more accurate prediction. Study 7 manipulated the evaluators’ pride to test whether they preferred the candidate who displayed skills in the evaluators’ area of expertise because that they felt pride when their expertise was referred to. The results revealed that the evaluators with lower (vs. higher) pride were less likely to admit the candidates who displayed skills in the evaluators’ area of expertise. In Study 8, we recorded the participants’ real-time thoughts during their decision making. The results again showed that the candidates focused on their competence during their decision-making process, whereas the evaluators’ preferences were affected by their pride. In addition, the real-time thoughts led to the underestimation about the benefits of displaying skills in front of an expert. We reveal that people fail to accurately predict the effect of a self-presentation strategy. Candidates undervalue the strategy of displaying skills in front of experts due to the empathy gap that they neglect the pride experienced by experts. Consequently, candidates mistakenly avoid displaying skills in front of experts and thus miss the chance to earn admission. Besides, we offer a feasible approach to reduce such a bias. Our findings encourage candidates to empathize with evaluators and strategically perform to experts.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-12-09
Abstract：
Networking behavior refers to employees’ behaviors that build, maintain, and use relationships to achieve work-related goals. Different from traditional social network research that focuses primarily on the decisive influence of network structure, research on networking behavior emphasizes the role of individual agency and indicates that employees can realize their career success by proactively engaging in networking behavior. Based on an overview of the previous research, the concept of employee networking behavior and its characteristics is firstly summarized. Second, perspectives including resource, affect, network, and exchange are adopted to summarize the effects and underlying mechanisms of employee networking behavior. Third, a number of potential directions for future research are discussed, including deepening and integrating different theoretical perspectives, examining online networking behavior under the context of enterprise social media platforms, updating the measurement of networking behavior and extending research methods. In so doing, we intend to advance the knowledge of both the nature and influence of networking behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-08
Abstract：
People recognize familiar faces more quickly and accurately than unfamiliar faces. Previous studies found that both holistic processing and part-based processing play a role in recognizing familiar faces efficiently. However, familiarization with faces may not happen and be accomplished in a short period of time. Little research has focused on the progress of familiarization with individuals' faces in real life: Did it reach a ceiling-level of recognition in a short period of time (sudden change) or over a long period of time (gradual change)? And what role did part-based processing and holistic processing play in the recognition improvement during face familiarization? In the current study, we recruited 57 undergraduate students, 30 from one class (Group 1: 20 females, age M = 18.4, SD = 0.8) and the remaining 27 from another class (Group 2: 18 females, age M = 19.2, SD = 0.8). They got along with their classmates for 1 month (Group 1) and 13 months (Group 2) of daily interactions, respectively. Three delayed-matching tasks (Whole-face Learning, Part Learning, and Part-masking Learning) were used to test the participants' face recognition performance, part-based processing level, and holistic processing level. The parts included eye and mouth, respectively. In each trial, a fixation point (800ms) was presented at the center of the screen, then the learning stimulus (500ms) was presented with the specific part (eye or mouth) at the fixation point location, and four whole faces (5000ms) were displayed on the screen after a blank (1000ms). The participants were asked to choose the face with the same identity as the learning stimuli. Results showed: (1) The recognition performance of familiar faces improved with the increase in daily-interaction time. The familiarity effect (the difference between recognizing the classmates and strangers) of participants with 13 months of daily interaction was higher than that of participants with 1 month. (2) The recognition performance of familiar faces was higher than that of unfamiliar faces in the Part Learning task and in the Part-masking Learning task, which indicated that both the part-based processing and holistic processing were enhanced by familiarity. (3) With the increase in face familiarity, the performance of the eye region and mouth region showed regional asynchronization. Participants with 1 month of daily-interaction time showed no familiarity effect in recognizing the region of the eye, but a significant familiarity effect in recognizing the peripheral region of the eye; and they showed significant familiarity effects both in recognizing the region of the mouth and the peripheral region of the mouth. Participants with 13 months showed a familiarity effect in recognizing the region of the eye, and a stronger familiarity effect in recognizing the peripheral region of the eye; and they showed no familiarity effect in recognizing the region of the mouth but a familiarity effect in recognizing the peripheral region of the mouth. (4) For unfamiliar faces (r= 0.412，p= 0.024; r= 0.439，p= 0.022) and familiar faces with 1 month (r= 0.428，p= 0.018) and 13 months daily interaction (r= 0.609，p= 0.001), the performance of recognizing the peripheral region of the eye was positively correlated with the performance of recognizing the whole faces. For familiar faces with 13 months of daily interaction, the performance of recognizing the region of the eye was positively correlated with the performance of recognizing the whole face (r= 0.562，p= 0.002). The results implied that the familiarization of face identity was a gradual process that lasts over one month. Familiarization promoted part-based processing and holistic processing, but the improvement of the holistic processing preceded that of the part-based processing. In addition, the improvement in recognizing the eye region and the mouth region showed regional asynchrony during the familiarization. Familiar face recognition has eye region specificity, and holistic processing in the eye region plays a key role in the establishment of memory representations of familiar faces. Results provide new knowledge for understanding the mechanism of face memory representation formation. These results suggest that Regional Asynchrony and Eye Region specificity emerged during the familiarization and provide new knowledge for the underlying mechanism of face representation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2022-12-06
Abstract：
Objective Simplify health literacy scales and conduct psychometric tests in Chinese cohorts. Methods A total of 7449 residents were included in the evaluation of the scale, and the data were randomly generated into 2 data sets for de Results A 9-item version of the scale (HLS-SF9) and a 4-item version of the scale (HLS-SF4) were simplified using CTT and the Mokken model, respectively.The Cronbach’s α coefficients of HLS-SF9 and HLS-SF4 were 0.913 and 0.842, HLS-SF4 was tested for one common factor by exploratory factor analysis(EFA), and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) of HLS-SF9 showed that all the fitness indicators of its three-dimension model were excellent. And there was a significant positive correlation between the Perceived Social Support Scale and the Family Health Scale Short-Form as the calibration scale (r=0.367, p<0.001; r=0.292, p<0.001) (r=0.340, p<0.001; r=0.266, p<0.001), indicating good empirical validity. At the same time, HLS-SF9 and HLS-SF4 are highly consistent with the content measured by the original version of the scale. Conclusions The simplified Health Literacy Scales have good reliability and validity, and are reliable and effective tools for quickly assessing the health literacy of Chinese people.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Management Science >> Development and Management of Human Resources Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-12-06
Abstract：
Voice-taking is originated from the ancient time and it’s crucial for the growth and success of an organization. This paper dealt with a detailed review on the concept, antecedents and outcomes of voice-taking. It found that existing studies paid less attention to the connotation of voice-taking and focused on discussing the antecedents of voice-taking, which were not conducive to in-depth understanding of the connotation and effects of voice-taking. Voice-taking is a deliberate cognitive process. Meanwhile, as a conscious behavior, it’s also a goal-directed behavior driven by motivation. From the perspective of motivation of voice-taking, this paper systematically explores the connotation of voice-taking and its effect mechanisms based on the regulatory focus theory. Specifically, according to motivation perspective and regulatory focus theory, voice-taking may include two sub-dimensions: promotive voice-taking and preventive voice-taking. Subsequently, the different effect mechanisms of promotive voice-taking and preventive voice-taking on voice behaviors and team innovation will be discussed from both individual and team levels, which will provide a new perspective for voice-taking research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2022-12-05
Abstract：
Learning by non-interactive teaching refers to learners play the role of teachers and teach what they have learned to others. The retrieval practice hypothesis, the generative learning hypothesis, and the social presence hypothesis explained the positive effects of learning by non-interactive teaching from the perspectives of memory consolidation, generative cognitive processing, and social presence, respectively. Summarizing the relevant studies, it was found that different implementations of learning by non-interactive teaching promoted learning differently, with learning by non-interactive teaching in oral form with a tutor figure (e.g. video) was more effective in improving learners' immediate comprehension, immediate transfer, delayed comprehension, and delayed transfer performance compared to simple learning activities such as restudy and retrieval practice, which was probably a better implementation. Learning by non-interactive teaching in oral form (e.g. audio only) or written form (e.g. text) without a tutor figure had a smaller positive effect on learning outcomes. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning may provide a supplementary explanation for differences in the effectiveness of different implementations of learning by non-interactive teaching. Learners who learned by non-interactive teaching also experienced higher motivation and enjoyment and were willing to invest more mental effort. Future research is needed to test and integrate theories, identify boundary conditions, and enhance the effectiveness of learning by non-interactive teaching.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-04
Abstract：
Receiving negative social feedback, e.g., social rejection, criticism, can bring social pain. Unable to forget such painful experiences often results in sustained mental distress, thereby contributing to the onset of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we asked when people received negative social feedback, whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and distraction would relieve social pain and facilitate forgetting of unwanted social feedback. Besides, we examined whether and how individual differences in depressive symptoms may influence the neural activity and behavioral benefits of emotion regulation.
During the experiment, participants received positive and negative social feedback about their personality that were claimed to be from their peers. While reading social feedback, participants were instructed to either naturally watch or actively down-regulate their negative emotions using either cognitive reappraisal or distraction strategy, with electroencephalograms (EEGs) being recorded. Subsequently, participants completed a surprise recall test during which they verbally recall the feedback upon seeing photos of peers from the previous session. We also measured participants’ self-evaluation and attitudes towards peers. Memory about social feedback, self-evaluation and attitudes toward peers were measured immediately after, and in 24 hours again to examine possible long-term benefits of emotion regulation. Participants’ EEG activities during emotion regulation were examined using both the event-related potential (ERP) and the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA).
Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction attenuated negative emotion and promoted forgetting of negative social feedback. Importantly, the mnemonic benefits of emotion regulation, i.e., forgetting of negative social feedback, were still evident on Day 2 after a 24-hour delay. In addition, participants' depression level significantly moderated the whole brain EEG activity patterns involved in different emotion regulatory strategies. Specifically, in the low-depression group, frontal-central EEG activity distinguished between watch and reappraisal conditions within 2-5 s, with the decoding accuracy predicted participants' subsequent memory performance. Whereas in the high-depression group, the whole-brain EEG activity patterns could distinguish between watch and distraction conditions within 2-3 s post-feedback. Moreover, the amplitude of central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) under the distraction condition were negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, suggesting that participants with higher depressive symptoms might be more effective in using distraction to regulate negative emotion than their low-depression counterparts.
Together, these results demonstrate that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies could alleviate social pain and facilitate forgetting of negative social feedback. Moreover, distraction may be a more suitable regulatory strategy particularly among individuals with high levels of depression. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the relationship between emotion and memory from the perspectives of social cognition and motivated forgetting; and provides insights for the alleviation of social pain using emotion regulation strategies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-12-04
Abstract：
Unethical pro-supervisor behavior refers to actions that are intended to promote the effective functioning of leaders and violate core societal values, mores, laws, or standards of proper conduct. Although subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior protects the personal interest of supervisors in the short term, it can be detrimental to the reputation of the supervisor and the company in the long term, thus hindering the high-quality development of the organization. Existing research has devoted considerable efforts to the antecedents of unethical pro-supervisor behavior. However, few studies have explored the consequences of unethical pro-supervisor behavior, which leads to an unanswered research question: will a subordinate engaging in unethical pro-supervisor behavior persist in this behavior in the future?
This study aims to investigate supervisors’ responses to subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior and how these responses shape subsequent unethical pro-supervisor behavior. Drawing on the ―Bao‖ theory, we proposed that supervisors have two paradoxical responses (gratitude-driven resource rewards versus guilt-driven punishment) to their subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior, which depends on supervisors’ integrity. Supervisors with high levels of integrity will respond to their subordinates who engage in unethical pro-supervisor behavior with guilt-driven punishment (a negative ―Bao‖), which reduces subordinates’ subsequent unethical pro-supervisor behavior. In contrast, supervisors with low levels of integrity will respond to their subordinates who engage in unethical pro-supervisor behavior with gratitude-driven resource rewards (a positive ―Bao‖), which increases subordinates’ subsequent unethical pro-supervisor behavior.
We conducted three studies. In Study 1, we conducted a scenario-based experiment to explore initial evidence for our hypotheses. In the scenario-based experiment, 120 pairs of subjects played the supervisor role and employee role. The results showed that when the level of supervisors’ integrity was lower, subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior increased supervisors’ resource rewards through supervisors’ gratitude, which, in turn, increased subordinates’ subsequent unethical pro-supervisor behavior (i.e., the positive change in UPSB). However, when the level of supervisors’ integrity was higher, subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior 28 increased supervisors’ punishment through supervisors’ guilt, which, in turn, reduced subordinates’ subsequent unethical pro-supervisor behavior. Study 1 established the internal validity of our findings. However, its external validity is limited. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey study (Study 2: four-wave data from 277 supervisor-subordinate dyads) and a diary survey study (Study 3: data from 87 supervisor-subordinate dyads over 10 working days). Mplus 8.0 was used to analyze the data. Our hypotheses were supported again.
This research has several theoretical implications. First, we introduced the perspective of supervisor response (i.e., supervisors’ emotional and behavioral responses) to examine the consequences of subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior, which advances the literature on unethical pro-supervisor behavior. Second, based on Bao’s theory, we explain how supervisors paradoxically respond to subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior. In doing so, this research contributes to the development of Chinese indigenous management theory. Third, we identified that the moral quality of supervisors (supervisors’ integrity) plays an important role in determining supervisors’ responses to subordinates’ unethical pro-supervisor behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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