Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology Subjects: Management Science >> Other Disciplines of Management Science submitted time 2023-12-29
Abstract： Identity, as the starting point for the entrepreneurial behavior and outcomes of female social entrepreneurs, is crucial in addressing the key issues they face - gaining legitimacy and enhancing entrepreneurial performance. However, there is still a lack of research on the relationship between female social entrepreneurs’ identity strategies and legitimacy acquisition, as well as on the underlying mechanisms of how identity integration enhances social entrepreneurial performance. Therefore, this study follows the progressive logic of “identity strategy-legitimacy acquisition- performance impact” to carry out three sub-studies. First, based on the identity theory, we explored the impact of identity strategies on women’s social entrepreneurial decision-making through experimental conjoint analysis. Second, based on the institutional logic perspective, we used fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore the configurational impact of identity strategies on legitimacy acquisition. Finally, we constructed a theoretical model based on the identity theory to analyze the impact of female social entrepreneurs’ identity integration on social entrepreneurial performance. This model reveals the mediating role of legitimacy and the moderating role of social bricolage. Our research findings can help guide female social entrepreneurs to develop a clear self-cognition and make informed entrepreneurial decisions to successfully gain legitimacy, thus enhancing social entrepreneurial performance.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-12-29
Abstract： Family dysfunction, characterized by a family's inability to fulfill its roles or the absence of positive characteristics, is a crucial factor influencing the mental health of children and adolescents. However, the nature of this relationship remains a subject of debate. To gain a relatively comprehensive understanding of the link between family dysfunction (both subjective and objective) and mental health (both positive and negative) in children and adolescents, this study employed a three-level meta-analysis. It drawn upon the family systems theory and the two-factor model of mental health as foundational frameworks. We reviewed and screened literature published up to March 1, 2022. Ultimately, 97 studies were included in the analysis, encompassing 173 effect sizes and 130,227 participants.
The main effect analysis revealed that single-parent families adversely affect the mental health of children and adolescents, exacerbating mental health issues. Other factors such as parental divorce, incarceration, substance abuse, mental illness, and subject family dysfunction also contribute to worsening mental health issues in this demographic. Additionally, the moderating effect analysis indicated that the negative impact of single-parent families is more pronounced in boys. Furthermore, in collectivist cultures, the detrimental effects of parental incarceration on children's and adolescents' mental health are more significant.
Overall, the findings from this meta-analysis supported the family systems theory. The study highlighted the importance of paying closer attention to the positive aspects of mental health in children and adolescents from dysfunctional families. It also suggested that interventions should be tailored to account for gender and cultural differences.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-12-25
Abstract： Trust is the basis of successful human-robot interaction. However, humans do not always hold the appropriate level of trust in human-robot interaction, sometimes they may also fall into pitfalls: the trust bias, which contains both over-trust and under-trust. Trust bias can harm the human-robot interaction and so trust calibration is necessary. Trust calibration is often achieved through two ways: trust dampening and trust promoting. Trust dampening focuses on how to reduce the high level of trust in robots, while trust promoting focuses on how to improve the low level of trust in robots. For future directions, we suggest further optimize the measurement of methods. Besides, we also need to clarify the cognitive process and explore more boundary conditions. Finally, in order to boost human-robot collaboration, researchers are encouraged to explore personalized and specialized trust calibration strategies based on individual differences and further clarify the various reasons why trust bias occurs.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-12-25
Abstract： This research is a breakthrough from the traditional cognitive intervention in which older adults are the targets of help, and uses volunteering as the intervention approach and older adults as the subjects of help to explore the effects and mechanisms of cognitive, physical, and social activities involved in the process of helping older adults, which in turn affects their own cognitive function. To achieve these goals, the study will use randomized controlled trials, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and data modeling techniques to examine the neuropsychological mechanisms of volunteering on cognitive function in older adults, from the perspective of the hot-cold dual system. In addition, the study aims to develop a predictive model to explore the fitness of different older adults who participate in volunteering to improve their cognitive function. By focusing on the scientific aspects of volunteering for cognitive function in older adults, this research aims to increase the sustainability of the interventions, while utilizing the subjective initiative of older adults to provide a reality-based intervention for the protection of cognitive function in later life.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-12-24
Abstract： Objective: Identify the acute stress response patterns, and explore the difference of state anxiety and positive and negative emotion scores of different acute stress response models at different time points. Methods: The acute stress response of 226 healthy adults was induced by the stress inducing task. Salivary cortisol was collected and the trait anxiety scale, state anxiety scale, and positive and negative emotion scale were filled out at different time points. The latent class growth analysis of salivary cortisol was used for heterogeneity testing. Results: The results showed that the acute stress response pattern can be divided into three latent class: low stress response, medium stress response and high stress response. The state anxiety scores and negative emotion scores of individuals with low acute stress response after the end of stress task were significantly lower than those at the end of stress task. Conclusion: The acute stress response pattern has obvious classification characteristics, including low stress response, medium stress response and high acute stress response. Low stress response individuals will experience negative emotional experience for a short time after stress.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2023-12-22
Abstract： Negative family events and experiences have been major social problems in recent years due to the intersection and influence of technical, economic, and epidemic shocks. Negative family events influence leaders’ family domain and also have a cross-domain effect on leadership behaviors at work. However, there are two contradictory views on the relationship between negative family events and effective leadership behaviors. Some scholars claim a negative effect because of the depletion of leaders’ self-control resources, called the “trapped-by-family effect.” Others propose a positive effect owing to cross-domain compensation, called the “compensation effect.”
The inconsistency in existing literature prompts us to reconcile it using the theory of cross-domain leader identity. We argue that the influence of daily negative family events on leader identity and effective leadership behaviors depends on the leaders’ extraversion levels. Specifically, when leaders have higher levels of extraversion, the compensation effect will come into play; that is, daily negative family events will be positively associated with daily effective leadership behaviors by promoting daily leader identity. In contrast, when leaders have lower levels of extraversion, the trapped-by-family effect will play a role; that is, daily negative family events will be negatively associated with daily effective leadership behaviors by reducing daily leader identity.
To capture within-person variance and test our model, we conducted two experience sampling studies of middle managers across 10 consecutive workdays. In Study 1, participants were middle managers from three merchant banks in three cities. Before initiating the daily survey, participants were asked to complete a basic survey containing demographic questions and an extraversion personality inventory. After matching procedures, 461 observations from 67 managers were included in our final sample. Data analysis supported our hypotheses for both initial structure and transformational leadership that are typical effective leadership behaviors in the literature. In Study 2, we collected data from participants from different regions and industries, and the final sample included 307 observations from 42 managers. The data analysis results showed that negative family events did have both a trapped-by-family effect on leader identity and effective leadership behavior through ego-depletion and a compensation effect on leader identity and effective leadership behavior through compensation.
The theoretical contributions of this paper are fourfold. First, we integrate the inconsistent ideas of the relationship between negative family events and effective leadership behavior using the theory of cross-domain leader identity. We find that the levels of leaders’ extraversion play a vital role in deciding whether negative family events will have a trapped-by-family effect or a compensation effect on effective leadership behavior via leader identity. Second, unlike existing empirical studies, our findings suggest that negative family events will not always lead to negative leadership behaviors. At the within-person level, leaders with high levels of extraversion will exhibit more effective leadership behaviors at work after experiencing negative family events. Third, we extend the current research to further explore the effect of personality on leadership behaviors. Prior studies have suggested that extraversion assists leaders in handling the challenges of work, while we find that extraversion will also promote leaders to actively respond to negative family events by engaging in effective leadership behaviors. Fourth, we also contribute to leader identity studies by shifting its antecedents from work domain to family domain and by exploring the interactive effect of personal and situational factors on leader identity. The present study also provides practical guidance for organizations and leaders to cope with the challenge of negative family events and promote its potential positive effects.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-12-22
Abstract： With algorithms standing out and influencing every aspect of human society, people’s attitudes toward algorithmic invasion have become a vital topic to be discussed. Recently, algorithms as alternatives and enhancements to human decision-making have become ubiquitously applied in the workplace. Despite algorithms offering numerous advantages, such as vast data storage and anti-interference performance, previous research has found that people tend to reject algorithmic agents across different applications. Especially in the realm of human resources, the increasing utilization of algorithms forces us to focus on users’ attitudes. Thus, the present study aimed to explore public attitudes toward algorithmic decision-making and probe the underlying mechanism and potential boundary conditions behind the possible difference.
To verify our research hypotheses, four experiments (N = 1211) were conducted, which involved various kinds of human resource decisions in the daily workplace, including resume screening, recruitment and hiring, allocation of bonuses, and performance assessment. Experiment 1 used a single-factor, two-level, between-subjects design. 303 participants were randomly assigned to two conditions (agent of decision-making: human versus algorithm) and measured their permissibility, liking, and willingness to utilize the agent. Experiment 1 was designed to be consistent with experiment 2. The only difference was an additional measurement of perceived transparency to test the mediating role. Experiment 3 aimed to establish a causal chain between the mediator and dependent variables by manipulating the perceived transparency of the algorithm. In experiment 4, a single-factor three-level between-subjects design (non-anthropomorphism algorithm versus anthropomorphism algorithm versus human) was utilized to explore the boundary condition of this effect.
As anticipated, the present research revealed a pervasive algorithmic aversion across diverse organizational settings. Specifically, we conceptualized algorithm aversion as a tripartite framework encompassing cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions. We found that compared with human managers, participants demonstrated significantly lower permissibility (Experiments: 1, 2, and 4), liking (Experiments: 1, 2, and 4), and willingness to utilize (Experiment 2) algorithmic management. And the robustness of this result was demonstrated by the diversity of our scenarios and samples. Additionally, this research discovered perceived transparency as an interpretation mechanism explaining participants’ psychological reactions to different decision-making agents. That is to say, participants were opposed to algorithmic management because they thought its decision processes were more incomprehensible and inaccessible than humans (noted in Experiment 2). Addressing this “black box” phenomenon, experiment 3 showed that providing more information and principles about algorithmic management positively influenced participants’ attitudes. Crucially, the result also demonstrated the moderating effect of anthropomorphism. The result showed that participants exhibited greater permissibility and liking for the algorithm with human-like characteristics, such as a human-like name and communication style, over more than a mechanized form of the algorithm. This observation underlined the potential of anthropomorphism to ameliorate resistance to algorithmic management.
These results bridge the gap between algorithmic aversion and decision transparency from the social-psychological perspective. Firstly, the present research establishes a three-dimensional (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) dual-perspective (employee and employer) model to elucidate the negative responses toward algorithmic management. Secondly, it reveals that perceived opacity acts as an obstacle to embracing algorithmic decision-making. This finding lays the theoretical foundation of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) which is conceptualized as a “glass box”. Ultimately, the study highlights the moderating effect of anthropomorphism on algorithmic aversion. This suggests that anthropomorphizing algorithms could be a feasible approach to facilitate the integration of intelligent management systems.
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2023-12-21
Abstract： Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) have gained popularity for their unique testing content and high face validity. However, traditional SJT formats, particularly those employing multiple-choice (MC) options, have encountered scrutiny due to their susceptibility to test-taking strategies. In contrast, open-ended and constructed response (CR) formats present a propitious means to address this issue. Nevertheless, their extensive adoption encounters hurdles primarily stemming from the financial implications associated with manual scoring. In response to this challenge, we propose an open-ended SJT employing a written-constructed response format for the assessment of teacher competency. This study established a scoring framework leveraging natural language processing (NLP) technology to automate the assessment of response texts, subsequently subjecting the system's validity to rigorous evaluation. The study constructed a comprehensive teacher competency model encompassing four distinct dimensions: student-oriented, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and achievement motivation. Additionally, an open-ended situational judgment test was developed to gauge teachers' aptitude in addressing typical teaching dilemmas. A dataset comprising responses from 627 primary and secondary school teachers was collected, with manual scoring based on predefined criteria applied to 6,000 response texts from 300 participants. To expedite the scoring process, supervised learning strategies were employed, facilitating the categorization of responses at both the document and sentence levels. Various deep learning models, including the convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), C-LSTM, RNN+attention, and LSTM+attention, were implemented and subsequently compared, thereby assessing the concordance between human and machine scoring. The validity of automatic scoring was also verified.
This study reveals that the open-ended situational judgment test exhibited an impressive Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.91 and demonstrated a good fit in the validation factor analysis through the use of Mplus. Criterion-related validity was assessed, revealing significant correlations between test results and various educational facets, including instructional design, classroom evaluation, homework design, job satisfaction, and teaching philosophy. Among the diverse machine scoring models evaluated, CNNs have emerged as the top-performing model, boasting a scoring accuracy ranging from 70% to 88%, coupled with a remarkable degree of consistency with expert scores (r= 0.95, QWK=0.82). The correlation coefficients between human and computer ratings for the four dimensions—student-oriented, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and achievement motivation—approximated 0.9. Furthermore, the model showcased an elevated level of predictive accuracy when applied to new text datasets, serving as compelling evidence of its robust generalization capabilities.
This study ventured into the realm of automated scoring for open-ended situational judgment tests, employing rigorous psychometric methodologies. To affirm its validity, the study concentrated on a specific facet: the evaluation of teacher competency traits. Fine-grained scoring guidelines were formulated, and state-of-the-art NLP techniques were used for text feature recognition and classification. The primary findings of this investigation can be summarized as follows: (1) Open-ended SJTs can establish precise scoring criteria grounded in crucial behavioral response elements; (2) Sentence-level text classification outperforms document-level classification, with CNNs exhibiting remarkable accuracy in response categorization; and (3) The scoring model consistently delivers robust performance and demonstrates a remarkable degree of alignment with human scoring, thereby hinting at its potential to partially supplant manual scoring procedures.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-12-19
Abstract： Smoking behavior and cessation are significantly influenced by self-exempting beliefs, which are considered to be rationalizations. Previous studies have recognized the process of cognitive dissonance underlying the emergence and formation of self-exempting beliefs. However, little is known about the reasons for the specific selection of self-exempting beliefs rather than other types of rationalization among smokers. The formation of self-exempting beliefs among smokers should involve three processes: cognitive dissonance and rationalization, highlighting self-specificity, and belief competition and stability. Given this situation, specific interventions for self-exempting beliefs, including hypocrisy induction, motivational interviewing, and question-based smoking warnings, could be conducted for smokers. Future researchers should conduct additional indigenous studies that focus on the characteristics of Chinese smokers and explore the mechanisms underlying the influence of self-exempting beliefs on intentions to quit smoking, the factors that impact the emergence and formation of self-exempting beliefs, and effective interventions for addressing self-exempting beliefs.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology Subjects: Biology >> Neurobiology submitted time 2023-12-19
Abstract： Homotopic positions are defined as the two areas with opposite but equal horizonal coordinates in the standard symmetric brain space. Characterizing similarity between two homotopic areas, brain homotopy represents a typical feature of the brain’s two hemispheres for both structure and function. Functional homotopy provides important perspectives for understanding neural correlates of cognition and behavior. Despite the decisive role of spatial geometric constraints and homophilic attachment on the human connectome, traditional practices in mapping functional homotopy only considered the temporal correlations of functional timeseries between homotopic areas, but ignored the homophily factors in generative connectivity models. Here, we proposed a novel method for functional homotopy analysis, namely Homotopic Functional Affinity (HFA). This method quantifies the homotopic affinity as the Cosine distance of the full-brain functional connectivity profiles or fingerprints between the homotopic areas. HFA captures both geometric constraints (homotopic location) and homophily (affinity) simultaneously. By leveraging the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Chinese HCP (CHCP), we mapped the 700ms-2mm high spatiotemporal resolution HFA and evaluated its test-retest reliability with linear mixed models, exhibiting generally fair-to-substantial reliable measurements of individual differences in HFA. The lowest HFA observed in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) inspired to perform an edge-detection algorithm on its surface render and derived three clearly differentiable and adjacent TPJ subregions: the anterior TPJ (TPJa), the central TPJ (TPJc), and the posterior TPJ (TPJp). We further validated the HFA for the three TPJ regions through a set of comprehensive analyses, including the delineation of their functional connectivity fingerprints, the meta-analysis of their cognitive functions, and the their task-activation correlation. Finally, we linked the cortical HFA map to those multimodal brain maps of gene expression, evolution, myelination, functional hierarchy, and cognitive association. The systematic subregion analysis revealed the complex hemispheric specialization of TPJ in attention, social cognition, and language functions. In general, functional specialization of the TPJ areas was stronger in the left hemisphere. The findings from the task activation correlation were highly consistent with those of the meta-analysis. Notably, there were significant differences in social cognition relevant to the three TPJ areas between HCP and CHCP datasets. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of multimodal brain maps illustrated a close relationship between the HFA map and multimodal brain maps. The consistency of maps derived in distinct analyses demonstrated the feasibility of HFA in further understanding psychological and behavioral mechanisms on neural lateralization from the perspective of hemispheric functional integration and specialization. We believe that HFA will create a new arena for brain mapping in population neuroscience studies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-12-11
Abstract： Growth mindset, the belief that one’s abilities can be improved through effort and learning, has attracted much attention from researchers in personality, social and developmental psychology. Thanks to large-scale surveys and randomized controlled field experiments around the world, growth mindset research has entered a new era of interdisciplinary, international and generalizable intervention research. However, as more evidence emerges, researchers have also noticed that the effects of growth mindsets vary across different situations. To address the issues of replicability and generalizability, mindsets × context theory proposes that growth mindsets are more beneficial when individuals face challenges or threats (vulnerability) and when the environment supports their learning and growth (psychological affordance). These insights offer new directions for designing and implementing growth mindset interventions. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms of psychological affordance and vulnerability, and develop tailored intervention programs for different groups, so that growth mindset interventions can effectively promote individual development and solve educational problems.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-12-07
Abstract： Cooperation among strangers is a key feature of social capital which facilitates societies to effectively compete with other societies. Notably, cooperation among strangers does not remain permanent or stable within a society but can shift with changes in ecology and culture.
In the past few decades, China has experienced tremendous social changes, mainly manifested in rapid economic growth, rising urbanization level, more widespread higher education, and rapid development of the internet. Meanwhile, people’s residential mobility and social interaction scope has expanded. Acquaintance society has been shrinking while stranger society has been expanding. Interpersonal trust has declined and individualism has increased. However, little is known about whether cooperation (operationalized as cooperative behavior in social dilemmas) among strangers has shifted along with above societal changes within Chinese society. Thus, based on the history of experimental research on cooperation among young Chinese adults in situations involving conflicting interests (i.e., social dilemmas), this study meta-analyzed 254 studies conducted between 1999 and 2019 with 302 unique samples and effect sizes involving 29,249 participants to test for possible changes over time in cooperation among strangers.
We conducted meta-regression analyses applying a three-level mixed-effects meta-regression model and performed multiple imputation to handle missing data in our model. For all analyses, year of data collection was entered as the predictor, and the cooperation estimate as the outcome variable. In addition, we also simultaneously added the study characteristic variables (i.e., dilemma type, proportion of male participants, repetitions, group size, K index, communication, sanctions, and period of cooperation) as control variables to the meta-regression models to rule out the possibility that changes in cooperation are explained by study characteristics. Finally, we also calculated the magnitude of change in cooperation and reported the correlations between the sociocultural indicators and cooperation.
We found cooperation among strangers increased over time in Chinese society: The cooperation rate had increased from 0.33 in 1999 to 0.45 in 2019 after controlling for other variables. In addition, some societal indicators (e.g., societal wealth, urbanization level, higher education level, and internet penetration rate) measured 10 to 5 years prior to measures of cooperation were found to be positively associated with cooperation, suggesting that they may be potential societal underpinnings of increases in cooperation. The cooperative behavior among strangers in China and the United States shows a similar upward trend, but cooperation in Chinese society has a larger increase in a shorter period. These findings have important implications for boosting public confidence in solving present and future challenges.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-12-06
Abstract： The spontaneity of Level-1 visual perspective taking has been widely discussed in the field of visual perspective taking. Many studies have confirmed that Level-1 visual perspective taking is spontaneously activated, but this finding has mainly been observed in the context of a single avatar’s presence. Scenarios involving two or more avatars have received scant attention. Specifically, no suitable experimental paradigm has been developed for situations with multiple avatars in this domain. Therefore, the paradigm adapted from those employed by Samson et al. (2010) and Mattan et al. (2015) was used in this study. The stimuli of virtual scenes were modeled by 3D Max, and the experimental procedures were programmed by E-Prime, recording the accuracy rate and reaction time. In contrast to previous studies, this paper explores whether and how the multiple avatars affect the process of Level-1 visual perspective taking, and clarifies the influencing factors by varying the conditions.
This study comprises three experiments. In Experiment 1, the paradigm adapted from the classic “dot-perspective task” was employed to investigate whether participants would spontaneously compute another perspective in the presence of a single avatar (target avatar). In Experiment 2, an additional avatar (irrelevant avatar) is introduced to explore how the consistency in the number of dots seen by the avatars would affect the perspective-taking process. Subsequently, Experiment 3 excluded the influence of the consistency in the number of dots seen by the avatars and investigated whether consistency in the line of sight would impact the presence of multiple avatars.
Based on the results from these three experiments, the conclusions drawn are as follows:
(1) The adapted paradigm proved to be feasible, successfully replicating the results of previous studies: which indicated that Level-1 visual perspective taking was spontaneously activated in the presence of a single avatar. The perspectives of the self and the avatar mutually interfered with each other. For self-perspective judging trials, the avatar’s perspective was spontaneously activated, leading to altercentric intrusion, and conversely, egocentric intrusion could occur.
(2) In the presence of multiple avatars, the Level-1 visual perspective-taking process remained spontaneous. Furthermore, the consistency in the number of objects seen by avatars resulted in a group-perspective effect, especially during self-perspective judgments. When the number of objects seen by the participant and the target avatar was consistent, the group perspective had a positive impact on the judgment. Conversely, if there was an inconsistency, it would impede the judgment process.
(3) When the number of objects seen by avatars was set to be inconsistent, the consistency of the line of sight could still capture the participants’ attention to both avatars. This situation leads to interference from the perspective of the irrelevant avatar, further influencing the spontaneity of Level-1 visual perspective taking, whether it was judged from the perspective of the self or the avatar.
In summary, perspective computation occurs effortlessly, flexibly, and spontaneously in scenarios involving multiple avatars, whether considering the perspective of a target or irrelevant avatar. The outcomes of perspective taking can either enhance or impede the performance in dot-perspective tasks, depending on the relationship among the “self, target avatar, and irrelevant avatar”, while exhibiting distinctive performance traits based on the specific situation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-12-05
Abstract： To establish a stable and sensitive experience of the world, the brain tends to use recent history when forming perceptual decisions. This results in serial dependence in perception, by which previous trials affect the current perception. The serial dependence effect can be divided into (at least) two categories: the effect of previous stimuli (i.e., the stimulus serial dependence effect) and the effect of previous decisions (i.e., the decisional serial dependence effect) on the current perception. Although separate stimulus and decisional serial dependence effects have been demonstrated in duration perception, their spatial selectivity is unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how serial dependence in duration perception generalizes across different visual positions of stimuli.
The modified temporal bisection task was used in three experiments. Specifically, 24 naïve volunteers participated in Experiment 1. During the experiment, the visual stimulus (a white Gaussian blob) was pseudorandomly presented in the central or peripheral (10° from the left fixation) visual field. Participants were asked to judge whether the duration of the test stimulus (i.e., 300, 395, 520, 684, or 900 ms) was shorter or longer than a reference stimulus of intermediate duration (i.e., 520 ms) once the test stimulus disappeared. A group of 23 new volunteers were recruited for Experiment 2. The task of Experiment 2 was similar to that of Experiment 1, except that the visual stimulus was pseudorandomly located at either 5° to the left or 5° to the right of the central fixation. A new set of 24 volunteers participated in Experiment 3, in which the positions of both the fixation and the visual stimulus were changed; there were thus four types of positional relationships between stimuli across trials (i.e., identity, retinal position change, external position change, and both changes).
The results showed that previous stimulus duration and previous choice exerted opposing effects on serial dependence of duration perception: specifically, a repulsive stimulus serial dependence and an attractive decisional serial dependence. In other words, current duration estimates were repelled away from the previous trial’s stimulus duration but attracted toward the previous choice. We found these effects in both the central and peripheral visual fields. More importantly, we found that the stimulus serial dependence effect was not constrained by the visual position of the stimuli: the effects were comparable between contexts in which the stimulus positions of previous and current trials were the same and when they were different. The effects fully transferred across the central and peripheral visual fields, across the left and right visual hemifields, and across different external spaces. However, we found that the decisional serial dependence effect was larger in the position-consistent context than in the position-inconsistent context. This indicates that the decisional serial dependence effect could only be partially transferred across different visual positions regardless of the types of positions (i.e., spatiotopic vs. retinotopic).
These results provide evidence that both previous stimuli duration and previous choices affect subsequent perceptual decisions about duration, resulting in repulsive and attractive serial dependence effects, respectively. The repulsive stimulus serial dependence effect fully generalizes across different visual positions, suggesting it occurs primarily in higher-level visual areas. This also implies the existence of fast-duration adaptation. The attractive decisional serial dependence effect suggests that there is decision inertia in perceptual choices. Moreover, this effect is partly contingent on the visual position, which may result from the category organization function of higher-order brain areas. This suggests that the brain takes advantage of the visual position context when forming the decisional prior. These findings are helpful for understanding the plasticity of duration perception.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Management Science >> Development and Management of Human Resources submitted time 2023-12-01
Abstract： Although experimental vignette methodology (EVM) enhances both internal and ecological validity, there is still a lack of detailed and standardized guidance for the design of vignettes in the field of management. Based on this, this study first introduced the definition and types of EVM. The differences between EVM and contextual priming methodology were also clarified. Secondly, this study coded and analyzed 93 scenario experiments drawn from 20 major domestic and foreign management-related journals in the past five years. Utilizing the coded data, we answered the question of how to design the vignettes of EVM from the three stages of pre-design, design and post-design. Among them, the pre-design phase focused on when to use the EVM; the design stage focused on how to draft the vignettes, which was divided into five sub-stages: determining the number of vignettes, drafting the vignettes, choosing the media, standardizing vignettes and enhancing vignettes realism. The post-design stage focused on evaluating whether the vignettes were clear, realistic, complete and effective. If the vignettes didn’t pass the test or there was a need for another scenario experiment, the researcher should return to the design stage to continuously modify or rewrite the vignettes until they met the standards. Future research could use incident technique, information technology to design the vignettes. Furthermore, vignettes with iterative decision are encouraged to be created. It is also important to note that the design process of vignettes should follow theoretical guidance. In doing so, it will help enhance the applicability, richness and authenticity of vignettes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-12-01
Abstract： Is visual consciousness a discrete or continuous pattern? The attentional blink paradigm from the perspective of attentional blindness is an important tool for answering this question. Attentional blink paradigm refers to the rapid presentation of stimulus (approximately 10 per second) in a fixed spatial position, where participants need to report one or more targets among several distractions. This paradigm can effectively weaken consciousness to varying degrees by controlling the lag time, avoiding confusion in subjective judgments and errors caused by exogenous attention. Based on the perspective of integrated theory, the coexistence of two patterns in attentional blink is demonstrated, providing a compatible theoretical framework for different perspectives on this issue, and helping to further explore the reasons why measurement methods, stimulus materials, participants' reaction modes, processing levels, and attentional load affect visual consciousness patterns. Future research can optimize experimental methods and operations based on the above factors, thereby conducting in-depth empirical exploration of this issue from the perspective of attentional blink.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-11-29
Abstract： Preschool-aged children are situated within a crucial phase for the enhancement of their inhibitory control capabilities. Recent investigations have unveiled that the inhibitory control of preschoolers is not a simplistic, unidimensional construct. Rather, it progressively divides into “hot” inhibition and “cold” inhibition, with these facets maturing as children grow older. Remarkably, all two aspects bear substantial significance for the advancement of children's higher cognitive capacities and emotional regulation proficiencies. Prior inquiries have indicated that a solitary 24-hour movement behavior, such as physical activity, sedentary conduct, or sleep, possesses the potential to influence the inhibitory control abilities of preschool children. Nonetheless, some scholars have critiqued the flawed approach of examining the impact of isolated movement behaviors on cognitive development. Consequently, new research endeavors should adopt a comprehensive perspective, investigating the collective influence of these three behaviors in order to comprehensively analyze their effects on the psychological development of preschool children.
Therefore, this study combined questionnaire measurement and behavioral experiments, and used the Isotemporal substitution model of compositional data to explore the association between 24-hour Movement behavior and “cold” and “hot” inhibition control in preschool children. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and their parents’ answers to a self-reported questionnaire, 66 preschoolers (3-6 years) were investigated in this study. Relevant questionnaires were used to measure 24-hour movement behavior, and Fish flanker and Emotional flanker paradigms were used to measure the “cold” and “hot” inhibitory control of preschoolers. The time of light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were calculated according to the range specified by the authors. Sleep duration (SLP) was measured using a self-compiled questionnaire consistent with previous studies; the correct rate indexes of Fish Flanker and Emotion Flanker tasks were automatically recorded by the computer.
The results showed that the temporal distribution of 24-hour movement behavior were statistically significant (p<0.001) with “cold” and “hot” inhibitory control of preschoolers. The isotemporal substitution results show the difference in prediction between “cold” and “hot” inhibitory control when 10 minutes of movement behavior is reassigned to other movement behaviors and the remaining movement behaviors remain unchanged. In terms of “cold” inhibitory control, isotemporal substitution analysis revealed that the correct rate of “cold” inhibitory control increased significantly after 10 minutes of SLP replaced SB or LPA, and this also happened after MVPA replaced SB or LPA. In terms of “hot” inhibitory control, when SB, LPA were reassigned for 10 minutes to SLP, the predicted “hot” inhibitory control of children was higher than the predicted average “hot” inhibitory control. Whereas the opposite allocation pattern (10 min reallocation from SLP to SB, LPA) predicted the opposite “hot” inhibitory control change, but these relationships were asymmetrical.
In conclusion, during the preschool stage, inhibitory control is influenced by 24-hour movement behaviors, and this influence varies depending on the different combinations of these behaviors. When comparing light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), substituting sedentary behavior (SB) with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sleep duration (SLP) yields the most notable enhancement in children's inhibitory control. This study explored the relationship between 24-hour movement behavior and “cold” and “hot” inhibitory control of preschool children, which can provide scientific basis for the cultivation of inhibitory control ability of preschool children and 24-hour exercise guidelines.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2023-11-28
Abstract： With the widespread use of intensive longitudinal studies in psychology and other social sciences, reliability estimation of tests in intensive longitudinal studies has received increasing attention. Earlier reliability estimation methods drawn from cross-sectional studies or based on generalizability theory have many limitations and are not applicable to intensive longitudinal studies. Considering the two main characteristics of intensive longitudinal data, multilevel structure and dynamic nature, the reliability of tests in intensive longitudinal studies can be estimated based on multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, dynamic factor analysis, and dynamic structural equation models. The main features and applicable contexts of these three reliability estimation methods are demonstrated with empirical data. Future research could explore the reliability estimation methods based on other models, and should also pay more attention to the testing and reporting of test reliability in intensive longitudinal studies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-27
Abstract： The eye effect refers to the significant changes in people’s behavior when presented with direct eye cues. Previous research has found that eye cues have several positive effects, such as increasing people’s prosocial behavior, reducing antisocial behavior, and increasing self-awareness. However, these effects are often unstable. Factors that lead to the instability of the eye effect include physiological characteristics of the eyes, emotional type, presentation time, direction of gaze, form of task interaction, number of people around, noise in the vicinity, individual self-awareness, group identity, and behavioral costs. The principles behind it can be summarized as reputation mechanism and rule mechanism. Explaining the reasons for the instability of the eye effect based on the influencing factors and psychological mechanisms perspectives can provide theoretical insights into its ability to produce stable benefits. Future research could further refine the types of eye cues to expand the scope of the study, incorporate cognitive neuroscience techniques to explore the neural mechanisms involved, conduct longitudinal comparisons at different developmental stages of individuals, and conduct field studies to improve the ecological validity of the research in this area.The eye effect refers to the significant changes in people’s behavior when presented with direct eye cues. Previous research has found that eye cues have several positive effects, such as increasing people’s prosocial behavior, reducing antisocial behavior, and increasing self-awareness. However, these effects are often unstable. Factors that lead to the instability of the eye effect include physiological characteristics of the eyes, emotional type, presentation time, direction of gaze, form of task interaction, number of people around, noise in the vicinity, individual self-awareness, group identity, and behavioral costs. The principles behind it can be summarized as reputation mechanism and rule mechanism. Explaining the reasons for the instability of the eye effect based on the influencing factors and psychological mechanisms perspectives can provide theoretical insights into its ability to produce stable benefits. Future research could further refine the types of eye cues to expand the scope of the study, incorporate cognitive neuroscience techniques to explore the neural mechanisms involved, conduct longitudinal comparisons at different developmental stages of individuals, and conduct field studies to improve the ecological validity of the research in this area.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-26
Abstract： During the COVID-19 pandemic, all age groups’ mental health has substantially declined. Compared to other age groups, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health problems was more salient, particularly on depression and anxiety. Previous studies, which were primarily conducted during the phase of COVID-19 pandemic, have mainly covered the first and second phases of COVID-19-related prevention and containment in China, without adequate attention being paid to the third and fourth phases of COVID-19-related prevention and containment in China. The present study thus investigated the developmental trajectories of depression and anxiety among adolescents, as well as the potential antecedent (psychological resilience) and outcome (prosocial tendency) of such trajectories in the late phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. In this study, 1170 adolescents in Shandong province were assessed at three time points with a six-month interval (Time 1=May 2021; Time 2=November 2021; Time 3=May 2022) from the normalization period of the pandemic through self-report questionnaires. The adolescents completed Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale during the three measurements. Furthermore, all adolescents completed the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale at Time 1 and Prosocial Tendencies Measure at Time 3. According to the results of the latent growth curve models, adolescents’ depression and anxiety levels tended to decline. The higher the level of depression and anxiety at Time 1, the slower the decline over time. Furthermore, psychological resilience at Time 1 negatively predicted initial levels of depression and anxiety but positively predicted the decreasing speed of depression and anxiety trajectories. Concerning the outcomes, we found that the initial level and speed of depression trajectories significantly and negatively predicted the levels of prosocial tendency at Time 3. Regarding the anxiety trajectory, its intercept factor negatively predicted prosocial tendency at Time 3, but its slope factor’s predictive effect was non-significant. Finally, multi-group analyses revealed that both boys and girls showed declining trends in depression and anxiety over time, while girls scored significantly higher on depression and anxiety initially than boys. In conclusion, this research found that the changes in mental health (particularly depression and anxiety problems) among Chinese adolescents in the late phase of the COVID-19 pandemic were developing well, which provides empirical evidence for better construction of adolescent mental health service systems in China.
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