Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-12
Abstract： Consumer guilt refers to negative feelings caused by consumer’s behavior that violates social norms or individual values. Consumer guilt exists universally in college students who are not economically independent yet but have a strong willingness to consume. However, few studies have systematically examined what caused consumer guilt in college students. Related research showed that people with different socioeconomic status (SES) had different psychological experience during consuming. Therefore, the level of consumer guilt may vary in college students with different SES. College students’ parents bring them up and also provide them financial support. As main factors of parent-child relationship, Parenting styles and parent-child communication probably moderate the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Materialism is a value emphasizing the importance of material wealth in individual life. Individuals with high materialism are more likely to engage in irrational consumption, which leads to consumer guilt. That means different level of materialism probably influences the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Furthermore, the current study also explores the moderating effects of parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism on the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. The current study recruited 560 college students online, who were from different Chinese universities(Mage = 20.94±1.99 years, 266 females). 560 participants completed questionnaires on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt, objective and subjective socioeconomic status, parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism. SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 4.1 were used to analyze data. The results showed that:(1) Objective SES significantly negatively predicted both anticipated consumer guilt and reactive consumer guilt, but subjective SES had no significant effect on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt. (2) Parenting styles and parent-child communication moderated the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. When parenting styles(high parents’ emotional warmth、low parents’ rejection and low father’s over protection) and parent-child communication (high conversation、low conformity) were positive, objective SES could significantly negatively predict consumer guilt; when parenting styles and parent-child communication were negative, objective SES had no significant effect on consumer guilt. (3) Materialism had no significant moderating effect on the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. The results indicate that objective SES may influence college students’ consumer guilt, and the protective role of family factors on the influence is more reflected in high objective SES college students.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-23
Abstract： Prosocial behavior is suggested to be a central feature of human life and there is an ongoing debate regarding whether individuals have, therefore, developed a general intuitive tendency to act prosocially or not. Although previous studies have found various indicators of intuitive prosociality from different perspectives, evidence on the potential causal relationship between processing mods and prosocial behavior is mixed. The social heuristics hypothesis (SHH), as a theoretical framework to address this conflicting issue, suggests that associations between processing mode and prosocial behavior are complex and multifaceted, influenced by individual variability and the contexts in which it occurs. A previous study has revealed that intuitive prosocial behavior is more likely to emerge in a perceived emergency that require immediate response. We expected that processing mode (intuition vs. deliberation) will impact people’s decision-making in different helping situations.
The study focused on charitable giving. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of processing mode and emergency on helping behaviors. We explored whether a neural signature that rapidly encodes the motivational salience of an event, the P3, can be regulated by processing mode × situation interaction or not. Participants were required to allocate varying amounts of money between themselves and charities they initially labelled as emergency or non-emergency situation that promoted intuitive or deliberative decision making. Each participant received 70 CNY. An instruction on the screen explained that the task required participants to “Accept” or “Reject” donation offers affecting their 70 CNY. To manipulate processing mode, each participant completed fast donation sessions where they were instructed to make decisions as fast as possible, and slow donation sessions where they were instructed to stop and reflect for at least 5 seconds before deciding. EEG signals were recorded during decision making.
The behavioral results indicated that both average contributions and average acceptance rates were affected by emergency, with emergency events eliciting more helping behavior compared to non-emergency events. Moreover, participants considered the offer costliness when making decisions. In emergency situations, participants were more likely to accept high-cost offers than in the non-emergency situations. The ERP components analysis revealed that: a) In the early stages, intuitive processing induced a more negative anterior N1 (AN1) compared to deliberative processing; b) Deliberative processing was associated with a more positive P2 compared to intuitive processing; c) In non-emergency situations, deliberative processing induced a more positive P3 compared to intuitive processing, whereas no significant differences were observed between processing mode in emergency situations.
These results suggest that prosocial behavior is affected by both the emergency of event and the costliness of the offer. As costs increase, individuals are more inclined to help in emergency situations than in non-emergency situations. Furthermore, processing mode affects individual’s early attention and the evaluation of stimuli. Stimuli in intuition condition can capture more early attention, while stimuli in deliberation condition receive more thorough processing. Notably, deliberative processing of non-emergency events involves greater decision-making conflicts and consumes more psychological resources. Overall, these findings shed light on the connection between processing mode and human prosociality, and extend our understanding of the social heuristics hypothesis.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2024-04-17
Abstract： Cognitive modeling has gained widespread application in psychological research. Model comparison plays a crucial role in cognitive modeling, as researchers need to select the best model for subsequent analysis or latent variable inference. Model comparison involves considering not only the fit of the models to the data (balancing overfitting and underfitting) but also the complexity of the parameter data and mathematical forms. This article categorizes and introduces three major classes of model comparison metrics commonly used in cognitive modeling, including: goodness-of-fit metrics (such as mean squared error, coefficient of determination, and ROC curves), cross-validation-based metrics (such as AIC, DIC), and marginal likelihood-based metrics. The computation methods and pros and cons of each metric are discussed, along with practical implementations in R using data from the orthogonal Go/No-Go paradigm. Based on this foundation, the article identifies the suitable contexts for each metric and discusses new approaches such as model averaging in model comparison.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2024-04-16
Abstract： The application of Bayesian statistics to hypothesis testing - Bayes factors - is increasing in psychological science. Bayes factors quantify the evidence supporting the competing hypothesis or model, respectively, thereby making a judgment about which hypothesis or model is more supported by the data based on its value. The principles and applications of Bayes factor for ANOVA are, however, not available in China. We first present the theoretical foundation of Bayesian ANOVA and its calculation rules. It also shows how to perform Bayesian ANOVA and how to interpret and report the results of five common designs (one-factor between-group design, one-factor within-group design, two-factor between-group design, two-factor within-group design, and two-factor mixed design) using example data. Theoretically, Bayesian ANOVA is an effective alternative to conventional ANOVA as a powerful vehicle for statistical inferences.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： Psychological and brain science study human behavior and the human brain by study volunteers who participate these studies. Given the mind and behavior of participants influenced by their own biological and social factors, the generalizability of findings in these fields largely depends on the representativeness of samples. However, the representativeness of samples in psychological and brain science has long been criticized as WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). In recent years, several meta-researches have surveyed the representativeness of samples in published studies across different subfields, but the overall understanding of sample representativeness in psychological and brain science is lacking. In this review, we analyze these meta-researches to provide a more comprehensive perspective on the current state of sample representativeness in the field.
Two major issues were found in these meta-researches. First, much important sample information was never reported in the published studies. Most psychological and brain science studies reported participants’ gender, age, and country, while participants’ race/ethnicity, education level, and socioeconomic status were less commonly reported. Other important demographic variables, such as rural/urban, were reported completely ignored. And from a temporal perspective, the reporting of these demographic variables has increased only slightly in recent years compared to the past. The current situation of neglect in reporting demographic information has not fundamentally changed.
Second, based on the reported information, the current sample in the field is far from being representative of the world population: most participants are young, highly educated Caucasian females in Western countries; middle-aged and older, less educated, disadvantaged people in and outside Western countries are less likely to be studied. In terms of countries, African, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries appear fewer in psychological and brain science research.
These two issues may be due to the following reasons: convenience sampling as the main sampling method; Western researchers dominating the research of psychology and brain science, with most of the editors-in-chief, editorial board members, and authors coming from Europe and America; traditionally, psychology and brain science under-valued the effect of culture and various demographic factors; the assumption that findings from Western participants can be generalized to all human beings. Addressing the issue of sample representativeness in psychological and brain sciences requires a concerted effort by researchers, academic societies, journals, and funding agencies: Researchers should collect and report detailed demographic information about participants, state the limitations of generalizability, and use sampling methods that can increase representativeness whenever possible (e.g., probability sampling); academic societies should raise the awareness of the representativeness issues by organizing more academic symposium or workshops on this topic; journals should increase the representativeness of editorial board members and encourage more rigorous research with samples from underrepresented groups or studies that examine the generalizability of important findings; funding agencies can encourage researchers to pay more attention to study groups from underrepresented countries, and provide financial support for studying hard-to-research population. Improving sample representativeness will enhance the application of psychological and brain science knowledge to real-life setting and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-01-04
Abstract： In the past decade, researchers in psychological science have introduced new research practices to address issues such as publication bias: pre-registration without peer-review, peer-reviewed registered reports, and registered replication reports. Many journals in the field have accepted registered reports as a new article type, and the numbers of platforms and templates for pre-registration increased significantly. However, criticisms of pre-registration and registered reports still exist, some stemming from misunderstandings, while other criticisms pointed out practical challenges in implementing pre-registration and registered reports. Findings from meta-research revealed that registered reports alleviated the publication bias and improved the quality of research, while pre-registration without peer review failed to achieve similar results. Promoting a wider adoption of pre-registration and registered reports will further improve the openness, reproducibility, and rigor of research, and it requires the concerted efforts of all stakeholders, including individual researchers, academic institutes, and publishers.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-01-01
Abstract： The evidence accumulation model is a widely used cognitive model of human decision-making, which assumes that decision-makers continuously gather and integrate information into evidence relevant to the decision and make a decision once the accumulated evidence reaches a predefined threshold. With the increasing popularity of evidence accumulation model, some researchers claim it has reached a theoretical plateau and can be considered as the standard model for analyzing response time and choices. However, the theoretical assumptions underlying these models lack rigorous testing. As an example, the drift-diffusion model (DDM) is an instantiation of evidence accumulation and has five underlying assumptions: (1) the universality of evidence accumulation; (2) the selectivity of evidence accumulation; (3) linear integration of evidence with noise; (4) a constant decision criterion; and (5) decision-making is independent of motor execution. DDM has been widely used in cognitive tasks, such as value-based decision-making, and social decision-making, probably due to the availability of user-friendly software for parameter estimation. However, only a few studies systematically examined to what extent these five assumptions of DDM were supported by empirical studies. To fill the gap, we reviewed studies that tested these five assumptions.
For the first assumption of DDM, the universality of evidence accumulation, we only found direct evidence from studies that employed perceptual decision-making tasks. For other studies that used DDM for modeling, such as value-based decision-making or social decision-making, we found few studies that directly tested the existence of evidence accumulation. The second assumption, the selectivity of evidence accumulation, suggested that only information related to the goal would contribute to evidence accumulation. We did not find empirical data supporting this assumption except for O’Connell et al. (2012). However, evidence from conflict tasks (e.g., flanker task) suggested that information irrelevant to the goal may also be incorporated into the evidence accumulation. Data from conflict tasks inspired new models related to evidence accumulation model and called for further investigation into the mechanism behind the selectivity of evidence. The third and fourth assumptions constitute the core assumptions of DDM, i.e., “evidence accumulate-to-bound”. Regarding the third assumption, which posits that evidence with noise is accumulated linearly, supporting data were found from animal studies and human EEG studies that employed perceptual decision-making. However, human EEG data from value-based decision-making tasks has challenged the validity of this assumption. The fourth assumption, that the decision criterion is constant, is controversial and has been challenged by several other evidence accumulation models, such as collapsing boundary models. The last assumption, that decision-making is independent of motor execution, has also been questioned by empirical data from both animal studies and human behavioral and electromyography data, despite support from EEG recording.
In summary, we found that, while the standard DDM is commonly used in many sub-fields of psychology and neuroscience, empirical studies that directly tested five assumptions of DDM were mainly from perceptual decision-making tasks. Also, we found that challenging these assumptions often resulted in new computational models. These findings call for studies to test these assumptions and develop new models. Besides, these findings suggest that researchers should be cautious when interpreting the parameters estimated from standard DDM. Finally, our review suggests that increasing transparency in model assumptions will accelerate the revision of models and theories, and ultimately deepen our understanding of human cognitive processes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-12-06
Abstract： The spontaneity of Level-1 visual perspective taking has been widely discussed in the field of visual perspective taking. Many studies have confirmed that Level-1 visual perspective taking is spontaneously activated, but this finding has mainly been observed in the context of a single avatar’s presence. Scenarios involving two or more avatars have received scant attention. Specifically, no suitable experimental paradigm has been developed for situations with multiple avatars in this domain. Therefore, the paradigm adapted from those employed by Samson et al. (2010) and Mattan et al. (2015) was used in this study. The stimuli of virtual scenes were modeled by 3D Max, and the experimental procedures were programmed by E-Prime, recording the accuracy rate and reaction time. In contrast to previous studies, this paper explores whether and how the multiple avatars affect the process of Level-1 visual perspective taking, and clarifies the influencing factors by varying the conditions.
This study comprises three experiments. In Experiment 1, the paradigm adapted from the classic “dot-perspective task” was employed to investigate whether participants would spontaneously compute another perspective in the presence of a single avatar (target avatar). In Experiment 2, an additional avatar (irrelevant avatar) is introduced to explore how the consistency in the number of dots seen by the avatars would affect the perspective-taking process. Subsequently, Experiment 3 excluded the influence of the consistency in the number of dots seen by the avatars and investigated whether consistency in the line of sight would impact the presence of multiple avatars.
Based on the results from these three experiments, the conclusions drawn are as follows:
(1) The adapted paradigm proved to be feasible, successfully replicating the results of previous studies: which indicated that Level-1 visual perspective taking was spontaneously activated in the presence of a single avatar. The perspectives of the self and the avatar mutually interfered with each other. For self-perspective judging trials, the avatar’s perspective was spontaneously activated, leading to altercentric intrusion, and conversely, egocentric intrusion could occur.
(2) In the presence of multiple avatars, the Level-1 visual perspective-taking process remained spontaneous. Furthermore, the consistency in the number of objects seen by avatars resulted in a group-perspective effect, especially during self-perspective judgments. When the number of objects seen by the participant and the target avatar was consistent, the group perspective had a positive impact on the judgment. Conversely, if there was an inconsistency, it would impede the judgment process.
(3) When the number of objects seen by avatars was set to be inconsistent, the consistency of the line of sight could still capture the participants’ attention to both avatars. This situation leads to interference from the perspective of the irrelevant avatar, further influencing the spontaneity of Level-1 visual perspective taking, whether it was judged from the perspective of the self or the avatar.
In summary, perspective computation occurs effortlessly, flexibly, and spontaneously in scenarios involving multiple avatars, whether considering the perspective of a target or irrelevant avatar. The outcomes of perspective taking can either enhance or impede the performance in dot-perspective tasks, depending on the relationship among the “self, target avatar, and irrelevant avatar”, while exhibiting distinctive performance traits based on the specific situation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-11-09
Abstract： Children can make trust judgments based on facial features as quickly as adults. Such trust judgments based on facial features play a crucial role in children’s knowledge acquisition, social adaptation, and self-protection. The facial features that influence children’s trust judgments include gender, race, facial attractiveness, trustworthiness, competence, dominance, and expressions. These facial features may influence trust judgment from four aspects: perceptual foundation, emotion and affect, general cognitive abilities, and social experience. Based on these factors, a children’s trust judgment model for children based on faces is proposed. Accordingly, suggestions for future research are presented, including: 1) improving research methods, 2) exploring the developmental characteristics of children’s trust judgments based on facial features, and 3) investigating the mechanisms through which facial features influence children’s trust judgments to improve the theoretical model.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-10-20
Abstract： The self is an important concept in the research of personality psychology and social psychology. Since the rise of cultural psychology in recent decades, many Chinese indigenous psychologists are involved in constructing a Chinese self-theory that fits the characteristics of Chinese society, history, and culture. The existing Chinese self-theories or self-models can be divided into three categories: individualism/ collectivism oriented Chinese self-theories, differential pattern oriented Chinese self-theories, and protogenetic symbol oriented Chinese self-theories.
The individualism/ collectivism oriented Chinese self-theories inherited from the individualism/collectivism dimension in culturology, in the same line with the self-construal theory that divided the cultural self-construal into the independent self and interdependent self, which emerged from the comparison with the western mainstream modern civilization. The most representative individualism/ collectivism oriented Chinese self-theories include the “four-part theory of Chinese self” proposed by Yang Kwo-Shu, the “dual-cultural self-theory” suggested by Hong Ying-Yi, and the “composite self-theory” proposed by Lu Luo. These theories generally nested the individual orientation and social orientation, and the independent self and interdependent self to construct the modern Chinese self that is now expanding into a multicultural convergence theory of the self.
The differential pattern oriented Chinese self-theories developed from Fei Xiao-Tong’s differential pattern theory, which described the Chinese traditional social structure. From a psychological point of view, the differential pattern of social form is a kind of internalized psychological differential pattern, the connotation of which is that under the premise of individual-centeredness, other people around the individual are given different values and meanings and pulled into the concentric circles of self-identity, forming a self-centered form with differential order. On this basis, Yang Chung-Fang, Yang Yi-Yin, Zhai Xue-Wei, and so on, made further development. These theories lean in the direction of sociological research, focusing on the extrapolation of the Chinese self in the context of ethical structures and social relations.
The protogenetic symbol oriented Chinese self-theories took a different approach and tried to construct a theory or model of the Chinese self by using typical symbols or illustrations with symbolic meanings in traditional Chinese culture, the most representative of which are the Mandala model of self proposed by Hwang Kwang-Kwo and the Taiji model of self proposed by Wang Feng-Yan et al.
The theoretical research of the Chinese self has shown the features: (1) the self theories have grown from nothing and expanded from one-way to diversified; (2) the self theories have developed from imitation to innovation; and (3) the tools to research about the self are gradually diversified, but the theory and empirical studies still need to be further combined. An understanding of the outline of the developmental process of the Chinese self-theories will help to understand the rich connotation of the Chinese self-view and lay a solid foundation for further research on the Chinese self.
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2023-09-27
Abstract： Reading is important for children’s future academic success. Clarifying the mechanisms underlying reading ability has been a heated issue in reading research for decades. Most previous studies have focused solely on reading comprehension but scarcely paid attention to the mechanisms underlying reading fluency throughout elementary school. Reading fluency at the text level has been acknowledged as one of the indicators of children’s overall reading competence. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the shareability and specificity of the mechanisms underlying Chinese children’s reading comprehension and reading fluency across different developmental stages.
We recruited a total of 416 Chinese children in grades 2, 4 and 6 (lower, middle and upper stages) of elementary school and were then followed up for half a year. In the fall semester (Time 1), a series of tasks, including general cognitive ability; working memory; phonological, orthographic and morphological awareness; rapid automatized naming (RAN); word recognition accuracy; word recognition fluency and vocabulary knowledge, were administered. In the second or spring semester (Time 2), reading comprehension and reading fluency were administered. Three mediation models were fitted to the data with T1 morphological awareness and RAN as predictors, T1 word recognition accuracy, word recognition fluency, and vocabulary knowledge as mediators and T2 reading comprehension and reading fluency as outcomes. The remaining variables were controlled in all the three models.
Results indicated that morphological awareness and RAN significantly predicted reading comprehension and reading fluency at T2 via word recognition accuracy among children in the lower stage after controlling for the effects of T1 general cognitive ability, T1 working memory and T1 phonological and orthographic awareness. The mediating effect of T1 word recognition fluency in the contribution of T1 RAN to T2 reading fluency was also significant. However, in the middle and upper stages, the indirect effects of T1 morphological awareness and T1 RAN on T2 reading comprehension were not significant; for T2 reading fluency, the mediating role of T1 word recognition accuracy in the effect of T1 morphological awareness was significant in both stages, but the mediated role of T1 word recognition fluency was only significant in the middle stage. Moreover, T1 RAN contributed to it via T1 word recognition accuracy and fluency.
These findings attest to both the shareability and specificity in the mechanisms underlying reading comprehension and reading fluency across different developmental stages. These findings suggest that reading fluency should be incorporated as a legitimate index of children’s reading ability. They further imply that the developmental stages require consideration when exploring the mechanisms underlying the effects of morphological awareness and RAN on reading abilities (comprehension and fluency). This study provides empirical evidence for understanding the science of reading development among Chinese children and has important implications for future reading research and educational intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-09-23
Abstract： System-justifying belief pertains to perceiving the fairness and legitimacy of the existing social system. It fulfills a palliative function in safeguarding mental health through three psychological mechanisms: alleviating ideological dissonance, compensating for personal control, and denying or minimizing threats. The efficiency of these mechanisms is also shaped by contextual, individual, and temporal factors. Nevertheless, the psychological defense viewpoint overlooks the potential role of system-justifying beliefs in fostering a “coping” approach to preserve mental health. Future research should further validate and refine the defense-coping model, focus more on the adverse effects of the palliative function, enhance the measurement tools, and expand the breadth of inquiry.
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-08-11
Abstract： Compared to the traditional statistical methods, Bayesian linear mixed-effects modeling (BLMM) has a great number of advantages in dealing with the hierarchical structures underlying datasets and providing more intuitive statistical results. These advantages together popularize BLMM in psychological and other field research. However, there is still a lack of tutorials on the practical applications of BLMM in psychology studies in China. Therefore, we first briefly introduced the basic concepts and rationales of BLMM. Then we employed a simulated dataset to demonstrate how to understand fixed effects and random effects, and how to use the popular brms R package to specify models for BLMM based on the experimental design. We additionally covered the procedure of pre-specifying priors with prior predictive checks, and the steps of performing hypothesis testing using the Bayes Factor. BLMM, with its extensions such as Generalized BLMM, has great flexibility and capability, they can and should be applied in various psychology research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2023-06-16
Abstract： How to develop the healthy personality of children and adolescents is a common concern in the society, among which family parenting style has received more and more attention, but the findings are inconsistent. To reveal the relationship between the two and its moderating mechanism, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 1054 effect values from 52 studies with 19,642 subjects. The results showed that (1) Positive parenting style is significantly and positively related to healthy personality, while negative parenting style is significantly and negatively related to healthy personality. (2) The effect of parenting style on healthy personality was moderated by the age of children and adolescents, with an inverted U-shaped trend of "small at the end and large in the middle," reflecting a strong influence at the junior high and high school levels, and a weak influence at the elementary and college levels. In addition, the effect of parenting style on the integrity of children and adolescents was also moderated by the gender, generation, and region of the children. The results of this study provide a scientific perspective and an empirical basis for the development and education of children and adolescents' sound personality in the context of Chinese family culture.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-06-05
Abstract： The phenomenon in which an individual repeatedly performs an already completed prospective memory (PM) intention (commission errors), or the completed intention interferes with the performance of the ongoing task are the aftereffects of PM. Based on the multiple processing theory of PM, a literature review revealed that task characteristics (PM task characteristics, ongoing task characteristics, task context) and individual traits modulate the aftereffects of event-based PM. Theoretical explanations for the processing mechanisms of the aftereffects of event-based PM include automatic, controlled, extraction-inhibition, stop-tag, and dual processing, and dynamic multiprocess framework. Among these, automatic processing is subdivided into reflexive-associative and discrepancy-plus-search processing, while controlled processing can be divided into strategic monitoring and inhibition processing. The formation of aftereffects of event-based PM is more closely related to automatic and strategic monitoring processing, and the deactivation of such aftereffects is more dependent on inhibitory processing. The processing mechanisms of the aftereffects of event-based PM need to be explored in-depth. Furthermore, future research should increase the investigation of aftereffects of PM in different types as well as natural contexts, and focus on exploring strategies to reduce the aftereffects of PM.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2023-05-24
Abstract： The left visual word form area (VWFA) of the brain in adults is more sensitive to orthographic information, whereas the right fusiform face area (FFA) is preferentially involved in the processing of facial information. However, the developmental mechanism of the complementary pattern of hemispheric lateralization still needs to be clarified. The neuronal recycling hypothesis postulates that learning to read words and face representation compete for neural processing resources in the left fusiform gyrus (FG), which leads to left hemispheric lateralization of the VWFA in word recognition, and drives the right hemispheric lateralization of FFA in face recognition. The distributed account of hemispheric organization of word and face recognition proposes three key neural computational principles to systematically elucidate a multilevel and bidirectional dynamic processing mechanism of the competitive development of word and face lateralization. Based on recent discoveries of cytoarchitectonic areas and functional organizational features of the FG, a multidimensional computational model of word and face recognition is constructed. Therefore, the cognitive neural processing mechanism of the competitive development of the complementary pattern of hemispheric lateralization in word and face recognition is systematically examined using the neuronal recycling hypothesis and distributed account of the hemispheric organization, combined with the structural and functional characteristics of FG and recent evidence. Further studies are necessary to explore the cortical spatial sites and the functional neurohistological basis of competitive processing between words and faces, the competitive mechanism of Chinese character processing on face processing, the developmental mechanism of the right hemispheric specialization for face recognition, and the mechanisms of brain plasticity changed by learning to read numbers and musical notations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The relationship between wisdom and age is a crucial issue in wisdom psychology. The majority of scholars believe that wisdom is gained during adolescence and early adulthood. However, the relationship between adult’s wisdom and age remains controversial. There are four generalized views: (1) positive theory; (2) decline model; (3) stable model; (4) plateau model. The former two have been less empirically supported than the latter two. Through the review and reflection of these viewpoints, the present article proposes that there are three most urgent tasks in the empirical aspect and six questions in the theoretical aspect. In addition, we offer a wisdom-age relation theory based on individual-situational differences, which may provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between wisdom and age.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Music and language are the two most important sign systems for human beings. Similar to language, music is also constructed on certain syntactic rules. Although evidence has shown that listeners are sensitive to musical syntax, the underlying cognitive mechanism and its influencing factors are still unknown. Therefore, we intend to further explore the role of prediction and integration in musical syntactic processing, as well as the impact of musical hierarchical and temporal structures on musical syntactic processing. We expect the proposed studies to further reveal the nature of musical syntactic processing, and to provide empirical evidence for the comparison between music and language and the exploration of human general communication mechanism.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Forgetting is a cognitive process that individuals tend to avoid under many circumstances, but it does not always have negative effects. Erasing some outdated information (e.g., phone numbers a long time ago) or negative information (e.g., negative emotions) from memory will not only improve one’s efficiency of memorization, but also improve one’s mental health. In psychology, this kind of forgetting is named ‘intentional forgetting’ or ‘directed forgetting’. In a typical experimental paradigm to study directed forgetting, the participants are asked to remember or forget certain items following corresponding cues in the learning stage, and then to recall or recognize these items in the subsequent testing stage. Results of previous studies have consistently shown that the score of memorization on the to-be-forgotten items is significantly lower than on the to-be-remembered items. Regarding whether directed forgetting requires cognitive effort, however, there have been controversial views including two opposing theories, namely passive decay theory and active inhibition theory. In the view of passive decay theory, directed forgetting is not necessarily a mechanism of active inhibition of memory; instead, it is a passive process that does not require cognitive effort-the to-be-forgotten items just decay passively with time for lacking an effective rehearsal as there is a selective rehearsal of the to-be-remembered items. On the contrary, active inhibition theory maintains that directed forgetting is a process of active inhibition of memory induced by the forgetting cues and hence it requires cognitive effort-this theory has not only been supported by behavioral studies but also been evidenced by the ERPs in the frontal lobe as shown in neurocognitive studies. Although the two theories attribute directed forgetting to opposing mechanisms, they are not entirely conflicting as they have consensus on the encoding mechanism of the to-be-remembered items. In addition to these two mainstream theories, there is also a viewpoint that the encoding stage of directed forgetting may involve both active inhibition and passive decay which are two processes independent in time and space, but how the two processes interact and integrate is yet to be explored. Notably, some other studies reported that the performance of forgetting on the to-be-forgotten items was even worse than on the items without any cues（these words don't need to be remembered or forgotten）, suggesting that the to-be-forgotten items have partly entered the memory, which seems to challenge both active inhibition and passive decay theories. Despite a wealth of experimental evidence, the controversy in the theory remains. To further clarify the cognitive mechanism of the encoding stage of directed forgetting, future study needs to take non-cognitive factors such as motivation and emotion into investigation, and to inspect various populations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Wisdom involves certain types of pragmatic reasoning to navigate challenges in social life. Scholars presented aspects of wise reasoning that include perspective taking, consideration of change and alternatives, intellectual humility, search for compromise, and adopting an outsider’s vantage point. Researchers have found that most WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) people can reason more wisely about friends’ social problems than their own (i.e., Solomon’s paradox). However, it is not clear whether Solomon’s paradox will exhibit different characteristics and mechanisms among Chinese people who are mainly interdependent selves. We hypothesized that 1) Americans endorsed greater wise-reasoning strategies in the friend-conflict condition than in the self-conflict condition, while among Chinese, endorsement of wise-reasoning strategies did not differ between the two conditions; 2) People with independent self exhibited greater wise reasoning in the friend-conflict condition than in the self-conflict condition, whereas people with interdependent self didn’t have significant differences between the two conditions.In study 1, we recruited 594 American participants from MTurk and 610 Chinese participants from a Chinese survey platform to participate in “a survey of daily life”. Participants who responded less attentiveness to the study was excluded. The final sample consisted of 282 American participants (125 females, 155 males 2 with unreported gender; M = 36.87 y, SD = 11.04; 218 Whites, 21 African Americans, 27 Asian, 13 Latino, and 3 other) and 295 Chinese participants (151 females, 144 males; M = 23.22 y, SD = 4.34). Participants were randomly assigned to either self-conflict or friend-conflict conditions. They were asked to think about a close relationship that was currently not going very well, and then responded to the wise-reasoning scale and self-construal scale. The results using the alignment and ANOVA both showed that Americans reason more wisely about friend’s interpersonal conflict than about their own, while the Chinese didn’t have significant differences between the two conditions. Moreover, the interaction effect of independent self and conflict type on wise reasoning was significantly positive in Chinese culture. Among participants high in independent self, endorsement of wise-reasoning strategies was greater in the other-conflict condition than in the self-conflict condition (β = 0.21, t(287) = 2.48, p = 0.014), whereas among participants low in independent self, endorsement of wise-reasoning strategies did not differ between the two conditions (β = -0.07, t(287) = -0.81, p = 0.419). In study 2 (n = 710) and 3 (n = 537), we created a 2 (priming independent vs. interdependent self-construal) × 2 (self-conflict vs. friend-conflict) between-subjects design online and in study 4 (n = 200), we created same design in lab. The results all showed that independent participants reason more wisely about friend’s conflict than about their own, while the differences between the conditions were not significant among interdependent participants.The results from the two studies indicate that Solomon’s paradox is not universal and may only exist in individuals with high independent self. This study also suggests that we should not only focus on the WEIRD samples but also pay attention to the WEIRD researchers who use these samples to make inferences about humans in general.
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